Princess Wencheng (625 – November 1, 680), daughter of the Tang Dynasty, was of Han chinese descent. There is no record of the Han name, but Tubo honorific name Jia Mu Sa (In Tibetan, "Jia" means "Han", "Mu" means "female", and "Sa" means immortal).
Princess Wencheng as a teenager
In the fourteenth year of Tang Zhenguan (640), Emperor Taizong of Tang li shimin named Li Shi "Princess Wencheng". In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (641), Princess Wencheng married Tubo and became the queen of Tubo Zampu Songzan Gampo. In 640 (the fourteenth year of Zhenguan), Emperor Taizong of Tang li shimin made Li Shi, the daughter of Emperor Yuanzong of Li Tang, a princess of Wencheng, and the following year princess Wencheng was sent to marry Tubo and became the queen of King Songzan Gampo of Tubo.
Princess Wencheng
Establishment of the Tubo Dynasty: After Songtsen Gampo unified Tibet and established the Tubo Dynasty, he actively sought favors from the Tang Dynasty in order to consolidate the stability and development inside and outside the Tubo Dynasty.
Battle of Songzhou: Tubo army invaded Songzhou, was defeated by The Tang army, and Tubo withdrew. After this battle, Songtsen Gampo's attitude of seeking affection for the Tang Dynasty was more positive.
In 640 (the fourteenth year of Zhenguan), Emperor Taizong of Tang li shimin made Li Shi, the daughter of Emperor Yuanzong of Li Tang, a princess of Wencheng, and the following year princess Wencheng was sent to marry Tubo and became the queen of King Songzan Gampo of Tubo. Songtsen Gampo was the founding prince of the Tubo Dynasty, and during his reign led the Tubo Dynasty to move its capital to Lhasa (present-day Lhasa, Tibet), quell civil unrest, surrender to the tribal state of Yangtong in Tibet, unify Tibet, and formally establish the Tubo Kingdom ruled by slave owners, making it the only kingdom on the plateau.
After unifying the plateau region, Songtsen Gampo sent emissaries to Chang'an City in 634 (the eighth year of Zhenguan) to make peace with the Tang Dynasty.
Songtsen Gampo
In the 8th year of Tang Zhenguan (634), Tubo Zampu Songzan Gampo sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty, and Tang Taizong sent his pedestrian Feng Dexiao to Tibet. Songtsen Gampo again sent people to the Tang Dynasty and offered to marry a Tang princess, but Tang Taizong refused. Since the Tuguhun king Nuoyu Bowl entered the Tang Dynasty at that time, the Tubo envoy returned and told Songzan Gampo that the Tang Dynasty's refusal of the marriage contract was due to the obstruction of the Tuguhun king.
In the 12th year of Tang Zhenguan (638), Songzan Gampo then used the excuse of Tuguhun to obstruct it, sent troops to defeat Tuguhun, Dangxiang, and Bailanqiang, and directly attacked Songzhou (present-day Songpan, Sichuan) of the Tang Dynasty, threatening to invade the Tang Dynasty with troops if they did not make peace. Niu Jinda led the vanguard of the Tang army to defeat the Tubo army, Songzan Gampo was terrified, and before the main force of the Tang army led by the Tang general Hou Junji arrived, he withdrew from Tuguhun, Dangxiang, and Bailanqiang, sent envoys to apologize, asked for marriage again, and sent Xue Ludongzan to formally offer a dowry with five thousand gold and an equal amount of other treasures. Emperor Taizong of Tang made a chambermaid a princess and married Songzan Gampo. Songtsen Gampo believes that maintaining friendly and close relations with the Tang Dynasty can on the one hand improve the status of the Tubo Kingdom and use the prestige of the Tang Dynasty to deter the tribes around Tubo, on the other hand, learning from the Tang and learning from the management experience is also conducive to the development of the Tubo Kingdom itself and maintaining internal stability.
Therefore, Songtsen Gampo proposed to the Tang dynasty envoy Feng Defeng that he wanted to make peace with the Tang Dynasty, and sent emissaries to enter the dynasty with Feng Defeng and propose marriage to Li Shimin.
Li Shimin
After consulting with the courtiers, Li Shimin did not agree to Songzan Gampo's request, firstly because the Tubo Kingdom had just been established and the Tang Dynasty was not familiar with the country, and secondly, there was not much interaction between the two sides, and this peace was not necessary for the Tang Dynasty.
The marriage proposal was rejected by the Tang Dynasty, and the Tubo emissaries were afraid of being blamed when they returned to Songzan Gampo, so they told Songzan Gampo that the Tang Emperor had originally agreed to make peace, but the Khan of Tuguhun suddenly came out to obstruct and alienated our relationship with the Tang Dynasty, and Li Shimin refused to be friendly.
When Songzan Gampo learned of this, he was furious and immediately joined forces with Yang Tong and sent 200,000 troops to raid Tuguhun, but Tuguhun was suddenly beaten and could not resist, and retreated to the north of Qinghai in a big defeat.
After defeating Tuguhun, Songtsan Gampo learned from the captives that the matter of kissing Tuguhun had nothing to do with Tuguhun and was rejected by Li Shimin himself.
Songzan Gampo was young and vigorous, and although his subordinates even advised him to think twice, in 638 (the twelfth year of Zhenguan), he led an army of 200,000 men to attack the Tang dynasty's border songzhou (present-day Songpan, Sichuan) to force the Tang dynasty to make peace.
Li Shimin sent the official Shangshu Hou Junji as the commander-in-chief of the march and led 50,000 infantry cavalry to deal with the Tubo attack. The Tang army's combat effectiveness was amazing, the main force Hou Junji had not yet attacked, and the Tang army's vanguard Niu Jindabu had already defeated the Tubo army. Feared, Songzan Gampo led his troops to withdraw from Dangxiang, Bailanqiang, Tuguhun and other places, and once again sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty to apologize.
Songzan Gampo sent The Tubo Prime Minister Lu Dongzan to pay tribute, offering 5,000 taels of gold and hundreds of other treasures, and once again proposed to Li Shimin to make peace.
After the Battle of Songzhou, Li Shimin was preparing to clean up Goguryeo in the east, believing that at this time, the front should not be lengthened with Tubo, so as not to fall into a passive situation of two-front combat. At the same time, he was also touched by Songtsen Gampo's repeated courtship sincerity, so he agreed to his request.
And pro
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On the fifteenth day of the first month of the 15th year of Zhenguan (641), Emperor Taizong of Tang married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gampo and ordered Li Daozong, the king of Jiangxia, to escort him. Princess Wencheng, accompanied by Li Daozong, a disciple of the Tang Dynasty's envoy King Taizong of Jiangxia, and Lu Dongzan, the special envoy of Tubo' greeting, went to Tubo. Princess Wencheng and her party set off from Chang'an, passing through Xining, crossing the Sun and Moon Mountain, and making a long journey to Lhasa.
Songzan Gampo led his courtiers to Baihai (in present-day Maduo County, Qinghai) near Heyuan to greet Princess Wencheng, meet Li Daozong, and perform the ceremony of his son-in-law. Later, he returned to Luoji (present-day Lhasa) with the princess to build a city and a palace for the princess.
Although Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng were the daughters of the clan and not the emperor's biological daughters, they had a very high status in Tubo.
The Tubo book "The Feast of the Sages" records that "Songtsen Gampo ascended to the throne of celebration and crowned Princess Wencheng as queen." ”
Princess Wencheng, tang dynasty imperial daughter (not the emperor's daughter). The Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents record: "Princess Zanmeng Wencheng was born by Gar. Dongzanyusong greeted the land of Tubo. "and to the Year of the Goat (683)... In winter, the sacrifice of Princess Zanmeng Wencheng. ”
(Scholars Such as Wang Yao and others have pointed out that Zanmeng means Juemeng and Jumong.) When used to refer to zampu's woman, there is no distinction between titles such as btsan mo, jumong, and jo mo. Jumong has been written as The Last Mongol)
Princess Jincheng, daughter of Emperor Zong of the Tang Dynasty and daughter of Li Shouli the Yong King. The Dunhuang Tubo Historical Document records that "until the Year of the Dog (710)... Princess Zanmeng Jincheng to The Dragon", "and to the Year of the Rabbit (739)... Princess Zanmeng Jincheng died", "and in the year of the snake (741)... Sacrifice of the remains of Prince Rabin zampu and princess of Zanmun Jincheng".
Tang Fanhui Alliance Monument
The Tang Dynasty Inscription records: "... And Ye Sheji, at the age of Zhenguan, married Princess Wencheng... The Shigeyoshi Society is as consistent as the same, and the marriage is better. At the age of Jing long, marrying the Princess of Jincheng and marrying Zampu Zhiya... The uncle and the nephew are as unified as one, and the friendship is long..."
In the "Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents", there are both the titles of Zanmeng and the sacrifices enjoyed after death, which are the treatment of people with a status no less than that of the Tubo queen, Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng both have this treatment, and only Princess Wencheng of Songzan Gampo has this treatment.
About the Princess Zhizun of Nibola (usually called the Princess of Nepal is Princess Ofi Brahma), the Parts of Tubo Historical Materials with Less Element of Fantasy and Absurdity in Dunhuang Tubo Literature and Tubo Golden Stone Inscriptions, and the records of Han Chinese historical records, there are Songzan Gampo marrying Princess Wencheng, but none of Songzan Gampo marrying Princess Ni brahmin. The fact that Songtsen Gampo married Princess Mud Brahma is only derived from some of the chapters of some of the Tubo books that have too many fantasy and absurd novels (such as some chapters of the History of pillars (Guanyin of Tibet), the Book of the Tibetan Kings, etc.). Some foreign Tibetologists even wrote "The Wife of Songtsen Gampo", saying that Songtsen Gampo's marriage to Princess Mud Brahman was fictional. In 641, when Songtsan Gampo was 25 years old, the Tang Dynasty sent Li Daozong, the king of Jiangxia, to escort Princess Wencheng into Tubo.
Princess Wencheng entered Tibet
When Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, the sending team was very large, and Tang Taizong's dowry was very rich, with "Shakya Buddha statues, treasures, gold and jade bookcases, 360 volumes of classics, and various gold and jade ornaments."
Princess Wencheng herself also carried grain and turnip seeds to Tubo. Due to the difficult roads, when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, she spent only three years on the Tang Dynasty Ancient Road from Chang'an to Lhasa. Princess Wencheng did not like the ochre customs of the Tubo people, and Songzan Gampo ordered that the ochre customs of the Tubo people be banned. Songtsen Gampo also personally wore silk clothes, gradually admired the Chinese style, and sent the children of tubo nobles to study Chinese culture to study "poetry" and "books".
When Emperor Taizong of Tang returned, Songzan Gampo sent someone to send a golden goose and offered a message: "Your Majesty calms the four directions, the sun and the moon shine, and governs it." Goryeo is far away, Fu is in the ceremony, the Son of Heaven will be the liao, the city will be trapped, and the sun is triumphant, although the geese fly in the sky, there is no speed. Husband goose ju geese also, subjects to the gold smelting for the goose to sacrifice. ”
Songtsen Gampo personally led the Janissaries from Tubo to meet Princess Wencheng's team at Baihai (in present-day Qinghai Province). After Songzan Gampo married Princess Wencheng back, he was very kind to her, and the two often danced in Tang Dynasty costumes. Songtsen Gampo also sent Tubo nobles to study in the Tang Dynasty, and also asked the Tang Dynasty to send officials to assist Tubo in its administration.
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mural
Songtsam Gampo was very fond of the virtuous and talented Princess Wencheng, and the Potala Palace, which was specially built for the princess, has a total of 1,000 palace rooms, which is magnificent and magnificent. But later it was destroyed by lightning and war. After two expansions in the 17th century, it took shape today.com. The main building of the Potala Palace has 13 floors, a height of 117 meters, covering an area of more than 360,000 square meters, which is magnificent. There are a large number of rich murals preserved in the Potala Palace, including the story of Tang Taizong's five-difficult tubo marriage envoy Garlu Dongzan, the hardships and obstacles encountered by Princess Wencheng on her way to Tibet, and the scene of being warmly welcomed when she arrived in Lhasa. The murals are exquisitely composed, with lifelike figures and bright colors. Behind the Tubo ruins of the Potala Palace, there is also the meditation room of Songtsen Gampo, and the four walls display colorful statues of Songzan Gampo, Princess Wencheng, Lu Dongzan and so on.
Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, the friendship between Tang and Bo has developed greatly, because of Princess Wencheng's erudition and versatility, it has a great influence on the civilization of the Tibetan country, not only consolidating the Tang Dynasty's border defense in the west, but also spreading the culture of the Han nationality to Tibet, and Tibet's economy, culture and other aspects have also developed by leaps and bounds through the nutrition of Tang culture.
In the first year of Yonghui (650), Songzan Gampo died, and Princess Wencheng continued to live in Tubo for 30 years, working to strengthen the friendly relations between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo. She loves her Tibetan compatriots and is deeply loved by the people. The story of Princess Wencheng and Songtsen Gampo, as well as the exploits of promoting Tibetan culture, are still widely spread among the Han and Tibetan ethnic groups in the form of dramas, murals, folk songs, and legends. Princess Wencheng is believed to be the embodiment of Green Tara in Tibetan Buddhism. After Songzan Gampo married Princess Wencheng, the relationship between Zhongyuan and Tubo was extremely friendly, and envoys and merchants frequently exchanged views. Songzan Gampo admired the culture of the Central Plains very much, and he took off his felt coat, changed to silk, and sent the children of tubo nobles to study in Chang'an Guoxue.
In the twenty-third year of Zhenguan (649), Emperor Taizong of Tang died, and after the new emperor Gaozong Li Zhi succeeded to the throne, he sent envoys to mourn and conferred on Songzan Gampo the title of "Captain of the Horse", and "King of Xihai County". Songzan Gampo sent envoys to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Taizong, offering fifteen kinds of gold to Zhaoling (tomb of Emperor Taizong of Tang), and wrote to Emperor Gaozong of Tang to express his congratulations and support for the new emperor of the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Gaozong of Tang also enfeoffed Songzan Gampo as the "King" and carved his stone statue in front of the Zhaoling Tomb as a sign of praise.
Princess Wencheng and Tubo Songzan Gampo and kinship ushered in a new era of friendship between Tang and Bo. When Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, she brought with her a large number of craftsmen and cultural classics, as well as grain and livestock, and introduced medicine, almanac and other techniques from the Central Plains to Tubo, which played a positive role in promoting the economic and cultural development of Tibet and tang-Bo relations.
Princess Wencheng knew the book and the ceremony, did not avoid hardships and dangers, married Far away from Tibet, and made historic contributions to promoting economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Tibet and enhancing the close, friendly and cooperative relations between the Han and Tibetan peoples.