Qing Gaozong Aixin Jueluo Hongli (September 25, 1711 - February 7, 1799), the sixth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, alias Changchun Jushi, Xintian Master, late name Gu Xi Tianzi, Shiquan Old Man. The era name "Qianlong" means "Heavenly Road Changlong". He reigned for 60 years, trained for three years after the Zen throne, and actually ruled for 63 years and 4 months, which can be called the longest and longest-lived emperor in Chinese history.
Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty was one of the outstanding emperors of feudal Chinese society. On the foundation of the two successors to the throne of Kangxi and Yongzheng, he survived the catastrophe and finally unified the multi-ethnic country, and made remarkable socio-economic and cultural progress. Hongli was committed to maintaining social stability and caring for the well-being of the people, and successively exempted the world's taxes five times and exempted the grain of eight provinces to reduce the burden on farmers, promote the development of agricultural production, and make the Qing Dynasty's treasury increasingly abundant. Through a series of border wars, Hongli strengthened its control over Tibet and included Xinjiang in its territory, maximizing the territory of the Qing Dynasty and laying the foundation for modern China. In the field of culture, he vigorously promoted Sinology, established the Erudite Dictionary Department, and revised the Siku Quanshu, and the people's livelihood arts also flourished, such as Peking Opera, which was born in the Qianlong period. However, in the second half of his life, he was too favored and Shen, which led to the corruption of officials and the intensification of social contradictions. In the face of the aggression of Britain and Russia, we resolutely resisted and rejected unreasonable demands for trade and trade that were harmful to our rights and interests. Despite this, China at this time has gradually fallen behind the West and is facing a historical turning point in modern times.
On the first month of the first year of Jiaqing (February 9, 1796), Hongli gave way to the fifteenth son, Yanyan. On February 7, 1799, the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing, he died suddenly at the age of 89. The temple name is "Gaozong", and the name is "Fa Tian Long Yun Zhi Cheng Xianjue Ti Yuan Li Ji Fu Wen Fen Wu Qin Ming Filial Piety Divine Pure Emperor", buried in Yuling.
Early life experience
On August 13, the 50th year of Kangxi (September 25, 1711), Hongli was born in the "Ruyi Room" of the East Academy of Prince Yong's Mansion in Beijing, with the name Yuanshou. His mother Concubine Xi is Yinzhen's concubine Gege, when she was born, the second brother Hongyu had died, and the eldest brother Honghui and the third brother Hongyun also passed away in front, leaving only the elder brother Hongshi, so he ranked fifth, in fact, he was the second son. In the 60th year of Kangxi (1721), Kangxi saw Hongli for the first time, and he was deeply loved at the age of ten, so he was admitted to the palace for training, and followed his grandfather to the summer resort. In November of the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), Kangxi collapsed, and Yinzhen immediately succeeded to the throne. However, in view of Hongshi's dissolute temperament, improper behavior, and strained relationship with his father, Yongzheng made Hongli, who was only thirteen years old, the prince.
In August of the first year of Yongzheng (1723), Yongzheng personally wrote down the secret decree of the prince, established Hongli as the heir, hid it in the box, and placed it behind the plaque of "Zhengda Guangming" in the Qianqing Palace. Hongli began to learn Chinese characters at the age of six, read books at the age of nine, composed essays at the age of fourteen, and was familiar with the Four Books and the Five Classics and many other books. After succeeding to the throne, Yongzheng strengthened his education, in addition to the original Fumin, selected Zhu Shi, Xu Yuanmeng, Zhang Tingyu, Ji Zengyun, Cai Shiyuan and other famous ministers to assist him in learning culture and Confucian classics, and the important ministers of the clan Yunlu and Yunxi taught him to use firearms, archery and horse riding. Under careful training, Hongli is proficient in Manchu and Chinese, and has mastered both civil and military skills. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Kangxi died, and Hongli once again sacrificed Jingling for his father. In July of the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), Hongli married Fucha, the daughter of Li Rongbao, a famous Manchurian family, and lived in the second place in the west of the Forbidden City (renamed Chonghua Palace after Hongli ascended the throne). In the same year, the third brother Hongshi was stripped of his clan registration due to misconduct. Hongli's main competitor is eliminated.
In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), Hongli was happy to have a son-in-law, and Yongzheng personally named Yonglian, implying the inheritance of the throne, and compiled 14 volumes of "The Complete Works of Leshantang". In the winter of the same year, the preface was written by his younger brother Hongday, the university scholar Ortai, Zhang Tingyu, etc., and the following year by Zhu Shi and Cai Shiyuan. In the tenth year of Yongzheng (1732), Yunlu, Yunli, Yunxi, etc. wrote prefaces to build momentum for Hongli's succession in the future. In the eleventh year (1733), Yongzheng Feng Hongli was the prince of Heshuobao, and ordered him to participate in major political and military affairs such as the pacification of the Junggar rebellion and the pacification of the Miao uprising in Guizhou, and to cultivate political ability. During the Yongzheng period, Hongli received all-round and rigorous education and training, and his performance was outstanding and deeply trusted. Since then, Hongli has often been ordered to worship the mausoleum, the Confucian Temple, the Guansheng Emperor, the Taimiao, the land, the Tai Sui, the Sheji, etc.
The early government of Qianlong
In 1735, Emperor Yongzheng died and Hongli succeeded to the throne. On the twenty-third day of the first month, he announced the beginning of the first year of Qianlong in the Taihe Palace. On September 27, Emperor Qianlong moved to the Yangxin Palace to exempt the people from owing Ding Fu and the amount of money. In October of the same year, he advocated the technique of "combining leniency and severity" in governance. After the new emperor ascended the throne, he mainly took Confucian concepts as the criterion, treated his subjects well, and showed leniency to ministers and officials. At the beginning, Emperor Qianlong focused on correcting the shortcomings of the previous two dynasties, especially the Yongzheng Dynasty, and showed his political talents.
In response to the lack of imperial relations, Emperor Qianlong first pardoned Emperor Yongzheng's long-imprisoned political rival Yun Yu and restored his title, which resolved the contradictions to a certain extent and achieved the goal of unity of the ruling class. In addition, Emperor Qianlong also properly handled the remaining issues of the two cases of Nian Qianyao and Long Keduo. In 1737, Yue Zhongqi and Fu Erdan, who were sentenced to death by Yongzheng, were released and given to Yun Yu and other dukes. In November of the same year, Ortai and others were ordered to continue to handle the affairs of the Military Aircraft Department.
While relieving internal affairs, Emperor Qianlong continued to quell the turmoil in the frontier. In May 1738, Zhang Guangsi pacified the Miao Rebellion in Guizhou. In October, the crown prince Yonglian died of illness and was given the title "Duanhui Crown Prince". In February 1739, the Dzungar Ministry of Galdantse requested zero to take the Altai Mountains as the boundary, laying the foundation for the Qing Dynasty and its success. In July, he led his troops to garrison the Orhai Xilawusu, and divided his troops to garrison the Orkun River, Qizierlik, Erdenizhao, Tamir and Uriya Sutai to prevent the Dzungar rebellion. In October of the same year, Prince Zhuang Yunlu and Prince Li Honghui formed a party and ran a private case, Emperor Qianlong revoked Yunlu's position, Honghui seized the title and imprisoned, and Baylor Hongchang and others were also punished.
Emperor Qianlong also quickly corrected or abandoned some of the erroneous policies pursued by the Yongzheng Dynasty. For example, because of his belief in "auspiciousness", he is obsessed with the art of cultivating longevity. Emperor Qianlong abandoned Danshu, dismissed monks and Taoists, and strictly forbade talking about "auspicious rui", "all Qingyun and Jiagu auspicious rui are forbidden to play". In response to the mistakes in the policy of returning envy to the public and apportioning the land into the land, Emperor Qianlong also corrected it. In October 1735, Emperor Qianlong reiterated that when all localities reported the reclamation of barren land, they must verify it in detail, and "the slightest hypocrisy should not be allowed to increase the burden of the people". Emperor Qianlong resolutely adjusted and corrected some erroneous policies of the Yongzheng Dynasty, and at the same time inherited and carried forward its positive policies, resulting in the political and economic development of the Qianlong Dynasty on the basis of the Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties, which became a powerful beginning of the heyday of the Qing Dynasty.
Get rid of the dilemma
In July of the sixth year of Qianlong (1741), Qianlong was in Mulan for the first time, and the Empress Dowager went to the summer resort to exempt three-tenths of the taxes of the places he passed, and subtracted the burdensome taxes of some prefectures and counties, so as to maintain national order with daily actions. Qianlong's trip to Mulan in autumn was aimed at correcting the declining army and abiding by the way of respect, not just hunting and entertainment. The resumption of Mulan Qiuqiu in the sixth year of Qianlong is not only the embodiment of the exposition of the ancestral system, but also the continuation of Kangxi's pacification of Guizhou Miaojiang and the two unfinished business of peace with the Junggar ministry. Under Qianlong's rule, although the initial political and economic reforms were effective, he was not blindly optimistic, but repeatedly admonished the generals for their greed for comfort and the discarding of armaments. Therefore, the autumn season of Mulan in the sixth year of Qianlong has an important starting significance.
Emperor Qianlong wanted to follow the rule of Chengkang, in addition to rectifying the army, he also needed to solve the economic miscellaneous diseases - rising food prices and people's livelihood hardship. However, at first, it was thought that the rise in food prices was due to waste, such as boiling pots to make wine, so a "ban on burning pots" was issued, but the food problem continued to worsen. In order to solve the food crisis, Emperor Qianlong attached great importance to agricultural production, promoted reclamation and resettlement, and promoted high-yield crops. Following the example of Emperor Kangxi, the whole country was exempted from money and grain, and free money and grain for famine and other special reasons in various places were also popular. During the Qianlong period, agriculture, handicrafts, and commerce flourished throughout the country, cultivated land and population increased sharply, the national treasury was full, and the whole society and economy were unprecedentedly prosperous.
In the tenth year of Qianlong (1745), after the death of Galdan Tseling, the Dzungar tribe fell into chaos, and Dawaqi seized the throne. Emperor Qianlong sent troops to conquer the rebellion in the mountainous areas of Zhan in Sichuan in July, and recovered the Shangzhan Pair in September and attacked the Lower Zhan Pair. In February of the thirteenth year of Qianlong (1748), Emperor Qianlong toured the east, stationed in Qufu, sacrificed to the Confucian Temple, and climbed Mount Tai. In March, Empress Fucha died, and was posthumously named "filial piety".
In the early years of Qianlong, the imperial court was divided into two parties, which was very unfavorable to Qianlong's strengthening of absolute monarchy. In November of the 14th year of Qianlong (1749), when Zhang Tingyu retired, he promised him to enjoy the Taimiao, but soon because he did not personally thank him, he withdrew his order and cut off his earl. In the twentieth year of Qianlong (1755), he made the "Jianmo Sheng Poetry Copying Case", executed Hu Zhongzao and Echang, two of Ortai's cronies, and moved Ortai's tablet out of the Xian Liang Temple. On the other hand, the Qianlong Emperor paid more attention to selecting people from poor families who did not have much contact with the upper officials. After a period of adjustment, a bureaucratic system with the monarch at the core was finally established, which greatly improved the control over the subjects of the whole country.
Rebelling on the frontier
In the early years of Qianlong, Dajinchuan rose rapidly, and the Tusi leader Sha Luoben raised troops to invade Xiaojinchuan and captured Tusi Zewang and his seal. Subsequently, he violated Gebushza and Mingzheng Tusi. In order to punish the aggression of Dajinchuan, in the twelfth year of Qianlong (1747), Qianlong sent 30,000 troops to attack Dajinchuan in two ways. However, due to many factors such as rugged terrain and harsh climate, the Qing army did not achieve anything until the summer and autumn of the thirteenth year of Qianlong (1748). Qianlong was forced to increase his troops and salaries, and sent Fu Heng, a university scholar, to the front line to command. Fu Heng adopted Yue Zhongqi's in-depth strategy, and in February of the 14th year of Qianlong (1749), the Qing army invaded Kurwei, and Sha Luoben had no choice but to surrender.
In the fifteenth year of Qianlong (1750), an armed rebellion broke out in Tibet led by the local aristocratic separatist forces led by the county king Zhurmat Namzhal. The Dalai Lama led a joint action between the monks and lay and the Qing army in Tibet and quickly quelled the rebellion. Qianlong realized that some Tibetan nobles were too powerful and affected the stability of Tibet and the rule of the government, so in the sixteenth year of Qianlong (1751), after successfully quelling the rebellion, he immediately abolished the old Tibetan monarchy system and established a Kashag government led by four Karongs. At the same time, the "Regulations for the Rehabilitation of the Aftermath of Tibet" were formulated, which enhanced the power of the Dalai Lama and the minister stationed in Tibet.
After the fifteenth year of Qianlong (1750), there was infighting among the upper nobles of the Junggar department. Salal, San Celing and others led the subordinates to attach. In February of the twentieth year of Qianlong (1755), Qianlong sent 50,000 soldiers to attack Ili and captured Dawaqi. However, the surrendered Amur Sana, dissatisfied with his desire to rule the four Mongol tribes of Erut, rebelled. In March of the 21st year of Qianlong (1756), the Qing army regained Ili, and Amur Sana fled to Kazakhstan. Qianlong sent the western and northern routes to attack Kazakhstan, and appointed Fu Heng to Erling Habilga to prepare military affairs.
In the spring of the 22nd year of Qianlong (1757), Qianlong ordered the army to attack from Balikun and other places, the rebels were dispersed, and Amur Sana died of illness after fleeing to Tsarist Russia. So far, the Qing Dynasty has succeeded in eliminating the Junggar aristocratic separatist rebellion. At the beginning of the 23rd year of Qianlong (1758), Qianlong sent 10,000 Manchu and Han officers and soldiers to the south to start the battle of Hezhuo of the rebellion on the south road of the Tianshan Mountains. In September, he ordered the Minister of Ili to take charge of the affairs of the Ministry. And the city of Khotan, Berkhojis, and others surrendered, and the city of Ush was surrendered. In October, Zhaohui's lone army broke through Yarkand, and in February of the following year (1759), Fude, Aligon and others fought with Huo Jizhan in Huerxuan, defeated the rebels, and resolved the siege of Heishui Camp. In June, Qianlong ordered Zhaohui to attack Kashgar, and Fude marched to Yarkand, recovering the lost territory in one fell swoop. In July, the Qing army conquered Kashgar and Yarkand, and Daxiao and Zhuomu fled to the Badak Mountains and were killed, and the rebellion on the southern Tianshan Road was quelled.
Rise to the Southwest
In July of the 25th year of Qianlong (1760), Emperor Qianlong ordered Agui and Chebudenzabu to lead troops to expel due to the border between Tsarist Russia and the Qing court. In October, the fifteenth prince Yongyan was born. In November of the thirtieth year of Qianlong (1765), Yang Yingju, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, reported that all the leaders of Burma had returned to him. Due to the serious illness of Emperor Qianlong, Yang Tingzhang went to Yongchang to shoulder the task of resisting the Burmese army.
In the first month of the 32nd year of Qianlong (1767), the Qing army failed to conquer Burma, and Emperor Qianlong ordered Yang Tingzhang to return to Guangdong. In February, the Dewa River was defeated and suffered heavy losses. In July, the Burmese army took advantage of the gap to invade Yunnan. In February of the 33rd year of Qianlong (1768), Emperor Qianlong ordered Fu Heng, a university scholar, to go to Yunnan to preside over the conquest of Burma. In the first month of the following year (1769), he ordered Ah Gui and Ali Gon to participate in the suppression of Burma. Due to the humidity and heat in Burma, the smoke miasma was pervasive, and the Qing army suffered heavy casualties. Burma took the opportunity to surrender, Emperor Qianlong approved the withdrawal of the Qing army, and the Burmese king Meng Di paid tribute to the Qing Dynasty.
In July of the 35th year of Qianlong (1770), Xiaojinchuan Tusi and Walkesh Tusi joined forces to provoke, and Emperor Qianlong ordered Altai to admonish Xiaojinchuan. and Prince Hongday and University Scholar Fu Heng passed away one after another. In November, the Turks were freed from Russian restraint and returned to China. In the 36th year of Qianlong (1771), the Turhut Special Department returned to China, and Emperor Qianlong ordered Batu Zilgal to go to Ili to deal with the resettlement matters. In September, the leader of the Turks, Wu Baxi, was ordered to enter Rehe, and Emperor Qianlong conferred Wu Baxi as Khan in the summer resort, and awarded the titles of prince and county king.
In the 36th year of Qianlong (1771), the large and small Jinchuan Tusi invaded the nearby territories respectively, and the Qianlong Emperor decided to send troops again. The Qing army adopted various breakthrough strategies, first attacking Xiaojinchuan with all its might. In the spring of the 38th year of Qianlong (1773), he turned to Dajinchuan. After that, the incompetent Wen Fu led to the defeat of the Qing army. Emperor Qianlong once again appointed A Gui as the general of Dingxi, adjusted the army, and launched an attack again. In the winter of that year, he conquered Xiaojinchuan again, and then divided his troops into three ways to attack Dajinchuan. After two years of campaigning, by the end of the 40th year of Qianlong (1775), Dajinchuan was finally pacified. During this period, Emperor Qianlong was determined to fully implement the policy of changing the land and returning it to the river, and set up the Meinuo Hall (later renamed the Maogong Hall) in the old place of Xiaojinchuan and the Algu Hall in the old place of Dajinchuan, both of which belonged to Sichuan Province.
The image of its heyday
In the middle of the Qianlong period, remarkable progress was made in all fields, with a sharp increase in the area of cultivated land and the number of people, an abundant national treasury, and unprecedented social and economic prosperity. In terms of cultivated land, in the 31st year of Qianlong (1766), 780 million mu of land was reclaimed throughout the country; the population increased from more than 140 million in the early years of Qianlong to nearly 300 million in the 60th year of Qianlong (1795); and the state treasury of silver remained stable at 60 to 70 million taels, equivalent to twice the total annual tax revenue.
An important achievement in agricultural development has been the significant increase in grain production and the widespread cultivation of high-yielding crops. The construction and intensive cultivation of water conservancy projects have significantly increased the output per unit area. In the southern rice producing areas, the yield is usually two or three stones, or even five or six stones. During the Qianlong period, sweet potatoes and corn were widely cultivated in the north and south of the mainland, which not only met the food needs brought about by population growth, but also proved their high yield. In addition, the cultivation of cash crops is more common. The main cash crops in the early Qing Dynasty included cotton, tobacco, tea bush, sugarcane, etc. Cotton cultivation was very popular in the Ming Dynasty, and it was popular throughout the country in the early Qing Dynasty. At that time, South China and along the Qiantang River, Henan, Zhili and other places were concentrated cotton-producing areas. In the late Qianlong period, cotton was widely planted in Suzhou and Songjiang. The planting area of Jibei (cotton) in Wujiang County, Suzhou Prefecture has exceeded the grain area.
Emperor Qianlong had a great enthusiasm for cultural undertakings, and he decided to comprehensively organize the existing documents, collect books, and issue daily edicts asking for books. He demanded that local officials take this as an important responsibility, and at the same time formulated a policy for the purchase of suicide notes: "Those who are in the shop may pay the price"; those who have a family collection "may wish to make copies and return the original books", and "handle them well, so as not to allow officials to take the opportunity to disturb them." By September of the 38th year of Qianlong (1773), more than 10,000 kinds of books had been collected all over the country, which greatly enriched the national collection. Under the personal supervision of Emperor Qianlong, through the joint efforts of all the staff, following the publication of the "Siku Quanshu Hui" in the 43rd year of Qianlong (1778), from the 46th year of Qianlong (1781) to the 52nd year of Qianlong (1787), eight "Siku Quanshu" were completed successively and stored in each cabinet in order.
During the 30 to 60 years of Qianlong, the treasury was stable at more than 60 million taels, and the cultural undertakings were also unprecedentedly prosperous. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty entered the era known as the "Kangqian Prosperous Era", and the powerful China stood tall in the east of the world.
Boom and bust
In Qianlong's later years, he rejoiced in great achievements, built a large number of buildings, went to the south of the Yangtze River six times, spent a lot of money, and corruption was rampant, and the Qing Dynasty went into decline. Qianlong lived a very luxurious life, often touring around the world, spending a lot of money. Qianlong built a palace and squandered state funds, and on the 80th birthday of the Empress Dowager and her own 80th birthday, the "Beijing Master Ceremony was prosperous", far exceeding the 60th birthday of the Empress Dowager. Officials, landlords, and businessmen followed suit.
At the same time, the problem of corrupt administration is becoming more and more serious. Qianlong favored He Shen, which led to his dictatorship and corruption, and his influence was bad. He Shen rose from a petty official in the treasury of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Minister of Military Aircraft, a scholar of the household department, and a scholar of the university, and his exclusive power lasted for 24 years. When he was old in Qianlong, he flattered and invited pets, and reported good news but not bad news. He actively expanded his power and collected money, and the political atmosphere in the late Qianlong period became corrupt. In the 33rd year of Qianlong (1768), Gao Heng, Pufu and Lu Jianzeng, the two salt governors of the two Huai provinces, and Lu Jianzeng, the salt transport envoy, embezzled salt and introduced the case, and in the 46th year of Qianlong (1781), the Gansu donation and prison impersonation and relief corruption case, and in the 47th year of Qianlong (1782), the Shandong governor Guotai and Yu Yijian lost treasury money, all of which are reflections of the corruption of officials. Although Qianlong severely punished these crimes, the trend of corruption became more and more intense, and corruption became common among officials at all levels, and their quality was low.
The corruption of the government directly led to the decline of Qianlong's rule in the later period. During the Qianlong period, the bad habits of officialdom became increasingly serious. Officials are required to give gifts to their superiors, gifts to their superiors on New Year's birthdays, bribes to officials of the Ministry of Officials and senior officials in Beijing on New Year's Day, and local officials to give gifts to the envoys and governors. This bad habit makes both the upper and lower levels profitable, "the prefecture and county have a thousand gold to be accommodated, and the servants can take advantage of it and make a profit of 10,000 gold; the governor has the accommodation of 10,000 gold, and the state and county can take advantage of it and make a profit of 100,000 yuan."
After the middle of Qianlong, land was highly concentrated, and the cruel feudal exploitation made life difficult for the vast number of peasants. Faced with this situation, the ruling class is extravagant and corrupt, drunk and dreaming of death. Corrupt feudal rule heralded the decline of the dynasty. The corrupt feudal rule intensified class and national contradictions, and in the late Qianlong period, peasant uprisings were in full swing.
In his later years, he used force
In the first month of the 46th year of Qianlong (1781), the 43rd incident of the Hui people in Gansu was su. In March of the 52nd year of Qianlong (1787), Lin Shuangwen occupied Zhuluo and Fengshan, approaching Taiwan, and many county towns were lost, and the situation was difficult. In May, the Miao people in the Phoenix Hall of Hunan Province revolted and were suppressed by Yin Dexi, the general soldier of the Qing Dynasty. In July and August of the same year, Emperor Qianlong appointed Fukangan as a general and Hailancha as a counselor to go to Taiwan to suppress the Lin Shuangwen movement. In December, Fukangan was promoted to duke for his meritorious service in the eradication of Lin Shuangwen.
In the 53rd year of Qianlong (1788), the Annam Nguyen clan rebelled against the vassal system. At the end of the eighth month of the lunar calendar, Emperor Qianlong actively prepared for a counterattack against Vietnam, mobilizing Sun Shiyi, the governor of Liangguang, and Xu Shiheng, the governor of Guangxi, to lead 10,000 troops out of Zhennanguan, and Wu Dajing, the governor of Yunnan, to lead 8,000 troops out of Baima Pass, and cooperate with all roads to carry out the main attack. In September, the Burmese Siha Kyaw Khon expressed his submission to the Qianlong Emperor and demanded that Siam and Burma maintain stability and cease all hostilities. On October 28, Sun Shiyi was ordered to lead his troops out of Zhennanguan and officially use troops against Annan. At the beginning of the first month of the following year (1792), the Qing army was defeated at Lê City, so he negotiated peace with Ruan Hui, and Emperor Qianlong recognized him as the new monarch of Annam.
In July of the 53rd year of Qianlong (1788), Surbardab led 3,000 Gurkha soldiers to invade Jizhi, Nyalam and other places in Tibet. At the beginning of the following year, the two sides signed an agreement that the Tibetan Kabulun would pay 300 ingots of Gurkha ingots every year as a ransom, and the Gurkha would withdraw from the army. In August of the 56th year of Qianlong (1791), the Gurkha invaded Houzang again. In November, Emperor Qianlong ordered Fukangan to lead an army to Tibet to conquer the Gurkhas. In June of the following year (1792), Fukangan defeated the Gurkha army and went out to fight. The Gurkha was defeated and sued for peace, and Fukangan returned to the court. In September, Emperor Qianlong ordered Fukangan, Sun Shiyi, and others to agree on the aftermath of Tibet and determine the lottery system for the Golden Pemba bottle. The title of Duke of Gurkha was restored, and tributary was established once every five years.
In March of the 58th year of Qianlong (1793), Emperor Qianlong ordered the establishment of a golden pemba bottle in the Lama Temple in Beijing, and instructed the officials of the Imperial Court and the Palm Seal Zasak Lama to jointly determine the Mongolian Hubilhan. In June of the same year, the British envoy Macartney came to China. In July, Emperor Qianlong received an audience with the British envoy Macartney and the deputy envoy Staunton at the Chengde Summer Resort.
Taishang disciplined the government
In the first month of the 60th year of Qianlong (1795), the uprising of the Miao people in Hunan, Guizhou and Guizhou broke out suddenly, and it was quelled in the second year of Jiaqing (1797). On September 3, Emperor Qianlong announced the secret decree of the establishment of the prince in the Qinzheng Palace, establishing the fifteenth son of the emperor Yongyan as the crown prince, and decided to retire from the government next year and change it to the first year of Jiaqing. In October, the constitution of the first year of Jiaqing was issued. In the following year, all the money and grain were exempted.
On February 9, 1796, Emperor Qianlong completed the succession ceremony and became Emperor Taishang. After he conferred the seal, the officials of the Honglu Temple of the Ministry of Rites went to the Tiananmen Tower to read out the edict of Emperor Jiaqing to succeed Emperor Taishang. After Emperor Qianlong retired from power, he still lived in the Palace of Nourishing the Heart to train the government, and Emperor Jiaqing could only live in the Yuqing Palace where the prince lived. On the 19th day of the first month of the first year of Jiaqing (1796), Emperor Qianlong received the envoys of the subject countries in the Old Summer Palace and emphasized: "Although I have no power, I should be in charge of major affairs. Subsequently, a banquet was held to celebrate the arrival of the Emperor. The White Lotus uprising spread over the course of several months to the provinces of Sichuan, Shaanxi, Chu, Henan, and Gansu, and was not quelled until the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802).
In August of the second year of Jiaqing (1797), Ah Gui passed away, and He Shen was promoted to the chief minister of military aircraft. In October, the Qianqing Palace and the Jiaotai Palace were damaged by fire, and the imperial court urgently ordered repairs. In August of the third year of Jiaqing (1798), Hongli learned that Wang Sanhuai, the leader of the peasant uprising, had been arrested, and boasted that he was "beyond the perfection of martial arts", calling it a "feat".
On February 7, 1799, Emperor Qianlong died in the Yangxin Palace at the age of eighty-nine. He was arrested and interrogated, and he was immediately put to death. Ordered the eleventh prince to become Prince Yongzheng as the Minister of Military Aircraft. In March, he granted amnesty to those involved in the Qianlong literary prison case. In April, Qianlong was posthumously named "Fa Tian Long Yun Zhi Cheng Xian Jue Ti Yuan Li Ji Fu Wen Fen Wu Xiao Ci Divine Pure Emperor", the temple name Gaozong. In September, Emperor Qianlong was buried in Yuling.