Abstract: At the beginning of the 20th century, Bo Xihe went on an expedition to western China, and before entering the country and during the expedition, he received help from Qing officials. Bo Xihe's academic investigations in Nanjing, Wuxi, Shanghai, Beijing and other places also originated from the enlightenment of Xinjiang officials and scholars. We can conclude that Bo Xihe and Chinese scholars jointly founded Dunhuang Studies, and that his long-term personal relationships and in-depth exchanges with Chinese scholars were important factors in his academic success.
During 1906~1908, together with the surveyor Louis Wayang and the photographer Nubiel, he inspected the Tohuzisalai in Bachu, the Kizil Caves, the Kumu Tula Caves, the Durdur Ahur in Bachu, the Kizil Caves in Kuqa, the Durdur Ahur Caves, the Subash, and then went to Dunhuang via Urumqi, and grabbed a large number of written documents from the Dunhuang scripture cave, and Bo Xihe obtained a large number of documents and cultural relics with high academic value with his rich knowledge, making the documents and cultural relics of the Western Regions and Dunhuang collected by France become a hot topic for scholars in all aspects of the following hundred years.
However, after his expedition, Birch did not write a detailed archaeological report, as Stein did, but only a few brief accounts and reports (including a letter to Senna, president of the French Geographical Society). Although since the 50s of the 20th century, the French scholar Han Baishi and others have compiled and published the Mission Paul Pelliot.Documents Archéologiques based on Birché's notes, and recently the Musée Guimet has edited and published Birch's expedition notes,[1] but we still have a lot of unclear details about his expedition. In recent years, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Archives has published a number of archival materials related to foreign expeditions, mainland scholars have compiled and published diaries, notes, and anthologies of Chinese scholars in the late Qing Dynasty, and we are fortunate to see the letters written by Chinese scholars to Bo Xihe in the Guimet Museum. We found that Bo Xihe, with his Chinese language and experience of living in China, was more likely to gain the trust and favor of Chinese officials than the average Western explorer. His scholarly engagement with Chinese scholars was particularly deep, surpassing that of all explorers or sinologists who explored western China in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He valued not only ancient Chinese documents, but also the writings of Chinese scholars of the time. These characteristics are not possessed by other explorers, and thus the attitude of Chinese officials and scholars towards Bo Xihe can be seen.
Birch and his dealings with Chinese officials
1. Pre-entry interactions with Chinese officials
The full text of the recently published official letter of Liu Shixun, Minister of the Qing Dynasty to France, dated May 26, 32nd year of Guangxu (July 17, 1906), is as follows:
According to the letter from the Fajing Asia Association, with the support of the government, he sent Birch Birch, a bachelor of letters, to the northwest of your country to visit ancient ruins, search for monuments, and [to] research. Two companions, a physician Wei Liang and an artist Nuerde, set out from France on June 15 in the Western [calendar], from the north of Europe to Kashgar, Urumqi, Hami, Lanzhou, Xi'an, Taiyuan, and Datongfu. Cha Boxi is a historian, proficient in Chinese, good at learning the ancients, and has a good reputation, please change careers to protect. [2]
This is an official letter from Liu Shixun, who was the Qing Dynasty's envoy to Japan, Portugal, and France, to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Qing Dynasty after receiving a letter from the French Asiatic Society (i.e., the "Asia Society" mentioned above). [3] Liu Shixun not only sent an official letter to the Xinjiang authorities through the Qing Dynasty's Ministry of Foreign Affairs introducing Bo Xihe and requesting protection for his expedition, but also wrote a personal letter to Liankui, then governor of Xinjiang, making the same request. In accordance with the official document of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and at the request of Liu Shixun, the joint leader issued a document to the prefectures and counties under his jurisdiction to facilitate and protect Bo Xihe's expedition in Xinjiang. "We enjoyed a warm welcome and high level of trust from the authorities of the province (Xinjiang) there (in Urumqi), so much so that the host of the Russian consulate in Urumqi could not help but express surprise at this," Bo Xihe said. [4] We believe that the treatment enjoyed by Bo Xihe is inextricably linked to the letter of Liu Shixun, the Qing ambassador to France.
In addition to Liu Shixun, during the preparation for the expedition, Bo Xihe may have also asked for help from Li Shengduo, one of the five ministers sent by the Qing Dynasty to foreign countries to inspect the constitution, and there is a business card of Li Shengduo in Bo Xihe's archives, which reads "The Great Qing Dynasty sent an envoy to inspect the political minister Li Shengduo"[5]. From this, we can see that Birchhe carried out a comprehensive and meticulous public relations campaign for the Chinese expedition.
2. The help given by Chinese officials to Bo Xihe during the expedition
They were aided and protected by the Chinese officials along the expedition, thanks in part to his Chinese language skills and public relations skills, and to the treatment accorded to them by Chinese officials in accordance with international treaties. The following is a categorical description of the help and protection that Bo Xi and the expedition received from Chinese officials in Xinjiang and Gansu during 1906~1908.
(1) Issuance of passports and transit documents On September 15, 1905, the French ambassador to China, G. Dubail, submitted a request to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Qing Dynasty to issue a passport to Bo Xi and the expedition team,[6] which is still preserved in the archives of the Guimet Museum. This passport brought a lot of convenience to Bo Xi and the expedition, when Bo Xi and the expedition team were divided into multiple routes, for example, when Bo Xi and others traveled from Yanqi to Dihua, one was led by Bo Xihe to Dihua via Turpan, and the other was led by Wayang and went to Dihua via Tuoxun. At this time, the passport was carried by Bo Xihe, while there was no passport available on Wayang Road. [7] Therefore, Bo Xihe and others needed multiple passports so that they could be cared for and protected by the local government in time when they diverged from each other. When they set out from Urumqi and went to Turpan separately, they applied for three passports from Rong Pei, the Xinjiang envoy, and Rong Pei approved them. When Bo Xihe and his entourage marched to Turpan by different routes, Zeng Bingxi, a fellow acquaintance of the Turpan Hall, confiscated Rong Pei's three new passports and returned them to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to report Rong Pei one by one. [8]
(2) Provision of armed protection and guidance In the archives of the Qing Dynasty about Bo Xihe, it is common to see the files of officials reporting to escort Bo Xi and the expedition, or Yun Tong Yingyong and battalion soldiers escorting, or Yun Pai sending protection,[9] and so on. Birch and his expedition from Kashgar to the Yuldus and Tèkès river basins, as well as his crossing of the Tien Shan Mountains from north-east of Kuqa, were successful thanks to the best guides given to them by Chinese officials.
(3) Currency exchange Recalling the Xinjiang expedition, Bo Xihe said: "We stayed in Urumqi, the administrative and cultural capital of Xinjiang, in October 1907. For reasons of certain circumstances that were not intended for our transfer, in particular for the exchange of our currency, we were delayed there for almost three months. [10] We found an official document from the Xinjiang authorities in Bo Xihe's archives, which happened to talk about Bo Xi and the currency exchange:
King Di's domain, Rong Zhentaijian: Consul in Russia, Sogfu
and handed over to the French for four thousand six hundred and fifteen taels and eight cents of foreign silver.
With seven coins, six cents, nine cents, two millimeters, three filaments of Xiangping silver and two wires, a total of Xiangping
Six thousand taels of silver, please allocate the full amount from the winter salary, and the telephone has been sent to the office
Payrolls. Indizien. [11]
The funds of Birch and his entourage were handed over to the Russian side and then exchanged for Chinese silver dollars. According to the analysis of the remittance notes in the Birch and archives in the Guimet Museum, the exchange of currency by the expedition was carried out through the Tacheng branch of the Sino-Russian Daosheng Bank. [12]
(4) Delivery of letters In China, the letters and parcels of Bo Xi and the expedition team were delivered by local official agencies in Xinjiang through postal routes. At the end of 1907, Rong Pei, the Xinjiang envoy, received a letter from Kashgar Province with "a French traveler to Bo Xi and a foreign letter from the Russian consul", which was forwarded to Bo Xihe, and on December 3 of the same year, he issued a document informing Kashgar Dao. [13] The original envelope of a letter sent from Kashgar and passed through Kuqa and station by station is still preserved in the archives of Bo Xihe. [14]
(5) Provision of information (books, maps, and related knowledge) Chinese officials provided a lot of information about the places where Birch and the expedition passed, including borrowing historical books, giving maps, and other knowledge of customs and customs. The most concentrated collection of books, maps and related information was obtained by Bo Xihe in Urumqi. He borrowed two volumes of the Atlas of the People's Republic of China from Wang Shufang, the political envoy of Xinjiang,[15] and borrowed two copies of the New Tang Dynasty Book, sixteen copies of the New Chronicles of Qinzhou, eight copies of the Chronicles of the Lanzhou Prefecture, four copies of the Chronicles of Dunhuang County, four copies of The History of the National Dynasties, two copies of the Travels in Manchuria,[16] and two copies of the Chronicles from Peng Yingjia. [17] Pei Jingfu and Song Bolu lent the unpublished manuscripts Hehai Kunlun Lu (Pei's work), Xiyuan Zuoji, and Huan Yu Zhai Miscellaneous Accounts (the above Song works) to Bo Xihe and Bo Xihe, from which he copied a lot of content about the history of the Western Regions and the appreciation of calligraphy and painting. [18]
Zeng Bingxi, the same acquaintance of the Turpan Hall, presented Bo Xihe with a "Map of Xinjiang Turpan Hall", and wrote a passage of knowledge, introducing the geographical location, the direction of mountains and rivers, and the administrative divisions of Turpan, and at the same time, he also lent Bo Xihe the "Native Chronicles of Xinjiang Turpan Hall" that was being written. [19] Enguang had also promised to give Birch and a map that was not very accurate. [20]
(6) Chinese officials informed Dunhuang of the discovery of the cave and presented Dunhuang manuscripts with Bo Xihe, saying: "From the day we left Paris, Dunhuang has been identified as one of the major stops on our travels. Through Prjévalskii, Kreitnet and Bonin, we already know that about 20 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang, there is a large group of grottoes, known as the 'Thousand Buddha Caves' in Shazhou, which was built at an unknown age, but it is known that the murals covered in the caves have not been damaged by the Muslims. I was determined to study them. ”[21]
Initially, on September 15, 1905, the French ambassador to China, Lu Ban, submitted a letter to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Qing Dynasty requesting a passport, pointing out that the route planned by Bo Xi and the expedition was to "go to Beijing through the Samad Road in the Russian border to Qiuzi, Puchanghai, Shazhou and other places in Xinjiang", which shows that Bo Xihe did take Dunhuang as one of the destinations of the expedition from the beginning. Of course, during the expedition, I heard that a large number of medieval manuscripts had been unearthed in the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, especially after receiving the Dunhuang documents presented by Zailan in Urumqi and Enguang in Anxi, which strengthened Bo Xihe's determination to go to Dunhuang to find out.
As for Enguang's gift of Bo Xi and a Dunhuang manuscript, it was first seen in Bo Xi and his own travel diary. Later, Bo Xihe came to Beijing and mentioned this incident to Chinese scholars, so Luo Zhenyu, Yun Yuding and others all have the same record. [22] On the same day that he entered the cave, he wrote a letter to Emile Sénart, president of the Asiatic Society, reporting his discovery of the cave. In addition, Bo Xihe did not forget to provide him with the earliest information about a large number of ancient manuscripts unearthed in Dunhuang and presented the Dunhuang manuscripts to Zailan, and at the same time sent a letter to Zailan, explaining his harvest in Dunhuang, which is to repay Zailan's favor. After receiving this letter, Zailan also replied to Bo Xihe on August 12, 34 Guangxu (September 7, 1908),[23] although Zailan was not a scholar, his assessment of the significance of Bo Xi's trip to Dunhuang was very accurate, and after that, not only Bo Xihe began to study Dunhuang manuscripts and murals, but also led to the study of Dunhuang studies around the world.
Bo Xihe's expedition to the Western Regions and Chinese scholars
1. The first understanding of the Dunhuang Cave and its collection by Bo Xihe and Chinese scholars
In the sixth box (Fond Pelliot, Pmi6) in the archives of the Musée Guimet entitled "Birch and Expeditions 1906 to 1909", there is a fragment of Pei Jingfu's "Records of the Kunlun of the River and Sea" by Bo Xi and hand-copied. According to Bo Xihe's "Journey 1906-1908", on December 30, 1907, when Bo Xihe met with Zeng Bingxi, an official of Turpan, he talked about Zeng's "Native Chronicles of Xinjiang Turpan Hall", and Bo Xihe pointed out here that this book made the same mistake as Pei's "Hehai Kunlunlu" about the understanding of karez. [24] These are all examples of Pei's writings that Bo Xihe had read and studied before arriving in Dunhuang.
In addition, Bo Xihe and Pei Jingfu also had a serious discussion on the dating of the Dunhuang manuscripts and paintings recorded in the "Hehai Kunlun Lu". Recalling Pei King-fok's earlier inferences and preliminary arguments when he told him about the manuscripts and paintings in Ye Changchi's collection, he could not help but corroborate Pei's views with the authenticity of the manuscripts in his hands, and we can detect this casual expression in his letters to the Seine-et-Marne: "The great collector claims that the manuscript must date back to the Tang Dynasty. ”[25]
Regarding Dunhuang paintings, Bo Xihe read more scrolls in the cave: "[Pei Jingfu] thinks that these paintings will not be earlier than the Ming Dynasty. He was wrong. These paintings tend to be ordinary religious paintings with only pictorial value. Mr. Pei Jingfu did not find in it the kind of creative quality and level of painting that was customary in the works of the old masters, and the rare brightness of the color of the scrolls presented to us is enough to explain these mistakes. But there is no doubt about this mistake, the painting is the same era as the manuscript. I took with me a certain number of paintings, one or two on silk, on paper, on linen, and a rare stained glue paint. The brushwork is not so much the work of the painter as the painter's, and it is clear that the masterpieces of the famous artists will never flow to Gansu. [26] Let's look back at Pei Jingfu's "Hehai Kunlun Lu", in which he commented on Ye Changchi's Dunhuang paintings: "The Buddha statues are made of silk, red and green, and painted by laymen, which are not as ancient as the scriptures." [27] Pei did not record exactly the title or content of the Dunhuang scrolls in Ye's possession, while Ye's diary recorded the details of his presentation of the "three frames of the Buddha statue" for Pei Jingfu's appreciation. These three Buddhist paintings have been recorded in Ye's diary, among which the Water Moon Guanyin has the year of Qiande, which is undoubtedly painted in the Song Dynasty; Ye believes that the undated "Dizang Bodhisattva" was painted in the Tang Dynasty, and the "Water and Land Dojo" concludes that it was the earliest work of the Ming Dynasty, while Pei Jingfu generally says that "it is not as ancient as the scriptures", and Ye Changchi also said that Pei Jingfu "did not approve much" of these three Buddha statues[28], but there is no record that Pei had a specific judgment on the age of the Buddha statues. Pei Jingfu undoubtedly discussed the age of the paintings with Ye Changchi, and also listened to Yep's specific opinions on the three paintings, and told Bo Xihe about this conclusion. Bo Xihe has a deep memory of the conclusion that one of the paintings was first painted in the Ming Dynasty, and regards this conclusion as Pei Jingfu's judgment on all Dunhuang paintings. When Bo Xihe entered the cave and saw the painting with his own eyes, he pointed out that Pei Jingfu's conclusion was clearly wrong. In view of the fact that there is no record in Pei Jingfu's "Hehai Kunlun Lu" that Ye's collection of paintings did not predate the Ming Dynasty, the author infers that Pei Jingfu must have said it when he discussed it face-to-face with Bo Xihe, rather than Bo Xihe's memory after reading the original manuscript of "Hehai Kunlun Lu".
Pei Jingfu did mention the view that the Dunhuang manuscript was a Tang Dynasty manuscript, which was written down after meeting Ye Changchi in 1906, and he made an appraisal from the aspects of font, roll format, paper texture, etc., and concluded that the scriptures he saw were written in the Tang Dynasty, and Ye Changchi had already judged them to be Tang Dynasty manuscripts after obtaining these manuscripts in 1903, which was the same as Pei's. The Dunhuang Buddhist scripture manuscript obtained by Ye was mainly donated by Wang Zonghan of Dunhuang Zhixian County and Wang Zonghai of Dunhuang in 1903~1904, and Ye's "Yuan Dulu Diary" was set as the Tang manuscript on November 12, 29th year of Guangxu (December 30, 1903). [29] The same assertion was made later by Yip when he revised the "Stone of Words". [30] Ye hoped that the great collector Pei Jingfu would affirm his conclusions, so when the two met in 1906, they specifically asked Pei to authenticate these Dunhuang manuscripts.
The nature of the cave, the reason for its closure and the exact time of its closure are also issues of common concern to Pei Jingfu and Bo Xihe. After reading through almost all the Tibetan scrolls, Bo Xihe immediately made a clear judgment: "There is no doubt about this point, and the last few dates inscribed in his Chinese texts are from the Taiping Xingguo (976~983) and Zhidao (995~997) periods in the early Song Dynasty. It is believed that in the early years of the Song Dynasty, the Western Xia invaded Dunhuang, and the local monks moved the scriptures to the Thousand Buddha Caves to seal them in order to save the Buddhist holy scriptures from being burned. Later, in 1909, at a meeting with Chinese scholars in Beijing, Birchson made this assertion, and the Chinese scholars relayed it. Bo Xihe's theory has become the earliest exposition and important academic research results on the closure of the Tibetan scripture cave in the history of Dunhuang studies.
However, in 1906, Pei Jingfu had already inferred the date of the closure of the cave based on the Dunhuang manuscripts and paintings he had seen in Ye Changchi's collection. Pei Jingfu set the time for closure in the early years of the Song Dynasty, because the Islamic forces arrived in Dunhuang and the Buddhist scriptures were abandoned and closed. It can be seen that Pei Jingfu judged that the cave was closed in the early Song Dynasty earlier than Bo Xihe, and it is very likely that it will play a prompting or reference role for Bo Xihe to draw conclusions as soon as possible. Secondly, the Western Xia Kingdom also adhered to Buddhism, and its conquest should not have an impact on the Buddhist temples and temples, and the closure of the Tibetan Scripture Cave should have nothing to do with the Western Xia invasion, and Pei Jingfu's argument based on the conflict between Buddhism and Islam is logically preferable. Looking at this issue today on the basis of more materials, Pei Jingfu's view is closer to the truth than that of Birch. [31]
2. Birch and exchanges with scholars in Nanjing
Bo Xihe learned from Tingdong, a Taoist in Ansu, that Duanfang had newly purchased a large number of rare books from the Tianyi Pavilion Library in Ningbo and established a library, so he decided to visit Duanfang in Nanjing and visit the Jiangnan Library and Duanfang's collection of antiquities. [32] At the same time, through the French ambassador to China, Edmond Bapst, he contacted Duanfang, who was then the governor of Liangjiang, in advance, and requested to photograph the antiquities in Duanfang's collection. On November 3, 1908, the end sent a letter to the French ambassador to China, Pasteur, in which he agreed to this request:
The path to the restorer: reciting the Yao letter, preparing the Cheng Qi note, Yan Yun is in sight, and the end of the thought is to work. I would like to show that Dr. Bo Xi and Jun of your country are going to come to our place to view the antiquities, and this minister is very welcome. As soon as Dr. Bo arrived, he was received from the moment of inconvenience, and all that he had was hidden for inquiry, and was introduced by the Vice-Chancellor. His two friends must be good people of ancient boya, and they should also be excellent for the money, and they are willing to be evaluated. Dedicated to the restoration, to praise Taiqi. The name is also on the 10th day of October. [33]
In November 1908, Bo Xihe was received by Duan Fang in Nanjing, and at the same time visited the Jiangnan Library, which was under construction, and talked with Chinese scholars such as Miao Quansun, the head of the library, and Chen Qingnian, the director of the library, about the harvest of his expedition in Dunhuang. Bo Xihe first met Miao Quansun on October 22, 34 years of Guangxu (November 15, 1908), Miao's diary cloud: "The legal person Bo Xihe came to speak Chinese and knew books, and the Chinese rarely could reach him. [34] The next day, Miao Quansun paid a return visit to Bo Xihe and "sent a collection of essays, a collection of inscriptions, and a collection of biography of the monuments"[35]. On October 25 (November 18), Bo Xihe came to the Jiangnan Library to read a book and talked with Miao Quansun and Chen Qingnian about the harvest of the Dunhuang expedition, which was the first time that a Chinese scholar learned the details of Bo Xi and the Dunhuang expedition.
A few months later, in June 1909, Bo Xihe passed through Nanjing on his way north and met with Duanfang again. [36] During this trip to Nanjing, Bo Xihe showed the Dunhuang manuscripts he had obtained to Chinese scholars, and Duan Fang and the Chinese scholars were very interested. "During this period, gossip about our great discoveries in Dunhuang was widely circulated among Chinese scholars. The Governor of Duanfang has borrowed one of our most precious documents from us, and like any collector of any country, he regrets giving up what he has already mastered. It was 6 weeks before he returned it to me. [37] This precious document is the Xizhou Chronicles ("Xizhou Tujing"), and Duan Fang photographed this important manuscript. Later, Chen Qingnian obtained a Chinese translation of some of his travel diaries and borrowed Miao Quansun to browse. Miao's diary: "[June of the Year of Jiyou] March 15, 1909...... Chen Shanyu came to see the translation method [Bo] Xi and the diary, and read it with a lamp, which is not very strange. [38] After Bo Xihe returned to France, Miao Quansun did not forget Bo's entrustment, and copied and submitted the "Daoyi Zhiluo", with a letter attached: "Mr. Bo passed through the banquet: I hope for the king for several months, how can I be careless, I will not listen to more Yajiao, and I will be sad! "Shazhou Chronicles" looks forward to the banknote, that is, to the board. Please be safe. Brother Miao Quansun nodded his head. [39] Bo Xihe did not break his promise, and he kept sending photographs of the Dunhuang manuscript for Chinese scholars to study.
conclusion
At the beginning of his acquisition of the Dunhuang Tibetan Scripture Cave documents, and during his later investigations, he studied the Dunhuang documents that he considered to be more important. After presenting these documents to Chinese scholars, of course, the content of these documents will be discussed with Chinese scholars. Thus, in the study of the earliest Dunhuang texts by Bo Xihe, there are some insights of Chinese scholars, and in the same way, the earliest studies of Dunhuang manuscripts by Chinese scholars may have come from the conversations of Bo Xihe, in addition to the presentation of Bo Xihe. Since there were no strict academic norms at that time, and the date of publication of the early editions was not very accurate, it is difficult to judge who came first and who came after the opinions on some issues. It can also be said that Bo Xihe's research on Dunhuang documents with Chinese scholars is the earliest batch of Dunhuang studies published. In other words, together with Chinese scholars, Bo Xihe pioneered the study of Dunhuang studies of world significance.
Using the Xinjiang expedition as a medium, starting with the top officials, Bo Xihe was finally able to make friends with important officials in Xinjiang and the Central Plains, as well as some scholars with "new historiography" tendencies, and then used this as a starting point to have long-term exchanges with emerging Chinese academic institutions and scholars.
Note: This article is corrected by Mr. Rong Xinjiang, and I would like to thank you!
exegesis
[1] Paul Pelliot, Carnets de route 1906-1908, Paris: Les Indes savantes, 2008.又伯希和著;耿昇译:《伯希和西域探险日记(1906—1908)》,中国藏学出版社,2014年。
[2] 转引自1906年9月9日联魁就伯希和等人赴新疆游历及入出境日期事给迪化府的札文,见中国新疆维吾尔自治区档案馆、Japan佛教大学尼雅遗址学术研究机构编:《Foreign Historical Material about Foreign Explorers in Xinjiang),Xinjiang Bi术摄影出版,2006 No. 258.
[3] Press, the day is the day of Spania, present-day Spain. Qian Shifu, ed., Chronology of Qing Dynasty Officials and Ministers of Missions, Zhonghua Book Company, 1980, pp. 3044~3047.
[4] Paul Pelliot, "Three Years in Upper Asia", Lecture by M. Paul Pelliot at the Grand Amphitheatre of the Sorbonne, 10 December 1909, French Asia, 1910, p.10.
[5] Pelliot Collection, Box 3, Pelliot Mission 1906-1908, Musée Guimet.
[6] Paul Pelliot, Notebooks of the road 1906-1908, Plate V.
[7] "Foreign Explorers Xinjiang Archaeological Archives and Historical Materials", pp. 263~264.
[8] "Foreign Explorers Xinjiang Archaeological Archives", pp. 268~269.
[9] Pelliot Collection (Pmi5), Pelliot Mission 1906-1908, Musée Guimet.
[10] Paul Pelliot, Three Years in Upper Asia, p.10.
[11] 《英阿齐致联魁、荣霈书》,Pelliot Collection,Box 5,Pelliot's Mission 1906-1908,Musée Guimet。
[12] This article is reminded by Mr. Zhang Guangda, thank you!
[13] Foreign Explorers Xinjiang Archaeological Archives and Historical Materials, p. 266.
[14] Pelliot Collection, Box 5, Pelliot Mission 1906-1908, Musée Guimet.
[15] 《王树枏致伯希和书(1907年12月26日)》,Pelliot Collection,Box 5,Pelliot's Mission 1906-1908,Musée Guimet。
[16] 《张铣致伯希和书》,Pelliot Collection,Box 5,Pelliot's Mission 1906-1908,Musée Guimet。
[17] 《彭英甲致伯希和书》,Pelliot Collection,Box 5,Pelliot's Mission 1906-1908,Musée Guimet。
[18] Pelliot Collection, Box 6, Pelliot Mission 1906-1908, Musée Guimet.
[19] Paul Pelliot, Carnets de route 1906-1908, p.211, plate VI.
[20] Paul Pelliot, Carnets de route 1906-1908, p.254-255.
[21] Paul Pelliot, Three Years in Upper Asia, p.13.
[22] Luo Zhenyu, "The Bibliography of the Dunhuang Stone Chamber and the Originals of the Discovery", Oriental Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 10, Shanghai, September 1909, p. 42. Yun Yuding: "Yun Yu Ding Chengzhai Diary", edited by Shi Xiaofeng, Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 2004, p. 453.
[23] "Zai Lan to Bo Xi He Shu (September 7, 1908)," Fonds Pelliot, Carton 5, Mission de Pelliot 1906-1908, Musée Guimet. Thanks to Mr. Zhang Guangda for this point, I would like to thank you!
[24] Paul Pelliot, Carnets de route 1906-1908, p.211.
[25] Paul Pelliot, "A Medieval Library Found at Kan-son", Bulletin de lʾEcole Française dʾExtrême-Orient, VIII.3-4, 1908, p.527.
[26] Paul Pelliot, "A Medieval Library Found at Kan-son", p.527.
[27] Pei Jingfu, "Hehai Kunlun Lu", Vol. 2, Dihua Guanbao Book Company, the first year of Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty (1909), photocopy of the first edition of Modern China Historical Materials Series, Taipei Wenhai Publishing Company, 1967, pp. 205~206.
[28] Photocopy of Modern Chinese Historical Materials Series, pp. 5100~5101.
[29] Ye Changchi, "Diary of Yuan Dulu", Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 2002, p. 4285.
[30] Ye Changchi, Ke Changsi, "Yushi, Yushi Similarities and Differences", vol. 1, Zhonghua Book Company, 1994, p. 54.
[31] Rong Xinjiang，“The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons of Its Sealing”(tr. By Valerie Hansen)，Cahiers d’Extreme-Asie，11 (Nouvelles etudes de Dunhuang)，ed. J.-P.Drège，Paris/Kyoto 1999-2000，pp.247-275.
[32] Paul Pelliot, Notebooks 1906-1908, p.311.日记此处内容记载有误,端方购得大量珍本并非来自"宁波范家天一阁藏书楼"(The Ning-Po Fan Family Library),而是丁氏八千卷楼。
[33] "Letter from Duanfang to Pasteur (November 3, 1908)," Fonds Pelliot, Carton 5, Mission de Pelliot 1906-1908, Musée Guimet. The sender signed "Nanjing Governor's Office", and there was a business card in the envelope, so it was known that this letter was sent by the end party.
[34] Miao Quansun, Diary of an Old Man with Art Style, Peking University Press, 1986, p. 2117.
[35] Miao Quansun, Diary of an Old Man with an Art Style, p. 2117.
[36] Miao Quansun, Diary of an Old Man with an Art Style, p. 2176. According to, Wang Xiaoyu is the calligrapher and painter Wang Qiang, Zhang Shizhi is the edition bibliography scholar Zhang Yu, Guo Kuisheng is the poet Zhou Yi, Jing Pusun is the bibliophile Jing Xian, Liu Shengshu is the scholar Liu Shipei, and Chen Shanyu is the historian Chen Qingnian.
[37] Paul Pelliot, Three Years in Upper Asia, p.15.
[38] Miao Quansun, Diary of an Old Man with an Art Style, p. 2196.
[39] "The Book of Miao Quansun to Bo Xi He", Fonds Pelliot, Carton 5, Mission de Pelliot 1906-1908, Musée Guimet. , Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2012, pp. 46~59, revised edition, Mingsha Xixue Collection, Zhonghua Book Company, 2017, pp. 469~489.
Author's Affiliation: Institute of Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Source: Western Regions Studies, No. 4, 2017