Industrial structure refers to the five-dimensional spatial relationship between various factors of production, between industries, time, space and level within the industry. Industrial structure is a concept put forward in development economics, and industrial structure, also known as industrial system, is the main component of the socio-economic system.
Industrial structure refers to the proportion of agriculture, industry and services in a country's economic structure. On the one hand, changes in the industrial structure will bring good market opportunities to some industries, and on the other hand, they will also bring threats to the survival of other industries. Generally, in the process of economic growth, the importance of the service industry will increase day by day, the proportion of the service industry will expand day by day, and the service industry practitioners will have greater market opportunities.
The upgrading of industrial structure refers to the systematic engineering of improving production factors, optimizing industrial structure and increasing industrial added value through the mutual transformation of time, space and levels between various factors of production within the industry and between industries. The symmetrical relationship between economic subjects and economic objects is the most basic industrial structure and the most fundamental driving force for industrial structure upgrading.
In fact, a country's economic development has different industrial structure standards in different periods:
1. The principle of income elasticity (the standard of income elasticity), that is, the ratio of each additional unit of income to the increase in demand for a certain commodity. If the increased demand due to income expansion translates into goods with high income elasticity, the export growth rate can increase accordingly, which is ideal for overall economic growth.
2. The principle of productivity increase rate (the principle of productivity increase). In order for commodities with high income elasticity to be exported, they must have sufficient international competitiveness, so the best choice is to focus on industries with high production growth rates or industries with high potential for technological development.
3. The principle of technology, security and group, that is, from a long-term point of view, the driving force of economic development is technological innovation, so that the industry that can become the core sector of technological innovation in the future, although it is in a relatively disadvantaged position, cannot be easily abandoned.
In order to achieve the stable development of a country's economy, it is in fact required to have a certain degree of national security guarantee or an industry that can guarantee the prestige of the country; In order to achieve a balanced development among the industrial sectors, it is necessary to form a wide range of industrial groups. The state of the industrial structure that meets the above three criteria can be called the most suitable state of a country's industrial structure in a certain period, and it also indicates that the country's industrial structure has reached a level of sophistication at the stage.
Characteristics of the industrial structure of developed countries:
1. The proportion of the tertiary industry in the economic structure and employment structure is increasing day by day, and the contribution is the highest
Since the 70s of the last century, more than 50% of the population in developed countries has entered the tertiary industry, and correspondingly, the output value of the tertiary industry accounts for more than 60% of GDP, including 66% in Sweden, 65% in the United Kingdom, 64% in Canada, and 63% in the United States.
On the whole, the average direct contribution of the service industry to economic growth is about 75%, and its growth momentum is mainly reflected in three aspects: first, the manufacturing production process is further servitized; second, the increase in residents' income and consumption upgrading have driven the development of the life service industry; Third, the development of the service industry has further increased its own demand. The development of the industry shows the characteristics of deepening services.
With the growth of per capita GDP in developed countries, the development momentum of the tertiary industry is still accelerating. American economist H. Channery pointed out that the change in per capita GDP is positively correlated with the change in the proportion of urban service industry employment, that is, the larger the per capita GDP, the higher the proportion of urban service industry employment, and the more developed the tertiary industry is.
2. The role of manufacturing in economic growth is mainly reflected in indirect contributions
The average direct contribution of the manufacturing industry to economic growth is about 25%, but it has an important indirect contribution, one is to support the appreciation of the real exchange rate; The second is to promote the price of the service industry and the level of remuneration for labor services in the whole society, and further promote the growth of residents' consumption and the development of the life service industry.
It can be seen that the indirect contribution of the manufacturing industry in developed countries to economic growth significantly exceeds the direct contribution. Judging from the experience of major developed countries, the key to economic development is to form a positive cycle of "economic growth, rapid income increase, and expanded consumption".
3. Agriculture, as the primary industry, contributes very little to the growth of per capita GDP
Among the developed countries, with the exception of the Netherlands, which is 1.8 per cent, all other countries are below 1 per cent. On average, agriculture contributes only 0.4% to GDP per capita growth.
4. The upgrading of residents' consumption has driven the growth of the life service industry
The consumption upgrade of residents in developed countries drove the growth of the life service industry, and the average contribution to economic growth was about 43.0%. The contribution of the 11 major developed countries averaged 43.1 percent, with the lowest contribution to South Korea's growth at 31.5 percent and the highest contribution to France at 48.5 percent.
5. Technological progress has become a key factor in driving economic growth
Since the 80s of the 20 th century, the global development of science and technology has accelerated, and the international economic theorists have regarded technological progress as the key factor of economic growth, and technological progress has increasingly become the main factor determining the level of a country's productive forces, while various other input factors have increasingly become secondary factors.
Characteristics of China's industrial structure:
1. Diversification of industrial structure
China has transformed from a traditional agricultural country into a developing country with a complete range of categories and initial industrialization, and has realized the transformation from the development of heavy industry, especially heavy industry, to the comprehensive development of the tertiary industry.
2. Optimization of agricultural structure
The internal structure of agriculture has changed from a one-sided emphasis on "taking grain as the key link" to an all-round development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and sideline fisheries.
3. Coordinated development of light industry
China's industrial structure has changed from "heavy industry and light industry" to the coordinated development of light and heavy industry.
4. The importance of the tertiary industry has increased
China has shifted from ignoring or even restricting the development of the service industry to vigorously promoting the development of the tertiary industry, and the total national economy has changed from being mainly driven by the primary and secondary industries to being mainly driven by the secondary and tertiary industries.
5. Carry out industrial restructuring in the process of economic development
Although the proportion of the mainland's primary and secondary industries is on the high side, and the proportion of the tertiary industry is obviously low, the government is making efforts to optimize the industrial structure and improve economic efficiency. The primary industry (agriculture) accounts for a relatively low proportion of GDP, about 7.3%, the secondary industry (industrial manufacturing) plays an important role in the national economy, accounting for only nearly 40%, and the added value of the tertiary industry (services) accounts for 52.8% of GDP.
The advantages of the mainland's industrial structure are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. The advantages of manufacturing industry are outstanding
China's manufacturing industry has huge competitiveness in the world, with value added accounting for about 28% of GDP. According to the data, the added value of the mainland's manufacturing and construction industries is 1.61 times higher than that of the United States.
China's industry has 41 major categories, 207 medium categories, and 666 sub-categories, and is the only country in the world that has all the industrial categories listed in the United Nations Industrial Classification, with more than 220 kinds of industrial products and the world's largest output. China's reputation as a global manufacturing center and the world's factory is well deserved, and it is by no means in vain. China's manufacturing industry is huge, and it is growing rapidly in the fields of new energy vehicles and high-tech manufacturing.
2. The service industry has huge growth potential
Although the mainland's service industry accounts for a relatively low proportion of GDP and has a large gap compared with developed countries, it also means that the mainland's service industry has huge development potential. With a population of 14 and the world's largest consumer market, China is a global manufacturing center, the world's largest exporter, and the second largest importer.
In recent years, the mainland's emerging industries have developed rapidly, and are expected to become a new driving force for economic growth in the future, such as software distribution, data processing related services, and radio operation services.
The disadvantages of the mainland's industrial structure are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. The industrial structure is unreasonable
For a long time, the main problems existing in China's industrial structure are: the development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries is not coordinated, the primary industry is unstable, the secondary industry is not strong, the tertiary industry is insufficient, and the internal structure of each industry is unreasonable. The problems existing in the industrial structure are concentrated in the mode of economic development.
2. The industrial structure is at a low level and is located at the middle and low end of the global value chain
The irrational industrial structure has directly affected the optimal allocation and rational use of resources, and the overall economic efficiency of many products is low, and the international competitiveness of products is not strong.
3. The level of industrial development is low, the production efficiency is not high, and the resources are excessively consumed
The primary industry - agricultural production technology is backward, the degree of intensification is low, the foundation is weak, and China's agriculture has not yet achieved mechanization. Labor productivity in China's agriculture is low, accounting for more than 40% of the agricultural labor force, providing only 10% of GDP. Industrial enterprises have weak independent innovation capabilities, weak core competitiveness, low added value of products, and lack of well-known brands.
The secondary industry has uneven development within the industry and lacks its own technology. Most enterprises rely excessively on the low income of workers, the low price of energy and raw materials, and the low input of environmental protection to obtain profits; High resource consumption, high waste, environmental damage and serious pollution.
The tertiary industry and the overall development level of the service industry are lagging behind. The decline in industrial concentration indicates that the market competition is becoming more and more fierce, resulting in a waste of resources, and at the same time, it also causes the decline of industrial profit margins and corporate losses, thereby weakening the overall competitiveness of the industry.
4. Convergence of regional industrial structure
The similarity rate of industrial structure in the eastern, central, and western regions of the mainland is relatively high, so that the problems of disorderly competition and redundant construction in the same industry have emerged.
Specific measures to optimize the mainland's industrial structure
1. In the process of industrial restructuring, give full play to and make use of the mainland's comparative advantages and competitive advantages;
2. Give full play to regional advantages and pay attention to regional coordinated development;
3. Pay attention to the development of the tertiary industry and give full play to the leading role of consumption in promoting economic development
4. Implement the leapfrog development strategy, vigorously develop emerging industries, and promote the adjustment of industrial structure with the upgrading of industrial structure.
5. Expand domestic demand and increase exports, and actively and rationally guide the flow of foreign capital.
To sum up, there is a clear gap between China's industrial structure and that of developed countries, and in the new stage of development, the law of industrial development in the mainland is different from that of developed countries, but the internal law of economic growth is the same.
At present, the in-depth development of economic globalization has strengthened the global industrial division of labor and cooperation, and promoted the flow of commodities and capital, science and technology, and the progress of civilization. The global industrial and supply chain has shown a trend of diversification, regional cooperation, green transformation, and accelerated digitalization.
The industrial structure actually refers to the linkages and proportions between the various sectors of material means production. A rational industrial structure refers to the establishment of the most correct or optimal proportional relationship between and within various sectors of the national economy.
It can be seen that in the new stage of high-quality development, it is of great significance to realize the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure to promote the development of the entire national economy. It is conducive to the transformation of the mode of economic growth and the realization of a balance between the aggregate supply and the aggregate demand of the society.
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