Princess Wencheng entered the house, how long did the journey take? Where is "Kashiwahi"?

The success of the marriage between The Tang Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty is a big thing and a good thing for both sides. Although it is full of fancy, there are many things that are suspicious.

1. Princess Wencheng was born

Tibetan historical records say that Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng were the daughters of the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty, and their origins have never been clearly stated. Princess Wencheng is excusable, the Book of Tang lacks records of her lineage, only knows that she is a royal chambermaid, and no one in her parents knows. [1]

Late Tang dynasty historical sources reveal that Princess Wencheng was not the daughter of Emperor Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty, but was actually a "daughter of the Clan Chamberlain". However, Tubo did not have the slightest suspicion and preached her as a noble princess of the Tang Emperor. The Tubo history books glorify Gar Dongzanyusong as an envoy with superior intelligence, and the story of the "Six Difficult marriages" is well known. In fact, even the identity of Princess Wencheng was not clear.

Restoring the original face of history shows that the Tang Dynasty easily fooled Tubo. It can also be considered that in terms of marriage diplomacy, the Tang side is more strategic, and the Fan side is completely in a situation of blind optimism and bitter words.

2. Entry time route

In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (641), in the spring of the first month of Ding, Tubo sent his state minister Lu Dongzan to rebel against his daughter. Ding Ugly, Libu Shangshu, and Emperor Daozong of Jiangxia sent Princess Wencheng back to Tubo. [2]

The above quotation indicates the departure time of Princess Wencheng, but when did she arrive in Lhasa? There is no way to check the historical data. Huang Fensheng's "Tibetan History" believes that he walked for 1 year and arrived in Lhasa in the sixteenth year of Zhenguan (642). [3] According to the Chronicle of Events, the Gange Yushu records that Princess Wencheng arrived in Lhasa at the end of 641 AD and took less than a year to travel, which is roughly in line with Huang Fensheng's claims. [4] So, when did Princess Wencheng arrive in Lhasa?

The History of Han and Tibet contains a period of time in the 13th century when Sakya Panzhida arrived in Wuwei, Gansu from Sakya, Tibet, which can be compared with reference:

In 1244, at the request of the golden envoy dor Dar Dadachi, the first Mongol envoy sent by the Mongols to Tibet, Sakya Panzhida set out from Sakya for three years, arriving at the Temple of Illusion in Liangzhou in the year of the Yin Fire Sheep (1247) when Sakya Panzhida was sixty-six years old, and met with the Mongol king Eqin Kuoduan, and from then until the Mongols lost the throne, Mongolia and Sakya formed a relationship between benefactors and Futian. [5]

From Xi'an to Lhasa, the distance along the modern highway measured on the map is 2834 kilometers. It was measured that Saga was more than 2625 kilometers away from Liangzhou, which was actually closer than the distance from Xi'an to Lhasa. However, Sakya Panzhida has been walking for 3 years, which may be related to the age of Banzhida, 63-year-old people rely on riding and riding to catch the road, coupled with many unfavorable factors such as bumpy roads, unpredictable weather, difficulties in food supply, etc., there may be Buddhist activities on the way, so it is not surprising that the journey is slow. Princess Wencheng's travel speed may be close to that of Sakya Panzhida, but not faster. The TangBo Ancient Road is not the concept of piercing through mountains, building bridges when encountering rivers, and hiding in inns when it is windy and snowing. The actual distance may reach more than 3,000 kilometers. Princess Wencheng and her party had to rely entirely on the power of humans and animals to travel a long distance. God knows how they passed through the rivers and deserts, over the snowy mountains and meadows, and how much bad weather they experienced, carrying the 12-year-old Buddha statue of Shakyamuni cast in heavy pure gold to Lhasa. Tibetan history also says that the Buddha statue was mounted on a car, and two Hercules were pulled by one.

Princess Wencheng was on a bluestone rock wall in the place of Danma (ཁམས་སུ་ལྡ་མ) on the way to a bluestone rock wall in Danma (ཁམ) in Kang District, and Le Shi Ke inscribed the "First Volume of The Broad Treatise" (རྒྒྒྒྒམ) and "Puxian Wish" (བཟང་཯ ཯ ཯ ུམ ོ་སྤྱོད་པའི་སྨོན་ལམ) and other scriptures, an eighty-cubit-high statue of Shakyamuni Buddha was erected in Shadrana (བྱ་དུར་གླང་སྣ). On the way, she hunted deer to plow the fields, built water mills, and sometimes got lost and wandered through the canyons. Then we went to the White Horse Bag place in Kham District, where we planted land and installed a water mill... [[6]]

A similar account is recorded in the Feast of the Sages. The common denominator in Tibetan history is that Princess Wencheng passed through the Kham district, and if determined, the journey would take longer.

The princess and her merchants once stayed in Yongjing, and ordered people to engrave the statue of Maitreya on the rock... Later, in the Batang area south of Yushu, another person painted a statue of Kunlu Chana. [7]

Princess Wencheng, a delicate woman of the court, plus the so-called golden Buddha statue of Chela, also had to stop on the way to build a water mill, paint Buddha statues on the rocks, cultivate the land, and the long journey took more than 1 year is certain. In other words, Princess Wencheng could only reach Lhasa in 642 AD. As described in the section "Annexation of Zhangxiong", Songtsen Gampo personally commanded the army, which took 3 years, and defeated Zhangxiong in 644 AD. This clearly tells us that almost the first year that Princess Wencheng set off from Chang'an to Lhasa, Songtsen Gampo and his army had already set sail for Zhangxiong. When Princess Wencheng arrived in Lhasa after many hardships, Songtsen Gampo fought in the Zhangxiong region thousands of miles away. If songtsen Gampo was born in 593 AD, the hypothesis is true, he was 47 years old by 641, and Princess Wencheng was about 49 years old when she met Songtsam Gampo. Princess Wencheng was born in 625 AD, only 16 years old when she entered The House, the journey took 1 year, and she was 17 years old when she arrived in Lhasa.

3. Meet up location

In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to the marriage of Shangshu of Rebbe and Wang Dao of Jiangxia County, and sent the princess to Tubo with a festival. Nongzan led his troops to Baihai and personally greeted Heyuan. See The Taoist Sect, the courtesy of the son-in-law is very respectful. Sighing at the beauty of the etiquette of the costumes of the great country, the pitch is ashamed. [8]

The so-called "Baihai" is determined by the "History of the Tibetan Nationality" and the "History of the Amdo Tibetan Nationality" to be the area of Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake in Golomado County, Qinghai. It is about 1672 kilometers away from Lhasa and about 1433 kilometers away from Chang'an, and the total distance of the two sections is 3105 kilometers, according to the average daily speed of 8.6 kilometers reached Lhasa in one year of Princess Wencheng's road, it should be reached in the "Baihai" area in the winter and spring of 642 AD. Suppose that Songtsen Gampo greeted Princess Wencheng and her party here, and it took nearly 3 months to travel 20 kilometers a day from Lhasa to Zhaling Lake, and it would take another 3 months to return to Lhasa with Princess Wencheng, that is, to return to Lhasa in the first half of 642 AD. However, Songtsan Gampo will embark on a journey into Zhangxiong in the second half of the year, otherwise, songtsam Gampo led his army to fight with Zhangxiong for 3 years and win in 644 is a conflict. In addition, the New Book of Tang and the Thirty-fourth Geography of geography details the post stations and distances from Yancheng (around present-day Ledu) to the hinterland of Tubo, and clearly introduces the three different stations where the envoys sent by the Court to greet the Tang envoys and princesses. An excerpt follows:

"And through the Qiliang Ningshui Bridge, and through the DasuoShui Bridge, three hundred and twenty miles to the Crane Mangyi, Tang Shi into the Lotus, the princess every time the people greeted here." ...... Sixty more miles to Tulu Jiyi, Tang envoys to, Zampu every envoy to comfort here. ...... Two hundred and fifty miles to Nongge Yi, Tang envoys, and Tubo Zaixiang sent envoys to greet here. ”[9]

Huang Fensheng's "History of the Tibetan Nationality" is accompanied by the route and place name of Liu Yuanding, the Tang Huimeng envoy:

"From Chang'an via Tianshui, Lanzhou, Minhe, Ledu, Xining, Baishuijun (near Huangyuan County), Anrongcheng, Chiling, Wei chichuan, Kubahai, Moliyi (near Gonghe Chabucha), Princess Buddha Hall, DafeiChuan, Naluyi (Xinghai Dahe Damnan), Nuanquan (Xinghai Hot Spring), LiemoHai (Golomado Black Sea), Zhonglongyi (Zabulung Pass), Xiyue River (upper reaches of the Yalong River), Liniu River (upper reaches of the Jinsha River), Duteng Bridge, canteen (attached to Banqing Temple, southeast of Yushu).

near? ), Tubo Village, Truzhichuan (Zaqu River in the upper reaches of the Lancang River)... Huang Mangyi (present-day Dangla Pass at the junction of Qinghai-Tibet)... To the point of staying. ”[10]

The above two records are the so-called "Tang Fan Ancient Road" today, but neither of them has seen the name of "Baihai". The place of "Hu MangYi" referred to in the two books is the place where Tubo greeted the envoys and princesses of the Tang Dynasty, and should be a large-scale post in Tubo. This area is the Tanggula Pass in Nagqu Amdo County, Tibet, and is adjacent to Yushuzhiduo County and Zaduo County to the east. It was measured that the distance between the Chiling (Sun Moon Mountain) was about 1500 kilometers away from chiling (Sun Moon Mountain). For this reason, it is certain that the Hu Mang Yi is not the area of Golozaring Lake. The two places referred to in the New Book of Tang, "Nongge Yi" and "Tulu Jiyi", are not far from Lhasa. We also know that the Tangbo Ancient Road passing through Maduo, Qinghai, does not require detouring the two lakes of Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake. If Princess Wencheng and her party passed through the two lakes of Za and E, it can be known that the detour is about 270 kilometers, the number of days has increased by more than 30 days, and the road is more cold and oxygen-deficient. This undoubtedly added meaningless hardship to themselves, and the ancients should have known this. Princess Wencheng and her party disregarded the fatigue of the road, what is the significance of having to take a detour? Perhaps, since thousands of miles have reached this place, you may wish to see the source of the Yellow River? Other than that, there is no reason to go around the Two Lakes area.

Tibetan history has different records. The Chronicle of Events records:

"Princess Zanmu Wencheng was welcomed from Gardong Zanyusong to the land of Tubo.

”[11]

The History of the Pillars, known as the early history books of Tubo, records that the scene of Lhasa greeting Princess Wencheng was like a festival celebration, and the scene was grand and spectacular. However, there is still no news that Songtsen Gampo or anyone else has visited Kashiwahae to greet him.

The chancellor Gar arrived in Lhasa on the golden chewing jade jujube horse given to him by the Han and Tang Emperors, which was equipped with silk embroidered lotus tujue and oak saddles, and arrived in Lhasa with four attendants and four Hercules escorts. ...... His Majesty Zambhu personally went to the place where the celebration was held to summon the Minister Gar. After hearing about the arduous experience of his trip, His Majesty gladly praised: "AiQing has many relics of His Majesty the Emperor of the Han and Tang Dynasties. Gar suggested that Zangbu, princess of the divine transformation into a princess and princess Chizun of the nun, had a different mentality, and asked His Majesty to hold a grand celebration to welcome her. [12]

The above quotation clearly tells people that when Princess Wencheng arrived in Lhasa, King Songtsen Gampo did not go to "Baihai" to greet her, nor did she go to Zhangxiong, but was in the Lhasa palace. Sakya Sonan Gyaltsen's "Hereditary Records of The King's Unity" also said that princess Wencheng was jealous and obstructed by Princess Chizun after arriving in Lhasa, and even could not meet with Zambu for a month. Of course, this book has a certain deductive color, so it is only a reference for this purpose, not enough to rely on. However, the Chronicle of the Great Events of Dunhuang Tubo records:

"Princess Zanmeng Wencheng was welcomed by Gar Dongzanyusong to Tubo... In the following three years, chisong Zanbu destroyed Li Niexiu and took all the Zhangxiong tribes under his rule and listed them as gangsters. In the following six years, Akamatsu Zanpo ascended (returned to heaven) and lived with Princess Zanmeng Wencheng for three years. "[13]

According to this record, we can also assume that Princess Wencheng arrived in Lhasa at the end of 641 AD, and songzan Gampo greeted Princess Wencheng and her party at the above-mentioned Hu Mangyi (Dangla Mountain Pass), and embarked on a journey into Zhangxiong in the summer of 642 AD, which took 3 years, and returned to Lhasa in 644 AD, which should include the travel time. In 644 Songtsen Gampo returned to Lhasa

He died in 649, exactly 6 years. But living with Princess Wencheng for only 3 years, the mystery of which remains to be explored. Perhaps Songtsen Gampo often toured various places and rarely stayed in the Red Palace in Lhasa.

4. The groom's death

Is the person in the Tubo wedding procession who "sees the Taoist Sect and performs the ceremony of the son-in-law" Songtsen Gampo himself?

Zampu personally greeted Heyuan, saw the king, and was very respectful in holding his son-in-law. [14]

　In the fifteenth year, his wife was Princess Wencheng, the daughter of Emperor Wencheng, and the king of Zhaojiangxia, Daozong, escorted her, and built the kingdom of the King of Heyuan. Lang Zan led the troops to greet Him personally, saw The Taoist Sect, performed the consort's courtesy, saw the beauty of Chinese costumes, and shrank and was ashamed. [15]

The records of the Tang Dynasty are very consistent, and all say that Songzan Gampo personally went to Baihai to greet Princess Wencheng. So, why is there any doubt about Songtsen Gampo's life, first, the history of Songtsen Gampo has not said that Songzan Gampo personally drove to Baihai. The first section of the above", "Place of Greeting", has been confirmed and will not be repeated. Second, the two sides did not confirm that Songtsen Gampo himself proposed marriage. The famous scholar Ren Naiqiang and the famous Japanese Tibetologist Mizuho Yamaguchi both advocated that Tubo asked for marriage for Gongsong Gongzan, not Songzan Gampo. Gongsong Gongzan should be alive at this time and for years to come, how can it be seen? Basang Wangdui's "Questioning Several Conclusions in the Study of Tubo History" concluded after examining: "In fact, in the year of Gengshu (650), Mangsong Mangzan ascended the throne, less than one year old. [16] Mangsong Mangzan is the son of Gongsong Gongzan, less than one year old plus pregnancy, at most two years, indicating that Gongsong Gongzan was still alive 648 years ago, otherwise, how could he have come to his one-year-old son Mangsong Mangzan in 650 AD? But this is only speculation, and I dare not jump to conclude that it is Gongsong Gongzan. Third, Songtsen Gampo is old and will not personally go to Princess Wencheng.

bibliography:

(1) Basang Wangdui: Research Collection of Tibetan Historical Documents[M].Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2018; 218

(2) LIU Xu. Old Book of Tang[M]. Zhonghua Bookstore, 1975.52.

(3) HUANG Fensheng. History of the Tibetan People[M]. Minzu Publishing House, 1985;82

(4) Lin Guanqun. Taipei, Lianjing Publishing Co., Ltd. 2016.154

(5) Dacang Tsungpa Ban Kyaw Sambhu. A Collection of Han-Tibetan History: The Sages Joyful Zhan Bu Zhou Ming jian [M]. Tibet People's Publishing House, 1986.16

(6) Sakya Sonam Gyaltsen. Wang Tong lineage Mingjian[M] Chen Qingying, Renqing Tashi. Liaoning People's Publishing House, 1985; 98.

(7) Li Zonghua, Li Yankai. History of the Amdo Tibetan Nationality[M].Xining:Qinghai People's Publishing House,1992;27.

(8) LIU Xu. Old Book of Tang and Tubo Biography[M].Zhonghua Bookstore, 1975.5221.

(9) Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi, New Book of Tang, Geography[M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1997,1041.

(10) HUANG Fensheng. History of the Tibetan People[M]. Minzu Publishing House, 1985;139

(11) WANG Yao. Collected Works of Wang Yao's Tibetan Studies[M]. China Tibetology Press, 2012.192

(12) Atisha. Excavation Editor, Lu Yajun. History of the Pillars: Songtsen Gampo Legacy[M]. Gansu People's Publishing House, 1997.123-.124

(13) WANG Yao. Collected Works of Wang Yao's Tibetan Studies[M]. China Tibetology Press, 2012.192

(14) Du You. General Canon Vol. 190. Border defense VI[M]. Zhonghua Bookstore, 1988.

(15) Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi, New Book of Tang and Tubo Biography[M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1997:6074.

(16) Basang Wangdui: Research Collection of Tibetan Historical Documents[M].Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2018; 54