A series of reports on the study of historical figures in western Fujian
【Editor's note】Longyan has a long history, beautiful and beautiful, a gathering of humanities, and a treasure of nature. Since the Tang Dynasty, there have been some outstanding historical figures who have made significant contributions to Longyan in all dynasties. Their outstanding contributions have accumulated into a valuable spiritual wealth of Longyan's history and culture, and have become a beautiful "city business card" to inspire future generations to unite and forge ahead. In order to thoroughly implement the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speech at the symposium on cultural inheritance and development, the Municipal Financial Media Center has set up a column of "Research on Historical Figures in Western Fujian" sponsored by the Propaganda Department of the Municipal Party Committee and undertaken by the Party History and Local Chronicles Research Office of the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Financial Media Center on all-media platforms such as "newspapers, networks, micro and terminals", so as to "play five cards and build a new Longyan" and accelerate the construction of a high-quality development demonstration area in the old revolutionary base area of western Fujian. This journal publishes a series of reports on the study of historical figures in western Fujian [21] "Jiang Yong: A Master of Modern Chinese Law", so stay tuned.
Jiang Yong: A master of modern Chinese law
In the history of modern rule of law in China, there is a very peculiar figure: When talking about the legal reform at the end of the Qing Dynasty, we need to mention him; when we talk about the justice and barrister of the Republic of China, we need to mention him; when we talk about legal education after the Opium War, we need to mention him; on the occasion of the founding of New China, he participated in the first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference as a specially invited representative. This person is Jiang Yong, a famous jurist, educator and poet in modern and modern times.
Jiang Yan Statue
Jiang Yong (1878-1960), whose name is Yiyun, was born in Bishan County, Sichuan Province in the fourth year of Guangxu Dynasty (1878). He was one of the founders of modern legal education in China, and is the author of more than a dozen poetry collections, travelogues and legal treatises, such as "Shu Youcao", "Reasons for Criminal Law" and "European Airlines Trivia".
Jiang Yong has set up a lofty ambition since childhood, studied in Japan in his youth, and was in the era of warlord warfare, with a clear distinction between the two sides, and in the face of the threat and temptation of the Japanese invaders, he was righteous and awe-inspiring, and he was noble and bright, and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, he was diligent in state affairs and did his best.
Pioneering legal education
In modern Chinese history, Jiang Yong was the founder of legal education in the late Qing Dynasty, and he was also a legal figure and political dignitary who "made meritorious contributions, made speeches, and established morality".
When he was young, Jiang Yong traveled to various places with the change of his father's official position, and later settled in Chengdu. At the age of 10, he studied small seals and read "Selected Works", at the age of 14, he studied art and literature, at the age of 16, he studied poetry and ancient literature, and at the age of 20, he entered the Chengdu Chinese and Western School to learn English. It was the end of the 19th century, thirty years after the epoch-making Meiji Restoration, which made Tokyo one of the birthplaces of the bourgeois revolution. In 1901, in order to seek the road to the prosperity of the motherland, Jiang Yong resolutely crossed the ocean to study in Japan.
During his six years of studying abroad, he never forgot the poor and weak motherland under the rule of the Manchu government. From his poem "Gu shoots immortals across the sea of clouds, and the jade skin of the rain is crystal clear", it can be seen that he loves the mountains and rivers of the motherland, and his concern and worry about the future and fate of the motherland. During his studies at Waseda and other universities in Japan, he became acquainted with Liang Qichao, Qiu Jin, Cai Yi and other reformers and democratic revolutionaries, read a large number of books advocating revolution, and gradually established the goal of fighting for the prosperity and strength of the motherland and the stability of the people. In 1909, he took the examination for returned international students, and was awarded the fourth place in the first class as the judge of the Dali Yuan and the superintendent of the Jingshi Law School. Since then, Jiang Yong has formed an indissoluble bond with legal education.
The Republic of China was founded, and Jiang Yong remained as the judge of the Dali Yuan and the principal of the Beiping College of Law and Politics. In the thirteenth year of the Republic of China (1924), he was appointed as the president of Thammasat University. In order to cultivate legal talents and promote the modernization of China's legal system, with the sentiment of "establishing a heart for heaven and earth, and establishing a life for the people", he and Wang Youling raised funds to establish a private Chaoyang University, and since 1927, he has been in charge of Chaoyang University. During the Anti-Japanese War, the school moved to Chengdu. In 1939, Chen Lifu made it a condition for granting financial assistance that "the employment of teachers must be reviewed by the Ministry of Education first". Jiang Yong resigned as president for impeding academic freedom. Chaoyang University has made great contributions to the legal education of modern China and has cultivated a number of legal talents to enter the judicial practice department. Together with the Law Department of Soochow University in Shanghai, he has achieved the good story of "Chaoyang in the north, Dongwu in the south" of "no court (yang) can not be formed (law) academy, and no court is held without Wu", which has established its position in the history of legal education in the Republic of China.
In 2014, Cao Dong published "Witnessing the Beginning of a New Era - Jiang Yong of the Republic of China Legal Scholars" in the "Procuratorate Daily", proposing: "In the history of education in the Republic of China, many educators have become associated with one or several universities...... Whenever we think of these schools, we always think of some people. For example, Cai Yuanpei and Peking University...... There are also Jiang Yong and Chaoyang University here. ”
Justice Lawyers represented
Jiang Yong is the hardest representative of justice lawyers in modern China. In troubled times, in the whirlpool of warlords vying for power, he resolutely resisted corruption and never compromised, and sacrificed his life to help the righteous man and gentleman regardless of his safety. Throughout his life, he adhered to the Confucian ideology of "helping the world if he is good, and being poor is good for himself", and won the respect and attention of intellectual and political circles. In 1918, the direct warlord Cao Kun and others sent a telegram requesting the Beiyang government to pardon Zhang Zhenfang, a criminal during Zhang Xun's restoration. At that time, Jiang Yong was the chief of the Ministry of Justice, and he always hated Yuan Shikai and Zhang Xun for restoring the imperial system, so he refused to resign. Jiang Yong believed: "Soon after the founding of the Republic of China, it has been restored twice, and the republican system has not yet been consolidated, so it is not appropriate to pardon the key criminals of the restoration. At that time, public opinion praised: Since the Republic of China, Jiang Yong has been the first to resign due to political responsibility.
In 1924, Cao Kun bribed the president of the People's Republic of China to come to power. Soon after, the authorities illegally detained former Finance Minister Luo Wengan. Jiang Yong was unwilling to go along with the same thing, so he resigned resolutely and set up a law firm in Beijing. Together with Liang Qichao, he founded the "Shangzhi Society" and founded the weekly Law Review. In the same year, he met Mr. Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou. After 1927, Jiang Yong did not serve in the Kuomintang government, and basically took the profession of a lawyer. In June 1935, he attended the meeting of the International Bar Association in Vienna as a representative of China.
In June 1937, Jiang Yong (front row, fourth from right) and other defense lawyers in the "Seven Gentlemen" case took a group photo.
At the critical juncture of resisting Japan and saving the country, Soong Ching-ling and others initiated the establishment of the National Salvation Federation of all walks of life, calling on the authorities to stop the civil war and unite to resist Japan. In November 1936, Shen Junru, Zhang Naiqi, Zou Taofen, Li Gongpu, Wang Zaoshi, Shi Liang, and Sha Qianli, important members of the National Salvation Association, were arrested by the Kuomintang authorities in Shanghai for propaganda to resist Japan and save the country. This is the "Seven Gentlemen" incident that shocked China and the rest of the world. At this time, Jiang Yong, who was nearly fifty years old, was working as a practicing lawyer in Shanghai, and when he heard the news, he immediately stepped forward and ran to try to rescue the "Seven Gentlemen". The legal profession formed a strong team of lawyers headed by Jiang Yong to defend them. At that time, most of the judges of the court were Jiang Yong's disciples and subordinates. As a volunteer defense lawyer, Jiang Yong appeared in court to defend the "Seven Gentlemen" on the basis of reason, which had a great impact and won wide support from public opinion at home and abroad, and finally forced the authorities to acquit and release the "Seven Gentlemen".
Stick to patriotism and peace
Chen Pixian, former vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, commented on Jiang Yong: "Mr. is a well-known patriotic person, he adheres to a patriotic and progressive stance, and repeatedly refuses the temptation of Japanese puppets and high-ranking officials of the Kuomintang government. ”
In 1911, Jiang Yong went south with Tang Shaoyi and conducted a "north-south peace" with the revolutionary army. In November 1921, Gu Weijun attended the Pacific Conference on behalf of the Beiyang government, organized the Pacific Conference Support Comrades Association with Liang Qichao and others in China, and issued the Declaration on the Abolition of Unequal Treaties such as Consular Jurisdiction with Wang Jun and others as a token of support.
In July 1938, the National Suffrage Conference was established in Wuhan, and Jiang Yong went to Hankou to participate. In 1943, he was appointed chairman of the National Council for Political Participation. In 1946, Chiang Kai-shek provoked a full-scale civil war. Jiang Yong declared: "I have always opposed civil war. Lao Chiang's 'crusade order' should not be sent to the National Political Council, because it will not pass. The following year, he was nominated as a candidate for the "Congress Deputy" and refused to run. Later, the Kuomintang authorities forced lawyer Wang Shanxiang to give up his seat, and sent a letter refusing it. In 1948, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Jiang Yong as the "chief justice" by "presidential decree", and Jiang Yong called Chiang Kai-shek to resign.
In February 1949, the "Shanghai People's Peace Delegation" went to Xibaipo for peace talks between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. From right: Zhou Enlai, Jiang Yong, Yan Huiqing, Zhang Shizhao, Shao Lizi, Yang Shangkun
At the beginning of 1949, Peking was peacefully liberated, and Chiang Kai-shek retired from power. At the invitation of Acting President Li Zongren, Jiang Yong, Yan Huiqing, and Zhang Shizhao formed the "Shanghai People's Peace Delegation," and Shao Lizi, a member of the Kuomintang who has always advocated peace talks between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, went to Beiping to negotiate peace with the Communist Party. Jiang Yong confessed his thoughts to Ye Jianying: "The peace talks are in line with the wishes of the people of the whole country, and it is not the Communist Party but Chiang Kai-shek who wants to fight the civil war." Today, Chiang Kai-shek stepped down, and Li Zongren expressed his desire for peace, although he did not have enough weight, but the Communist Party should not refuse. On February 22, Jiang Yong and others arrived at Xibaipo and were cordially received by Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai.
Mao Zedong said, you have come all the way for peace. We welcome the fact that the Communist Party is peace-loving. During the conversation, Mao Zedong asked Jiang Yong: "Lawyer Jiang, why do you think Chiang Kai-shek failed?" Jiang Yong replied: "I think he mainly can't use people, only slaves, not talents." Mao Zedong nodded knowingly and said: "We communists are willing to recruit people who can do things for the people, and I hope that you old gentlemen will recommend more talents for us!" After talking about politics, Mao Zedong asked Jiang Yong if he had written poems recently? Jiang Yong was very moved, and immediately presented a poem he had written recently, two of which were "I don't hesitate to give my head to Ma Tong." It shows the fiery heart to contribute to New China, and is called a "strange sentence" by Mao Zedong and Chen Yi.
受邀参加新政协
"Selected Works of Mao Zedong" contains a handwritten letter from Comrade Mao Zedong to Jiang Yong. According to Jiang Yong's son Jiang Shigao, Jiang Yong once said that the greatest honor in his life was that Mao Zedong personally sent a letter inviting him to attend the upcoming Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference to discuss the state of the country. It was August 25, 1949, when Jiang Yong received a letter in Shanghai Lawyer's Office with the red lead stamp of "Chinese Revolutionary Military Committee" and a cursive script "Mao" at the end. Jiang Yong hurriedly opened it, only to see that the letter read:
Mr. Yi Yun:
Sincerely. The current situation is developing very fast, and it is necessary for the new CPPCC to be convened quickly, and it is planned to invite Mr. Xu and Mr. Yan Renjun to participate.
Extension. Grass refuge.
Respect Doan!
Mao Zedong
August 19
In August 1949, Mao Zedong sent a letter to Jiang Yong
After reading this handwritten letter, Jiang Yong was so excited that he burst into tears. For him, this honor is precious, and only Soong Qingling and he were fortunate to receive a letter of invitation from Mao Zedong. He told his family: "I have never helped the CCP in my life, but there is absolutely no anti-communism either. Holding Chairman Mao's invitation letter, he thought about it repeatedly, feeling that he was old, it was difficult to do anything, and he was ashamed of the times. When he won the Anti-Japanese War, he happily wrote the poem "Let Weng envy me, but see Kyushu with the same", but then the Kuomintang launched a civil war, all industries withered, and the people were struggling to make a living. Seeing that the whole of China is about to be liberated, a peaceful, democratic, prosperous, and strong new China is just around the corner. Finally, he was inspired by the excellent situation and the spirit of the Communist Party and Chairman Mao in uniting and caring for the democrats, and he was determined to give up the old intellectuals' nobility and gains, and happily went to Beijing. In mid-September, Jiang Yong boarded the northbound train to attend the first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference as a specially invited representative, and was invited to join party and state leaders on the Tiananmen Tower to attend the founding ceremony.
This precious letter was copied during the Cultural Revolution in 1966, and when the confiscated materials were cleared in 1978, the family was delighted to find that the original was intact and could be returned to Zhao. It is now preserved in the Central Archives and included in the "Collection of Mao Zedong's Letters" and "Selected Writings of Mao Zedong", which has become a precious historical material.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he was successively elected as a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a member of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a deputy to the Shanghai Municipal People's Congress, and a deputy to the National People's Congress.
The poems and words are full of ambition
Jiang Yong has been smart and studious since childhood, good at poetry and writing, and has written a lot, especially poetry, and has published "Baihuashan Poetry Collection" and "Tangdang Pavilion Poetry Collection", etc., and enjoys a high reputation in the mainland poetry circle. The theme of the existing poems is mainly to express personal life ambitions, praise the great rivers and mountains of the motherland, etc., and exude sincere and strong feelings for the family and country between the lines.
Jiang Han's works "Shen Su Li Zhai Anthology" and "Shen Su Li Zhai Poetry Collection"
Jiang Yong and Chen Yi are poetry friends, and they often have a past during their time in Shanghai. In 1958, Jiang Yong recovered from a serious illness, and selected a volume of his old work "Poetry Collection of Tangdang Pavilion", because he felt that his energy was declining, and there was a saying "no recurrence" in the preface, and he sent the poetry collection to Chen Yi, the mayor of Shanghai. Chen Yi replied in his own handwriting, "Dazuo won with love in his early years, and won with strength in his later years." It reflects Jiang Yong's patriotic feelings and quality. In 2001, the Central Literature Publishing House published Selected Poems of Jiang Yong, which included more than 260 poems. Chen Pixian wrote in the preface: The publication of "Selected Poems of Jiang Yong" "has literary and historical value, and it is also Chen's last wish, and I am very gratified." ”
Selected Poems of Jiang Yong published by the Central Literature Publishing House in 2001
A lifelong love of bamboo is another characteristic of Jiang Yong's poetry. In 1937, Nanjing fell, and Japan prepared to establish a puppet regime. The commander-in-chief of the Japanese army, Shunroku Hata, personally stepped forward to persuade Jiang Yong to take up a false position. Jiang Yong wrote the poem "Shuhuai", expressing the feelings of never being a traitor: "I love the lonely bamboo, stand up in the frost and snow, never like a reed, and only follow the wind when I fall down." He also misses Changting and praises the poem "Beimogan Mountain" in praise of Zhushan and Linhai: "Changting has many bamboos, and my ancestors have bamboo mountains." Shi Eun went to the village well, and there was no resumption of customs when it was abandoned. "Dingwuling is a place full of bamboo mountains. He sang the praises of the uprightness, perseverance and tranquility of bamboo in the Hakka mountain village of Tingzhou. His life is like a green bamboo standing up in frost and snow, which cannot be blown down by the wind and is indestructible.
Jiang Yong's former residence is located in Changle Road, Shanghai, named "Dangdang Pavilion", which is his portrayal and spur of his life's turbulent ambition. Jiang Yong said in his will two years before his death: "For the rest of his life, he will do things and be a man, and he will have a clear conscience. On February 9, 1960, Jiang Yong died of illness in Shanghai at the age of 82. In accordance with his will, his wife Xu Chen donated 122 pieces of precious cultural relics from her family collection to the Shanghai Museum free of charge.
"Three Heroes of Dingwu Ridge"
Jiang Yong was born in a family of scholars, and his ancestral home is Shibi Village, a natural village next to Dingwuling. The surname of the village per capita is Jiang. Adhering to the Hakka legacy of "loyalty and filial piety, cultivating and reading heirlooms", the people of Dingwuling have successively walked out of the "Three Heroes of Dingwuling" and a number of outstanding historical figures such as Ding Yanggao, a member of the Alliance.
The "Three Heroes of Dingwuling" are Jiang Huaiting, Jiang Han, and Jiang Yong's ancestors and grandchildren. Jiang Yong's grandfather and father were both honest and honest officials, and people with lofty ideals who loved the motherland. Jiang Yong's grandfather, Jiang Huaiting, was a scholar of the third year of Xianfeng (1853), successively served as the magistrate of Bishan, Nanchong and other counties in Sichuan, and died of illness in the eighth year of Guangxu (1882). Before his death, he told his children and grandchildren that "officials can not do it, but people must do it, they should be reluctant to be self-reliant, and they should do nothing." He is the author of "The Posthumous Manuscript of the Dao Room".
Jiang Yong's father, Jiang Han (1857-1935), known as Shuhai, Shi Weng, was intelligent and intelligent, "four years old can connect sentences, fifteen years old and six books", known as a handsome talent, a famous scholar, educator and poet in modern times. He supported the reform and reform all his life, and had close contacts with Liang Qichao, Yang Rui, Chen Sanli, etc. In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu (1898), he served as the superintendent of Jiangsu Higher Education and actively advocated the Restoration. In the second year of Xuantong (1910), he served as the acting political envoy of Kaifeng, Henan, punished a group of corrupt officials, and was called the reincarnation of Bao Qingtian by the people. After the Republic of China, he successively served as the chief examiner of the first Higher Civil Judge Examination of the Senate Academy, a professor at Shanxi University, Beijing Normal University and other universities, and the director of the Beijing Normal Library. Jiang Han is like his father, an upright official, talented, and his thinking keeps pace with the times. "Jiang Yong's Autobiography" wrote: "Yong was young and undertook court training, and his father was the ancestor who learned many words and chapters through history. ”
Hakka cottage house ridge
Today, Changting Hakka cottage Dingwuling has been built into a national 3A-level tourist attraction, a national traditional ancient village, a national historical and cultural village, a provincial tourist village, a municipal gold medal tourist village, and one of the top ten most beautiful ancient villages in western Fujian. The cottage-style buildings built on the mountain retain the style of the original village and are known as the living fossils of the original life of the Hakka mountain people. The stories of the three generations of the "Three Heroes of Dingwuling" are the stories of the Qing official Jiang Huaiting, the writer Jiang Han, and the barrister Jiang Yong's ancestors and grandchildren, and they are still talked about by people.
(Writers: Wang Ying, Chen Liping, Party History and Local History Research Office of Changting County Committee of the Communist Party of China)
Sources:
1. "The Autobiography of Jiang Yong", Shanghai Literary and Historical Materials Selected Volume 45, Shanghai People's Publishing House, April 1984.
2. Selected Poems of Jiang Yong, published by Central Literature Publishing House, March 2001.
3. Fujian Tongzhi, Volume 36, Biography of Fujian Officials, compiled by Shen Yuqing and Chen Yan, compiled by Fujian Provincial Local Chronicles Compilation Committee, Fangzhi Publishing House, September 2016.
4. The Republic of China edition of "Changting County Chronicles", revised in 1942 and republished in 1983.
5. "Chronicles of Changting County", edited by the Compilation Committee of Local Chronicles of Changting County, Life, Reading, and New Knowledge, August 1993.
6. "Witnessing the Beginning of a New Era", by Cao Dong, Procuratorate Daily, August 8, 2014.
7. "Standing Up for Frost and Snow, High Wind and Bright Festival - Jiang Yong, a Patriot from Changting", by Yu Nianhe, "Research Collection of Knowledge and Difficulty", Kyushu Publishing House, 2022 edition.
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