How to achieve efficient intercropping cultivation technology of golden passion fruit and autumn eggplant?

How to achieve efficient intercropping cultivation technology of golden passion fruit and autumn eggplant?

Xie Xiaoqing and others

Passiflora edulis 'Golden' is a cultivar of Passiflora edulis 'Golden' in the family Passionflower, which is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, and is planted in a large area in Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan, Hainan and other regions of China [1-2]. The suitable growth temperature of golden passion fruit is 20~30 °C, the soil is soft and thick, and the pH value is between 5.5~6.5. The whole harvest period of autumn eggplant starts from October to May of the following year, the harvest period is long, at this time it coincides with the cold season in the north, the local supply of vegetables is not enough to meet local consumption, and a large number of harvests are needed from the south, so eggplant has become the main agricultural product for vegetable farmers in southern Fujian to get rid of poverty and become rich in this period, and it is one of the main vegetable types in the south and north. Passion fruit interplanting eggplant is based on the growth and flowering and fruiting characteristics of the two crops, using passion fruit once a year, early planting and early harvesting, using spring planting, about February to March planting seedlings in the ground, early flowering and fruiting, early market; eggplant planting in mid-August, early autumn planting seedlings need semi-shade, winter arch shed insulation characteristics. The intercropping of two crops can make full use of land resources, complement each other's advantages, cooperate and benefit each other, promote the healthy growth of crops, reduce the cultivation cost of a single crop, give full play to the advantages of three-dimensional composite planting, improve the production efficiency per unit area, reduce the risk of single crop planting, and promote agricultural efficiency and farmers' income.

1 Garden tidying

Passion fruit and eggplant interplanting, because passion fruit and eggplant are shallow-rooted crops, like moisture and avoid drought, need to keep the garden moist and can not accumulate water, so it is necessary to choose a thick soil, well-drained slope or flat land, do a good job of drainage system, to ensure that the field can be quickly discharged during heavy rain, to prevent waterlogging. When the garden is finished, remove the weeds and crop residues in the field, apply enough organic fertilizer or farmhouse fertilizer, deep plough and rake flat, and dig a drainage ditch with a width of more than 0.50 m and a depth of about 0.70 m around the field furrow, which is conducive to drainage and prevents waterlogging.

Passion fruit and eggplant are planted in rows during furrowing, passion fruit is planted according to the row spacing of 1.50 m, plant spacing of 1.50 m, digging a planting hole with a depth of 0.50 m, the hole width is 80 cm, the depth is 50 cm, the width of the furrow is 0.30 m, the depth is 0.20 m, and the passion fruit is planted as a standby seed; the scaffolding is planted with a curtain type single line overhang, the height is 1.80 m, and the pull line is arranged according to the standard of 1.80 m long and 1.50 m wide. Eggplant planting is based on row spacing of 1.80 m, plant spacing of 0.75 m, interstitial rows, digging a planting hole with a depth of 0.50 m and a hole width of 0.50 m, a furrow width of 0.30 m, a depth of 0.20 m, and a reserve of eggplant in mid to late August.

2 Passion fruit cultivation techniques

2.1 Breed selection

The variety is Golden Passion Fruit 'Chin Mi 9'. The variety has high sweetness, the sweetness is as high as 18~22 degrees, 1~2 degrees higher than other varieties, the navel has just changed from green to white, it is sweet and delicious without sourness, 7 can be picked when ripe, it is very suitable for fresh food, and has the advantages of strong resistance to viral diseases, strong adaptability, fruit storage resistance, high selling price, outstanding benefits, etc.

2.2 Planting

Passion fruit is generally planted every year and renewed, and large seedlings are planted from February to March, with a seedling height of about 1.80 m, and the terminal buds are removed during planting, 2250 plants/ha. Apply sufficient base fertilizer in the dug planting hole, first put in 50 kg of mixed compost or 20 kg of other commercial organic fertilizer, apply 0.5kg of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus plus 0.15~0.25 kg compound fertilizer to each hole, mix well, and then plant from the pier.

2.3 Tie vines and thin buds

After the passion fruit survives, the side buds below 1.50 m under the frame are removed every week, and the main vine is tied to the pillar, the side buds above 1.50 m of the main vine are retained, and the top of the three first-class vines is pulled in different directions, and when the first-level vine grows to 1.50 m, the top of the first-level vine is cut off to promote the growth of the second-level vine. When the secondary vine grows to 7~8 nodes, there is no flower bud formation, and it is shortened at 3~5 nodes in time to promote the growth of the tertiary vine. In order to increase ventilation and light transmission, it is necessary to pay attention to the removal of some flowerless secondary vines, tertiary vines and other secondary vines.

2.4 Fertilizer and water management

The fertilization principle of passion fruit should be based on the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium 2-1-4, and excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer should be avoided. Within 15 days after flowering, the fruit should be rapidly expanded, and fertilizer and water management should be strengthened, especially the application of potassium fertilizer and calcium and magnesium fertilizer should be increased to promote the rapid expansion of fruit and improve fruit quality. After each flower and fruit, water-soluble fertilizer should be supplemented in time, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, combined with calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc and other trace element fertilizers to ensure the normal opening and development of the next batch of flowers and fruits. Although passion fruit is more drought-tolerant, but the drought is too long, the soil is too dry, will affect the growth of branches, pollination, fruit development, severe branches show wilting, poor pollination, the fruiting rate decreases, the fruit does not develop shriveled and fruit drop, need to be irrigated in time, keep the soil moist, increase air humidity, improve pollen vitality, improve pollination and fruiting rate, and promote production and income.

2.5 Pest and disease control

The growth cycle of passion fruit is long, and the damage of diseases and insects is also relatively serious, so pay attention to observation and timely control.

Common diseases include cataplexy at seedling stage, virus disease, stem base rot, blight, anthracnose, gray mold, and canker. Adopt prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control supplemented by prevention and control, and try to control pests and diseases in the early stage of the disease. Non-toxic and sterile seedlings should be selected when selecting seedlings. Seedling cataplexy should be watered with 500 times of 58% methacrylene•manganese-zinc wettable powder, or 800 times of 38% oxafrost•pyrione•mycobin aqueous solution;Virus disease should be treated with 300~500 times of 5% amino-oligosaccharides;11% dimethyl•pyroxine-1000 times solution, 30% benzo-azoxystrobin 1500 times solution, 3% methyl frost•oxazole 500 times solution and 80% allicin 3000 times solution and other smear irrigation roots; 80% enoylmorpholine 700 times solution, 10% Prevention and control of azole cyanate 1000 times, anthrax can be controlled by 40% prochloraz 700 times, 80% mancozeb 700 times, 50% iprodione 1500 times and 26% ethyldicarb pyrimetriazine 750 times can be used for prevention and control of canker disease, and 50% thiazole zinc 1000 times or 5% mesomycin 1500 times can be used for canker disease.

Common insect pests of passion fruit fruit include fruit flies, thrips, red spiders, aphids, beetles, snails, scale insects, leaf miners, etc. Agricultural prevention and control can use yellow plates to trap small fruit flies, blue plates to trap thrips, predator mites to trap red spiders, and predator lamps to trap moths. Chemical prevention and control can use poisonous baits to trap snails, sexual attractants to trap small fruit flies, 90% trichlorfon 1000 times, 70% imidacloprid 3000 times, 5% avermectin 1000 times, 5% cyhalothrin 1000 times, etc.

2.6 Harvesting and pruning

In mid to late April, passion fruit can bloom and bear fruit, and in early July, there are fruits that can be harvested one after another, and after each batch of fruit is harvested, each side vine leaves 3~5 nodes for stubbing, so that it grows secondary fruiting vines, and at the same time is conducive to maintaining good ventilation, reducing the breeding of pests and diseases, and improving fruit quality.

3 Eggplant cultivation and management

Autumn planting eggplant planting in southern Fujian is generally in mid to late August, at this time coincides with the summer and autumn high temperature solar terms, the temperature is very high, often above 35 °C, even as high as 40 °C, eggplant seedlings, especially grafted seedlings are very delicate, avoid too strong sunlight, very suitable for interplanting in the semi-shaded passion fruit trellis, interplanting 4500 plants / ha.

3.1 Breed selection

The cultivar is cultivated with the low temperature tolerant farmer 'Long Eggplant 704'. Nongyou's 'Long Eggplant 704' is a long eggplant variety introduced from Taiwan, the plant is erect, the plant height can reach 1.80~2.00 m, the whole growth period is about 270 days, and it takes about 60 days from transplanting to harvesting, which is the most important autumn, winter and spring vegetables in southern Fujian. Since 1988, it has been introduced from Taiwan Nongyou Seedling Co., Ltd., with excellent performance, high yield, high quality, good commerciality, and high economic benefits, with a yield of 60~70 t per hectare and a high yield of more than 80 t. The fruit is long and club-shaped, purplish-red, and the main eggplant can be up to 30~45 cm long.

3.2 Planting and fertilization

Before planting, the base fertilizer was deeply ploughed and reapplied in the planting hole, and the well-rotted organic fertilizer was applied 30~50 t·hm -2, compound fertilizer 100 kg·hm -2 or calcium phosphate 750 kg·hm -2, and plant ash 750 kg·hm -2. When the thumb of eggplant is large, the second fertilizer is applied to balance potassium sulfate compound fertilizer N-P-K(15-15-15) 450 kg·hm -2 to cut off eggplant to promote the growth of eggplant; when the eggplant is 5~8cm long, the third fertilizer is reapplied to balance potassium sulfate compound fertilizer N-P-K(15-15-15) 450 kg·hm -2, and then every 2 times eggplant is applied.

3.3 Pick the leaves at the right time and appropriately

After the plant begins to harvest the eggplant, remove the old leaves, diseased leaves, and yellow leaves in time, properly remove the functional leaves and erase the axillary buds of the parts, so as to strengthen the fruiting flower branches, and at the same time maintain ventilation and light transmission, reduce the spread of pests and diseases, and improve the quality of eggplant.

3.4 Cultivating soil

Eggplant harvest period is long, should not be often cultivated, the early stage can be properly cultivated, the middle and late stage should be shallow tillage, or even no tillage. When the plant height is about 15 cm, it is necessary to build soil poles to prevent lodging.

3.5 Irrigation and drainage

During the development period of eggplant fruit, it needs a lot of water, so it should be watered in time and watered frequently with thin water to meet the needs of eggplant growth. When there is too much rain, it is necessary to clean the ditch and drain it in time to reduce the humidity in the field and reduce the occurrence of diseases.

3.6 Pest control

Eggplant is susceptible to thrips, tea yellow mites, two-spotted leaf mites throughout the growth cycle, and is also susceptible to whiteflies in drought; blight, bacterial wilt, and verticillium wilt are also more serious, so pay attention to observation and timely control.

Common insect pests and how to control them. Thrips, tea yellow mite and two-spotted leaf mite are the main pests that affect the yield and quality of eggplant, and the control should be based on prevention, supplemented by chemical control, and the pesticides should be rotated frequently, so as not to fail in control and lead to reduced yield and harvest. For prevention, 600 yellow and blue plates/ha can be hung in the garden to trap thrips and whiteflies, with a hanging height about 20 cm higher than that of eggplant, and prey on mites to treat mites, 600 sheets/ha, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of thrips, whiteflies and red spiders, and when it cannot be controlled, it can be sprayed with 0.5% ethyl spinosad 1500 times, 70% imidacloprid 3000 times, 5% flufenamide 3000 times, 20% dinotefuran 1000 times for thrips and whiteflies, and red spiders can be sprayed with 5% avermectin 1000 times, 20% spirofen 3000 times, 5% acetozole 1000 times, 22% bifenazide 1500 times or its mixture for control. Common diseases and prevention and control methods. Common diseases and insects of eggplant are mainly bacterial wilt, verticillium wilt and blight, and bacterial wilt can be killed 1000 times with 70%, calcium copper sulfate, 10% copper pinsinate 500 times, 20% copper complex 750 times, and verticillium wilt with 3% methamethamine 500 times plus 80% allicin 1500 times or 10% allicin 1500 times. The epidemic can be controlled with 80% enoylmorpholine 1000 times, 10% azole cyanate 1000 times, etc.

3.7 Timely harvesting

The eggplant harvest standard can be seen in the color of the eggplant, the color of the eggplant eye and the peel is distinct, indicating that the fruit is growing, the tissue is tender, and the quality is good. Eggplant eyes are not obvious, indicating slow growth and should be harvested in time. 18~20 days after flowering in warm weather is the appropriate harvest period, which should be harvested in time to avoid affecting flowering and fruiting.

3.8 Cover the film to protect against the cold

After the small spring in November, the weather gradually turns colder, at this time, it is necessary to build a frame cover film in time to increase the temperature, improve the flowering, pollination, fruiting, yield and quality of eggplant.

4 Summary

In the interplanting cultivation of passion fruit and autumn planting eggplant, the trellis and growth fruiting mode of passion fruit can be used to shade the eggplant grafted seedlings, reduce the direct sunlight during planting, speed up the slow seedling, and improve the survival rate. Covering the film of eggplant in the late autumn and winter can not only improve the yield and quality of eggplant, but also prolong the harvest period of passion fruit, and at the same time improve the current situation of the decline in the quality and acidity of passion fruit from late autumn and winter to early spring, improve the quality and increase income. However, it is necessary to pay attention to strengthening the pruning and pruning of passion fruit in the later stage, so as not to grow randomly and affect the flowering and fruiting of eggplant, and to strengthen the monitoring of pests and diseases, do a good job in timely and effective prevention and control of pests and diseases, avoid cross-infection, and achieve a double harvest of passion fruit and eggplant.

Funds: Basic Special Project of Provincial Public Welfare Research Institutes (Project No.: 2020R1010003).