Once in 60 years, a brief history of Jiachen year

The following article comes from the favorite history, the author is Ai Gongzi

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The heavenly stem and the earthly branch cycle are matched, and each stem and branch year is a Chinese year that occurs once in 60 years.

The first one, all things cut out of the armor, is the first in the heavenly stem.

The Chen, all things grow through vibration, and are the fifth place of the earthly branch.

Now, a dragon is coming, let's look back at the past 2820 years, the story of 47 Jiachen years.

From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period

The first year of the Republic of the Western Zhou Dynasty (841 B.C.) was the beginning of a definite chronology in Chinese history. After the republican period, the Western Zhou Dynasty experienced the revival of King Xuan's Zhongxing, and then went into decline during the reign of King Youwang of Zhou.

After King Ping moved eastward, history entered the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the royal family gradually declined, and the world changed from "Lile conquest from the Son of Heaven" to a chaotic period of more than 500 years in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

The Spring and Autumn Period competed for hegemony, and the seven heroes rose together, which was an era of etiquette collapse and happiness. This is a golden age in the history of Chinese culture. The countries changed the law and the counties were established, which was also an era of breaking the old and establishing the new, and the society was revolutionary. As a key period of major change and development in China's history, its influence continues to this day.

▲The "Character Riding the Dragon" unearthed from the tomb of Changsha Chu in the Warring States Period. Source: Internet

797 BC: King Xuan of Zhou conquered Dayuan Rong

The Jiachen year 2820 years ago was the thirty-first year of the reign of King Xuan of Zhou.

In that year, King Xuan of Zhou sent troops to attack the "Dayuan Rong".

Dayuan Rong is a branch of the Northwest Zhurong, active in the Longdong Dayuan area, that is, the area of Qingyang and Guyuan. In "The Book of Poetry, Xiaoya, June", "Bo felling the lynx, as for the Great Plains", is to tell the history of King Xuan of Zhou sending troops to fight against the Great Plains.

During the reign of King Xuan of Zhou, he once achieved a prosperous situation and won many victories in a series of wars with Zhurong, Huaiyi, and Jingman, but in his later years, King Xuan was greedy for pleasure, and Rong Di was eyeing him. During the reign of King You of Zhou, the northern dog Rong united with Shenhou and invaded the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Feng and Hao, and killed the King of You under the Li Mountain, and the Western Zhou Dynasty died.

737 BC: The kingdom of Qi moved eastward

The chain reaction brought about by the decline of the Zhou royal family spread to an ancient vassal state called "Qi Kingdom".

Qi country was originally located in the Central Plains, in the area of Qi County, Henan Province, and its monarch was a descendant of Dayu. By the Spring and Autumn period, the small country had migrated to the territory of present-day Shandong Province.

Some scholars believe that the kingdom of Qi began to move eastward around 737 BC, during the reign of Duke Wu.

This is because during the Spring and Autumn Period, it was difficult for Zhou Tianzi to contain the princes, and countries often attacked each other. Seeing that the surrounding Zheng, Song, Wei and other national soldiers were in trouble, Qi Guo knew that it was difficult to gain a foothold, so he had to be forced to move away in this Jiachen year, and his hometown was later annexed by Zheng State, a powerful country in the early Spring and Autumn Period.

The Qi Kingdom moved eastward, and finally settled in the northeast of present-day Anqiu City, Shandong, until 445 BC, when it was destroyed by the Chu State. Nowadays, when people talk about this small country, they may only think of a "worrying" story.

677 BC: Duke Qin De moved the capital

The Qin State, which made great contributions when King Ping moved eastward, was rewarded by Zhou Tianzi and ranked among the princes. At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Qin State was still a small country located in the west, going back and forth between the Qinling Mountains and the Tianshui Corridor, fighting with the Rong people, recovering lost territories and absorbing the remnants.

By the time of the reign of Qin Degong, after the efforts of previous generations of monarchs, the Qin State crossed Longshan and developed eastward into the Guanzhong region while conquering the Rong people.

In this year, Qin Degong moved the capital from Pingyang (now west of Meixian County, Shaanxi) to Yongcheng (south of present-day Fengxiang County, Shaanxi).

Yongcheng is Yongshui in the south, and Huangshan in the north, the soil is fertile, and it is the traffic artery leading to the northwest and southwest at that time. Moved the capital to Yongcheng, for the later "Qin Ba Xirong" unveiled, since then, Yongcheng as the capital of Qin has a history of more than 200 years, Qin is no longer a small country in the west.

▲During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Qin State developed along the line of "Longyou-Guanzhong". Source: Favorite History

617 BC: Song Qichuhe

As early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, the state of Chu rose in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River with the momentum of "not obeying the Zhou", and in the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Chu went north to participate in the hegemony of the Central Plains and fought against the fierce rival Jin State.

In this year, King Chu Mu (the father of King Chu Zhuang) continued to pursue a policy of expansion into the Central Plains, uniting with the State of Cai to attack the State of Song.

Song Guosi Kou Hua persuaded Song Zhaogong to put the lives of the people first and ask King Chu Mu for peace. Song Zhaogong personally went out of the city to comfort the Chu army and promised to obey the orders of the Chu state.

After that, King Chu Mu and Song Zhaogong went to Meng Zhu (present-day Shangqiubei, Henan) to hunt in the Song Kingdom. During the hunting, Zuo Sima Shenzhou of Chu thought that Song Zhaogong had violated the rules, so he whipped Song Zhaogong's servants and displayed them in public.

Someone said to Shen Zhou: "The monarch cannot be insulted. ”

Shen Zhou retorted: "I just do things according to the rules, how can I say that I have insulted the monarch of the Song State?"

557 BC: Battle of Chamhan

The century-old struggle for hegemony in Jinchu ushered in another major battle.

In this year, the Jin generals Zhongxingyan and Luan Huanzi led a coalition of Jin and its allies to attack Chu and its ally Xu. The two sides fought at Zhanhan (now Pingdingshan, Henan), and the Chu army was defeated. After that, the Jin army pursued to the fortress of Chu "Chu Fang City" and returned from plundering.

The Battle of Zhanhan was a turning point in the struggle for hegemony between Jin and Chu. After the Battle of Zhanhan, Jin and Chu were still evenly matched, but the long-term war brought profound disasters to the people, and the countries were unwilling to fight again, so there were two "meetings of soldiers", Jin and Chu divided the hegemony equally, and the Central Plains obtained temporary peace.

497 B.C.: Confucius travels around the world

After the failure of Confucius's reform of "falling into the three capitals", the contradictions with the "three huans" of the Lu state (that is, the Mengsun clan, Shusun clan, and Jisun clan, descendants of Lu Huan Gong) intensified, and they suffered blows everywhere.

This year, Qi sent 80 beauties and 120 famous horses to Lu State, Lu Dinggong and Ji Huanzi, who was in power, liked it more and more, and took all the beauties and horses as they were, and indulged in singing and dancing all day long.

Confucius knew about this, but he couldn't bear it. A few days later, the king of Lu went to the suburbs to worship the heavens, and then distributed the sacrificial meat to the doctors, but not to Confucius.

After these two incidents, Confucius knew that Lu Dinggong had no intention of reforming, and there was no place for Confucius in the Lu State. So, Confucius resigned and took his disciples on a journey around the world. Confucius, who was frustrated in his career, never realized his political ambitions in his life, but his ideas have been passed down through the ages.

▲Confucius statue of Confucius Temple in Nanjing. Source: Photo.com

437 BC: Wei Wenhou and Yu Ren hunted

One day this year, Wei Wenhou and the junior official in charge of guarding the garden agreed that they would go hunting. At the appointed time, Wei Wenhou was drinking in the palace, and it was raining heavily.

At this time, Wei Wenhou suddenly left the table. The left and right courtiers expressed their doubts: "I am so interested in drinking today, and it is raining again, where are you going, king?"

Wei Wenhou said, I have agreed with the official guarding the forest that I will go hunting in the park, and although I am so happy now, how can I not go to the appointment? Then, Wei Wenhou personally went to see the official and told him that he would not hunt today.

Historical books speak highly of Wei Wenhou's words and letters: "Wei is so strong." During the reign of Wei Wenhou, Li Kui was appointed as the prime minister, the law was changed, Wu Qi, Ximen Leopard and other famous ministers were reused, the army was rectified, and the Wei State became a major power in the early years of the Warring States Period.

377 BCE: Battle of Zambia

Wu Qi, who was reused by Wei Wenhou, later switched to the state of Chu and implemented reforms in Chu. After the Wu Qi reform, the state of Chu became strong again, sent troops to expand its territory, and once appeared in the situation of "horses drinking in the big river", in which the state of Chu broke out in conflict with Ba and Shu in the direction of westward expansion.

Four years after Wu Qi's death in the coup, in 377 BC, Ba and Shu formed an alliance to launch a major offensive against the state of Chu.

The Bashu coalition army sailed down the river and occupied Chudi Zifang (now Songzi, Hubei), and marched all the way to threaten the capital of Chu (now Jiangling County, Hubei). The Chu army built a pass to resist the combined forces of Ba and Shu, and then counterattacked Badi, and after this battle, both sides of the Yangtze River east of Fengjie were returned to the Chu State.

The state of Chu once again defended its position as the overlord of the Yangtze River, but during this period, the world had a new protagonist - Qin.

317 BC: Zhang Yi bullied Wei

In the journey of the Qin State to dominate the world, there was a group that played an important role, that is, the "Zonghengjia".

At that time, Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Qi and other states formed a trend of convergence and longitudinal intent to form a clamp on Qin. Zhang Yi, a columnist who came to Wei from Qin, was appointed as prime minister by Wei.

Zhang Yi ostensibly worked for the Wei State, but in fact he was to help the Qin State resolve the alliance between the Kwantung states.

In this year, Zhang Yi lobbied the king of Wei Xiang, saying that the territory of Wei was flat and the population was not large enough, and the army needed to guard the borders with Chu, Han, Qi, and Zhao respectively.

Later, Zhang Yi fooled King Wei with the pros and cons of the relationship between the countries. After listening to Zhang Yi's suggestion, King Wei Xiang immediately decided to reneg on the covenant and sent Zhang Yi to Qin to sue for peace. Zhang Yi completed the task, simply resigned from the King of Wei and returned to Qin to be the prime minister.

257 BCE: Death of Bai Qi

Zhang Yi, a columnist, assisted Qin diplomatically, and "Wu Anjun" Bai Qi paved the way for Qin to go east with his great military exploits, but this famous general did not die well.

Three years after the end of the Battle of Changping, in 257 BC, due to Bai Qi's opposition to continuing to use troops against the Zhao capital Handan, and his discord with Qin Prime Minister Fan Ju, King Zhaoxiang of Qin, who listened to slander, became more and more suspicious of Bai Qi.

King Zhaoxiang of Qin was angry, demoted Bai Qi to a soldier, moved to Yinmi, and temporarily lived in Xianyang because of his serious illness before exile.

After another three months, the situation of the Qin army's attack on Handan became more and more critical, and the king of Qin was even more angry, poured his anger on Bai Qi, and forced him to leave Xianyang on the same day.

Not long after Bai Qi left the city, King Qin discussed with Fan Ju and said, "This guy is still in a mood and complaining. After thinking about it, he sent an envoy with a sword to catch up with Bai Qi at Duyou (in present-day Xianyang City, Shaanxi), ten miles away from the west gate of Xianyang, and ordered him to cut himself.

Bai Qi took the sword, looked up to the sky and sighed: "Why did I sin to the sky and come here?" was silent for a long time, and then said: "I deserve to die." In the Battle of Changping, hundreds of thousands of people surrendered by Zhao, and I deceived and exhausted the pit, which was enough to die!"

After that, Bai Qi killed himself.

▲ White portrait. Source: Internet

Qin and Han Empires

During the reign of Yingzheng, the great-grandson of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, he inherited the foundation of the six Qin monarchs since Qin Xiaogong, went east to destroy the six kingdoms, ended more than 500 years of princely disputes, and established the first centralized unified dynasty in Chinese history - the Qin Dynasty.

Qin Shi Huang abolished the division of feuds, the counties and counties, the unification of weights and measures, the construction of the Chi Road, the construction of the Great Wall, the same book and the same track, but only three years after his death, the Qin Dynasty was overthrown by the peasant uprising and the rebellion of the descendants of the nobles of the Six Kingdoms.

The inheritance of the first emperor was inherited by Liu Bang, who was 3 years younger than him. The dynasty founded by the former Peixian Surabaya Pavilion Chief was called "Han". The Han Dynasty was divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, and after Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty and Guangwu Zhongxing, it enjoyed the country for 407 years (202 BC - 220 AD).

Han, because of the Han Dynasty's martial arts, became the name of a nation.

Historian Lu Simian said: "The name of the Han nationality originated after Liu Bang became emperor. In the past, the nation-state was mixed into one, and people were named after one dynasty for the name of our whole race. Since then, although the dynasty has changed repeatedly, the name of the clan has not changed. ”

▲Portrait of Han Gaozu. Source: Internet

197 BCE: Chen Feng rebelled

After Liu Bang ascended the throne, he was always at ease with his subordinates. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, a purge campaign against the founding heroes swept the world, and the princes who were suspicious also launched rebellions.

In this year, Chen Feng established himself as the acting king and raised troops to rebel.

Previously, Liu Bang sent Chen Feng to guard Dai Di as Xiang Guo and lead the border guards of Zhao and Dai, but Chen Feng saw Liu Bang's oppression of his son-in-law Zhao Wang Zhang Ao, as well as the power vacuum in Zhao and Dai, so he simply controlled military power, recruited guests, and established himself as king.

Soon after, Chen Feng was defeated by the encirclement and suppression of famous generals from all walks of life, but his case implicated another founding hero, Han Xin. The history books record a confusing story - before Chen Feng became the acting prime minister, he conspired with Han Xin, the degraded Marquis of Huaiyin. Therefore, after Chen Feng's rebellion, Han Xin's life also entered the countdown.

137 BC: Zhao Tuo, king of Nanyue, died

Among the heroes of the late Qin and early Han dynasties, Zhao Tuo, the king of Nanyue, was a special existence.

After the death of Qin, Zhao Tuo, who was originally an official of the Qin Dynasty, seized the three counties of Lingnan and established the Nanyue Kingdom, known as the Wu King of Nanyue in history.

When Zhao Tuo governed the Nanyue Kingdom, he implemented the policy of "harmony and hundred Yue" and promoted the advanced culture and production technology of the Central Plains in Lingnan. During this period, the Qin and Han empires changed 8 emperors, and Zhao Tuo twice paid tribute to the imperial court, and he and Lu Jia, the minister of the Han Dynasty, met for the second time after many years, which was passed down as a good story.

In 137 B.C., Zhao Tuo, who was more than 100 years old at the time, died and was succeeded by his grandson Zhao Yuan, and the famous tomb of King Wen of Nanyue in Guangzhou is the mausoleum of Zhao Yuan, the second monarch of Nanyue.

77 BC: Fu Jiezi beheaded King Loulan

The Han Dynasty was an open dynasty that opened the Silk Road and hollowed out the Western Regions.

However, during the reign of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty, King An Gui of Loulan in the Western Regions was close to the Xiongnu and betrayed the Han Dynasty, and there were frequent incidents of attacks on Han envoys. An Gui's younger brother Wei Tu Qi was bent on calling for the Han Dynasty.

Seeing that the brothers of the Loulan royal family were engaged in internal strife, Fu Jiezi, whose official position was just a horse supervisor, proposed a bold plan to the powerful minister Huo Guang: Fu Jiezi would go to the Western Regions as an envoy to reward Loulan, lure its king with gold treasures, assassinate him who defied the Han Dynasty, and then set up Wei Tuqi, who was close to the Han Dynasty, as the king of Loulan, so as to make an example of the monkeys and deter the countries of the Western Regions.

After getting Huo Guang's consent, Fu Jiezi traveled all the way west, came to Loulan, and led An back to the banquet according to the plan. After three rounds of drinking, An Gui was drunk, and the strong man who was lying in ambush behind the tent jumped out and stabbed An Gui violently. In history, "stabbed from behind, stabbed in the chest, and died", An Gui was killed on the spot.

After that, the head of An Gui was taken back to Chang'an by Fu Jiezi and hung at the north gate of the capital, and the Han Dynasty used this to tell the countries of the Western Regions that betraying the Han Dynasty was the end. Loulan then submitted to the Han Dynasty.

▲Loulan ruins. Source: Picture Worm Creative

17 BC: Sun Ban suggested changing the river

In the fourth year of Emperor Hongjia of the Han Dynasty, the Bohai, Qinghe and Xindu rivers in Hebei flooded, "Guanxian Yi 31", and destroyed more than 40,000 official and private houses.

Prime Minister Shi Sunban was ordered to inspect the river and put forward a proposal to change the river course and alleviate the flood: "It can be decided between the golden embankments of the plain, open a big river, and order it to enter the Duma River." More than 500 miles to the sea, the waterway is clear. However, Xu Shang, who was the governor of the river embankment at the time (the official in charge of the river in the Han Dynasty), believed that the river channel proposed by Sun Ban was not the flow range of the nine rivers of Dayu, and objected.

44 years: Ma Yuan made "Bronze Horse Style"

In this year, Ma Yuan quelled the Jiaozhi Rebellion, and the class returned to Beijing.

On the way, Ma Yuan melted the copper seized from Cochin and cast it into a bronze horse like a thousand miles according to the standards of the famous Soma masters in history. Ma Yuan was close to the age of six, and he said to the officials who came to treat him: "The man should die in the border field, and bury his ears with a horse leather shroud, how can he lie in bed in the hands of his daughter!"

Back in Luoyang, Ma Yuan offered a bronze horse and said: "Walking in the sky is like a dragon, and walking on the ground is like a horse." Horses are the foundation of the armor war, and the country's great use ...... "Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty issued an edict to set up this bronze horse in the Xuande Hall as a standard for selecting horses.

104: Waste of the Marquis of the Sea Dusk

In this year, the Marquis of Haidu, which had been passed on and off for 167 years, was abolished.

As a marquis state spanning the two Han Dynasty, the legend of the Haiyang Kingdom began with the first generation of Haiyang Marquis Liu He. This grandson of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty served as emperor for 27 days, and it is said that he did more than 1,000 bad things during this time, and was immediately deposed. After ten years of living as a common man, Liu He was named the Marquis of Haiyang by Emperor Xuan of Han in the third year of Yuankang (63 BC) and moved to Yuzhang County.

The evil thing is that after the 33-year-old Liu He died in Yuzhang, the two sons who inherited his title died one after another. Yu Zhang Taishou has a sensitive political sense, and Shangjiao called the Marquis of Haiyang family "the absolute of heaven", and the Marquis of Haihuang was "eliminated by the country" for the first time.

Fifteen years later, Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty remembered this distant relative in Jiangnan and re-named Liu Daizong, the son of Liu He, as the Marquis of Haidu. When it came to Xinmang, the Marquis of Haidun was abolished again. After the Eastern Han Dynasty restored the Liu family, although Liu He's descendants were once again named the Marquis of Haiding, it was passed to the sixteenth year of Emperor Yongyuan of the Han Dynasty (104), and the Marquis of Haihuang was completely abolished.

More than 1,900 years after the abolition of the Marquis of Haiding, the tomb of the Marquis of Haihuang in Nanchang was excavated and unearthed, which attracted widespread attention as the largest, best-preserved and richest settlement site of the Marquis of the Han Dynasty found in the mainland.

▲The five-baht coin unearthed from the tomb of the Marquis of Haiyang in the Han Dynasty in Nanchang has more than 10 tons, about 2 million. Source: Picture Worm Creative 

164: Xu Zhi and Huang Qiong's gentlemanly friendship

At this time, it was in the period of alternating dictatorship of foreign relatives and eunuchs in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

In this year, the 79-year-old Confucian Huang Qiong passed away, and there were six or seven thousand celebrities from all over the world who came to attend his funeral.

Back then, when Huang Qiong was not yet in office, one of the professor's students was named Xu Zhi (also known as Xu Zhi), a child. Wang Bo's "Preface to the Pavilion of King Teng" said that "outstanding people are spiritual, Xu Ru goes down to Chen Fan's couch", which is talking about this Xu Zhi.

Xu Zhi did not admire fame and fortune, and refused the appointment of the imperial court many times, and after Huang Qiong became famous, Xu Zhi broke off his friendship with his teacher and worked at home on weekdays to support himself. After Huang Qiong's death, Xu Zhi hurried away with food on his back and went to mourn, but he did not report his name. When Xu Zhi left, the other celebrities present knew that he had come, so they sent a eloquent person to chase after him, Xu Zhi just chatted with him about some topics of farming and mulberry crops, and then drifted into hiding.

The Eastern Han Dynasty is about to enter the last days, and under the dim government, there are still celebrities shining brightly.

▲Portrait of Xu Zhi. Source: Internet

Wei Jin Northern and Southern Dynasties

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the heroes competed for the deer, and the world was divided into three points. In 220 AD, Cao Cao's son Cao Pi forced the Han Dynasty to offer the throne of Emperor Chan, and the Han Dynasty officially ended.

From the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu to the unification of the Sui Dynasty for more than 360 years, known as the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, this is a turbulent era of frequent regime changes in Chinese history, only the short unification of the Western Jin Dynasty in the middle, after that, the five chaotic China, the north and the south are separated.

More than 300 years of turbulent times, most of them are countless soldiers and absurdities, but there are also the vertical and horizontal battles of the poor and the scholars, the literature and martial arts of heroes and talents, and the interplay of Buddhism and metaphysics.

During this period, Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and the city of Rome in the Southern Dynasty were called "the two centers of classical civilization in the world". The openness and inclusiveness under the ethnic integration of the Northern Dynasties laid the foundation for the birth of a world empire in the future.

224: Cao Pi attacked Wu

The Three Kingdoms at the end of the Han Dynasty was an era of famous generals. The highlight moment of this year belongs to Sun Wu's famous general Xu Sheng.

In 224 AD, Emperor Wen of Wei Cao Pi personally attacked the dragon boat and sent troops to attack Wu for the second time. Wu general Xu Shengli overrode public opinion, and suggested that fences and fences should be built along the Yangtze River, scarecrows should be arranged on them, and floating boats should be set up on the river, stretching for hundreds of miles, as "fake buildings in the suspicious city".

When Cao Pi's army arrived at Guangling (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu), he saw that the river was rising and the floating boats were densely packed, and he thought that the Jiangdong Naval Division was already in full battle, and he couldn't help but sigh: "There are people who are not in the picture." After that, the Wei army retreated in a hurry, and Cao Pi's dragon boat encountered a storm and was almost destroyed, and the Cao Wei emperor almost gave his life here. Only then did General Sun Wu know that Xu Sheng was prescient and admired him.

▲Portrait of Emperor Wei Wendi. Source: Internet

284: 有青龙二见武库井中

This is the fourth year after the unification of the Three Kingdoms by Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, and the world is experiencing a short period of "Taikang's rule".

In the prosperous age, there will be visions. In history, in the first month of this year, two green dragons appeared in the arsenal well of the capital, and I don't know what kind of "divine object" it is. After Emperor Wu of Jin went to watch, he was overjoyed, and the officials were ready to congratulate him.

At this time, there was a minister on the table said that there was a record of the dragon landing in the palace in the previous dynasty, but later it caused disaster, the "Book of Changes" said, "Don't use the hidden dragon, the sun is also below", the minister read the classics, there is no gift of the dragon. Regardless of whether the Qinglong came into the world or not, he was at least half right, and a few years later, the Western Jin Dynasty ushered in the catastrophe of the Eight Kings Rebellion and the Yongjia Rebellion.

344: Death of Murong Han

The Xianbei Murong clan was one of the most capable families during the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and many famous generals emerged.

In this year, the former Yan Emperor Murong Hao ordered Murong Han, Murong Ke, Murong Chui and others to lead troops to recruit the Xianbei Yuwen Department. The Yuwen Department sent the night cadres to lead the elite troops to meet the battle. Murong Hao ordered someone to tell Murong Han: "If you are involved in the three armies of Yongguan at night, you should avoid it a little." ”

Murong Han thought that the night work was just in vain, and if he avoided him, it would dampen his morale, so he personally rode a horse to attack the enemy formation, and ordered Murong Chui to volley from the side, kill the night dry in a battle, and defeat the Yuwen Department.

Although Murong Han won, he was wounded by an arrow and later recuperated at home. Murong Hao had always been suspicious of this half-brother, so he gave poison and forced Murong Han to commit suicide. Murong Han left his last words: "I fled with my guilt, and then came back, it's too late to die today, but the Qianren (referring to Hou Zhao) occupied the Central Plains, and I originally wanted to level the world for the country and unify the country." I regret that this ambition could not be realized, maybe this is fate!"

Later, the Xianbei Murong clan, as a world-famous fighting family, failed to create an era of its own, like a meteor crossing the sky of history.

▲ The dragon boat of Luo Shen in Gu Kaizhi's "Luo Shen Fu Tu" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Source: Internet

404: Huan Xuan's army is defeated

The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty came to an end with Huan Xuan's usurpation, but the short-lived Huan Chu regime met its terminator, Liu Yu.

In this Jiachen year, Liu Yu returned to Jingkou and fought against Huan Xuan with He Wuji and other old generals of Beifu.

Liu Yu's march to Jiankang was unstoppable, and Huan Xuan had no choice but to flee out of the city and west, returning to the land of Jingxiang, which was run by the family. When he went out of the city, Huan Xuan didn't say a word, pointed to the sky with a horsewhip, he couldn't eat all day, and the attendant gave him the rough rice, but he couldn't swallow it.

After returning to Jingzhou, Huan Xuan was still defeated and fled all the way to Yizhou, with few cronies left.

Yizhou Governor Feng Qian went to the road he must pass through to ambush, ready to draw a knife to assassinate Huan Xuan. Huan Xuan plucked the jade guide from his head and said to Feng Qian, "Who are you to dare to come and murder the Son of Heaven!" Feng Qian replied loudly: "I killed the enemy of the Son of Heaven!"

After Liu Yu destroyed Huan Chu, he replaced Huan as the new "talker" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and later created the Southern Song Dynasty regime.

▲Portrait of Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty Liu Yu. Source: Internet

464: Liu Ziye ascended the throne

The Southern Song Dynasty ushered in the accession of the wonderful emperor Liu Ziye in this year.

This year, as the queen mother, Wang Xianyan was critically ill, and wanted to see her own son, the new emperor Liu Ziye, before she died, but was ruthlessly rejected by Liu Ziye. Liu Ziye declared: "Folklore has it that there are many ghosts around the patient, and the Queen Mother has her last breath left, and I am afraid that there are more ghosts around her." I'm the Son of Heaven who has just ascended the throne, how can I go to that kind of hellish place?"

The palace people did not dare to hide it, and reported the emperor's words to the queen mother after going back. After hearing this, the queen mother's face turned pale, and it took a lot of effort to stand up, and roared angrily: "Bring the knife, you quickly get the knife, I will cut open my belly, and see what kind of sin I have created to give birth to such a heartless son!"

During Liu Ziye's reign, he committed incest, killed his brother, abused his uncle, humiliated his ancestors, slaughtered the clan, and brutalized Zhongliang.

524: Breaking the Six Han Baling Tombs and establishing a regime

In order to resist Rouran, the Northern Wei Dynasty established six military towns on the northern border: Woye, Huaishuo, Wuchuan, Fuming, Rouxuan, and Huaihuang, collectively known as the "Six Towns".

The year before, Rouran invaded the south, and the soldiers and civilians of Huaihuang Town (now Zhangbei County, Hebei) were short of food, riots broke out, and the uprising of the six towns gradually sparked. In the fifth year of Zhengguang of the Northern Wei Dynasty (524), the townspeople of Woye Town (now Wuyuan, Inner Mongolia) and the Xiongnu Shan Yu descendants broke the six Han Baling to establish political power, with the year name "True King", and hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians in the six towns responded.

Although the Six Towns Uprising did not last long, and Po Liuhan Baling was defeated and killed the following year, this uprising sounded the death knell of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Er Zhurong, a general of the Northern Wei Dynasty who rose to prominence in the suppression of the uprising, began to show his ambitions, and the gears of fate of Gao Huan, a native of Huaishuo Town, and Yuwentai, a native of Wuchuan Town, also began to turn.

▲Schematic diagram of the six towns of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Source: Favorite History

Five dynasties of the Sui and Tang dynasties

The Sui and Tang dynasties (581-907), known as the "Second Chinese Empire", were the new empires that rose after the Qin and Han dynasties, and the only great power in the world that maintained a unified relationship for a long time.

In 589, the Sui destroyed Chen, ending the division of the 400-year chaotic era.

Although the second dynasty died like the Qin Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty was also an important dynasty that inherited the past and the future. The policies and measures formulated by Emperor Wen of Sui and Emperor Yang of Sui had far-reaching influences, such as the establishment of the system of three provinces and six ministries, the establishment of the imperial examination system, the formulation of the "Law of the Emperor", the opening of the Grand Canal, and the management of the Western Regions.

In the chaotic times at the end of the Sui Dynasty, Li Yuan, the cousin of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, raised troops in Jinyang, and then led the army westward to capture Chang'an and establish the Tang Dynasty.

From the founding of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan to the reign of Xuanzong Tianbao of Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty generally advanced along the upward route in the political, military, economic, and cultural aspects, and there was a prosperous situation of Zhenguan's rule and Kaiyuan's prosperous era, and became a powerful country in Asia and leading the world.

After the Anshi Rebellion, the division of feudal towns, the dictatorship of eunuchs, and the struggle between friends and parties made the Tang Dynasty decline and come to an end.

During the Tang Dynasty, the southern economy continued to develop and established its superiority over the north; foreign envoys, merchants, monks, and scholars came to China one after another for exchanges, visits, studies, and trade; and the Tang Dynasty's poetry, music, sculpture, calligraphy, science and technology, and other fields entered an era in which a hundred flowers bloomed.

Historically, the splendid and colorful Tang culture has set up an immortal monument. Nowadays overseas, the Chinese are also called "Tang people".

In 907, the Tang Dynasty fell, and history entered the period of five dynasties and ten kingdoms.

584: The canal was dug wide-pass

In this Jiachen year, a "giant dragon" that will run through the north and south of China in the future is hibernating.

After Emperor Wen of Sui moved the capital to Daxing City (i.e., Tang Chang'an City), Guanzhong's water and land transportation became increasingly busy, and it was urgent to open up waterways and dredge water transportation, so he ordered Yu Wenkai, the designer of Daxing City, to organize hydraulic engineering to dig channels. Yu Wenkai led the workers to divert Weishui from the northwest of Daxing City, slightly followed the old road of Cao Canal in the Han Dynasty to the east, to Tongguan, into the Yellow River, more than 300 miles long, named "Guangtong Canal".

The Guangtong Canal was dredged on the basis of the Cao Canal in the Han Dynasty and was also the first important canal dug in the Sui Dynasty.

After Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty ascended the throne, he opened the Ji Canal, Hangou, Yongji Canal, and Jiangnan Canal, and spent a lot of people's power to build the Sui and Tang Grand Canals.

▲Map of the Grand Canal: blue is the Sui-Tang Grand Canal, and red is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Source: Favorite History

644: Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty conquered Goguryeo

In the eighteenth year of Zhenguan (644), Li Shimin, Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, appointed the generals Zhang Liang and Li Tao to lead an army of 100,000 troops to Goguryeo, and went to the battlefield of Liaodong in person the following year. Tang Taizong announced this to the world and issued that famous declaration:

"Liaodong is the land of China, the four divisions of the Sui family can't get it, and I want to report the children of China and the shame of the father of Gaoli Xuejun. And Fang Yu is determined, but this is not peaceful, so I am not old, and I use the spare strength of the doctor to take it. ”

In this expedition, the Tang army lost thousands of people and seven or eight out of ten war horses, but killed more than 40,000 Goguryeo soldiers, and Xue Rengui, a white-robed young general of the Tang army, became famous in a battle. The bitter fighting of the Tang army greatly weakened Goguryeo's vital strength, and Tang Taizong also left the successor with elite soldiers and strong generals who could completely defeat Goguryeo.

Twenty-four years later, in the first year of the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty (668), the Tang army besieged Pyongyang and destroyed Goguryeo.

▲Portrait of Tang Taizong. Source: Internet

704: Construction of Xingtai Palace

Wu Zetian, who was over eighty years old, adopted the advice of his nephew Wu Sansi and built Xingtai Palace in Shou'an County (now southeast of Yiyang County, Henan). At that time, Wu Sansi asked to build two palaces, Xingtai Palace and Sanyang Palace, so that Wu Zetian could patrol every year, but the cost of these two palaces was very huge, and the people were miserable.

Zuo Shizhi Lu Zang used the above table to advise, to the effect that His Majesty's palace annex has enough, and now he is still building a large number of buildings regardless of the people's strength, and the minister is worried that some people will talk about His Majesty not loving others and only for himself. The ministers on the left and right are loyal to obedience, so that Your Majesty does not know the suffering of the people, and the people do not know that it is the benevolence of the left and right that hurt Your Majesty. The minister does not know the taboo, please issue an edict to stop this.

Wu Zetian didn't listen. Power is the best aphrodisiac, it is the year, Xingtai Palace was built, and Wu Zetian went to visit it with great interest. At the end of the year, Wu Zetian fell ill, and only his favorite ministers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong served, and outsiders were not allowed to enter. The following year, a coup d'état was brewed by the ministers of the DPRK and China, and Wu Zetian's era was coming to an end.

764: Servant Gu Huai'en

As a hero who pacified the Anshi Rebellion, Tiele's servant Gu Huaien's merits were second only to Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi. In the eight years of the Anshi Rebellion, 46 members of the Fugu Huaien family died in the national disaster, and he also married his daughter to the Hui Hui to borrow troops from the Hui Hui, but he was suspicious because of this. Luo Fengxian, a eunuch and supervisor, listened to the rumors and falsely accused the court of colluding with the Hui Hui.

Fugu Huai'en could not understand himself, so he took a risk, rebelled, and led back more than 100,000 people to the Kou.

The following year, Fugu Huaien was pacified by his former comrade-in-arms Guo Ziyi and died of illness in Mingsha City (now Qingtongxia, Ningxia).

In this regard, scholar Fan Wenlan believes that the Tang Dynasty "gave suspicion to those who obeyed the orders of the dynasty according to the degree of merit and prestige." ...... Therefore, the heroes were worried about the imperial court and refused to easily break away from the military power and defense territory. As a result, the feudal towns in various regions became more plottering to divide the territory.

▲Map of the town of the late Tang Dynasty. Source: Favorite History

824: Han Yu died

In the winter of that year, Han Yu (768-824), one of the eight great masters of the Tang and Song dynasties and an advocate of the ancient literature movement, died of illness, and his disciple Li Han compiled the "Han Chang Li Ji".

Han Yu's life is a fighter-like life, and his biggest career is about three, called the ancient literature movement, the old Buddha, and the Taoist system.

In the Song Dynasty, Han Yu was extremely influential, and his works and ideas were regarded as a model by Confucian scholars. Su Shi commented on Han Yudao: "The decline of the eight generations of Wenqi is the drowning of the world, and the anger of the loyal prisoner is the master, and he bravely wins the commander of the three armies." Isn't this the only one who towers to the heavens and the earth, the prosperity and decline of the world, and the vast and the only one who survives?"

▲Portrait of Han Yu. Source: Internet

884: The change of Shangyuanyi

In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Xi of the Tang Dynasty (884), Zhu Wen and Li Keyong, the two major feudal towns of the late Tang Dynasty, fought side by side to defeat the remnants of the Huangchao Army, and then held a feast at Shangyuanyi.

What happened at the Shangyuanyi banquet, the truth has long been unknown.

However, after this banquet, Zhu Wen conspired with his subordinate Yang Yanhong and suddenly sent troops to besiege Shangyuanyi.

Li Keyong was so drunk that fortunately, his own soldiers were quick to extinguish the candle to obscure the sight of the opponent's archers, and then pulled the drunk master under the bed for refuge, and poured a few basins of cold water on his face before waking Li Keyong up.

After Li Ke woke up with wine, he got up angrily, opened his bow and arrows, and shot dozens of people with his own soldiers. In an instant, thunder roared and rain poured down, and Li Keyong broke through under the cover of thunderstorm and escaped from the city.

Li Keyong fled back to the barracks after nine deaths, and found that in addition to him, almost all of the other more than 300 subordinates at the banquet were killed by Zhu Wen.

This is the "change of Shangyuanyi".

After the incident, Zhu and Li fought each other, and the 40-year Liang-Jin hegemony began.

944: King Xi of Min was killed

During the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Fujian State that was divided into Fujian had civil strife all year round.

A few years ago, Zhu Wenjin, the general of the Fujian State, and Lian Chongyu were insulted by Wang Chang of Min Kangzong for a long time, so they conspired to mutiny, set fire to the palace, forced Wang Chang to death, and supported Wang Xi, the young son of King Taizu of Fujian, as the monarch.

Wang Xi lacked self-knowledge, and after ascending the throne, he was eager to eradicate the party of Zhu and Lian, and once recited Bai Juyi's poem to the two of them by getting drunk: "Only people's hearts are opposite, and the feelings of proximity are unpredictable." Zhu Wenjin and Lian Chongyu wept bitterly to show their loyalty, but behind their backs, they conspired to kill the king again.

In 944, Zhu Wenjin and Lian Chongyu sent his subordinates to kill Wang Xi on the horse, and declared that "the sky is tired of the Wang family, and it is better to choose the virtuous person to stand up", Zhu Wenjin proclaimed himself the lord of Fujian and killed more than 50 people of the Wang clan.

The following year, the Southern Tang Dynasty saw the civil strife in Fujian and sent troops to destroy it. However, the Southern Tang Dynasty, which flaunted its might in the south, was about to face a more formidable opponent - the Song Dynasty.

Song Liao Jin Yuan

After the Chenqiao Mutiny, the Song Dynasty (960-1279) established by Zhao Kuangyin appeared on the stage of history. The Song Dynasty inherited five dynasties and ten kingdoms, and in order to avoid the chaos of the late Tang Dynasty, it implemented the emphasis on literature and the suppression of military force, strengthened the centralization of power, and caused the crisis of "three redundancies", laying the groundwork for its weakness.

The territory of the two Song Dynasty is far less than that of the Han and Tang dynasties, but the spatial radiation of their culture exceeds the scope of their domination, and the socio-economic, moral ethics and elegant life of the Song people have influenced it to this day.

Parallel to the Song Dynasty were the Liao established by the Khitans, the Western Xia established by the Dangxiang people, and the Jin established by the Jurchens.

These three foreign dynasties, along with the Song dynasty, brought Chinese history into the second "Three Kingdoms Era": the Northern Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, and Western Xia in the early period, and the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, and Western Xia Dynasty in the later period.

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongols joined the dispute and became the game-breakers, establishing the Yuan Dynasty, which ended the division since the late Tang Dynasty and became a unified multi-ethnic dynasty. However, the Yuan Dynasty was politically corrupt and sluggish, and within a hundred years, the Mongols were expelled from the Central Plains and retreated to Mobei.

1004: The Abyss Alliance

In 1004, Empress Dowager Xiao and Liao Shengzong personally drove the royal chariot and commanded 200,000 Liao troops to knock the Song court south.

Song Zhenzong, the emperor of the Song Dynasty, also drove his personal expedition under the support of Wenchen military generals and came to the front line of Lanzhou (now Puyang, Henan).

This time to the south, the Liao army to Henan has no stamina, into a dilemma, the main general Xiao Tzu Rin was shot by the Song soldiers in front of the battle, the Liao army was greatly defeated.

Whether it was Liao, who started the war, or Song, who rushed to fight, they all went for peace. In the end, Song and Liao reached an agreement: Song Zhenzong respected Empress Dowager Xiao as his uncle, Liao Shengzong called Song Emperor his brother, Song Dynasty paid 300,000 silver silk to Liao every year, the two sides took the Baigou River as the boundary, did not accept each other, lifted martial law on the border, built more walled cities, and dug rivers.

This is the alliance that laid the foundation for a hundred years of peace between Song and Liao.

▲ The appearance of the Empress Dowager Xiao in the late Qing Dynasty's "Thirteen Uniques of the Same Light" (left). Source: Internet

1064: Mulan Pi was founded

Mulanpi, one of the five ancient temples in China, was founded in this Jiachen year.

Mulan Pi is known as the "Dujiangyan" of Fujian, located in Putian City, is a representative project of irrigation technology in the Song Dynasty, because it is located in the coastal area, it also has the irrigation function of "rejecting salt and storing salt".

Regarding the construction of Mulanpi, there is a moving story: Qian Siniang, a woman from Changle, witnessed the suffering of the people of Putian from floods, so she made up her mind to build a water conservancy project, and invested 100,000 yuan in 1064 to build Mulanpi. When the project was about to be completed, it was washed away by a relentless flood, and Qian Siniang was grief-stricken when she learned about it and committed suicide by throwing herself into the water. Later, the locals carried on her legacy, and after three constructions, the millennium project was completed.

▲ [Song] Cai Xiang's "Great Research Post", written in 1064. Source: Internet

1124: Yelu Dashi founded Western Liao

The Jin established by the Jurchens rose rapidly, and the Song and Jin jointly attacked Liao with the "Sea Alliance", and the former northern overlord Liao was already hanging by a thread.

In 1124, the Khitan nobleman Yelu Dashi led 200 soldiers to leave the tent of Emperor Tianzuo, the last emperor of Liao.

When the Liao Dynasty was about to overthrow, Yelu Dashi, who had suffered from the pain of losing his country, embarked on a long journey to the west. After that, he led an army and marched west along the Tianshan Mountains to establish the Western Liao regime, which dominated Central Asia.

The Western Liao went through five generations of rulers and was founded for 88 years, but there are few records in the history books. Nowadays, through the archaeological investigation of Xinjiang, it can be seen that the ruins of the Western Liao regime are mainly distributed in the Tianshan Mountains, and the regime established by Yelu Dashi continues the splendid culture of the Khitan in the Western Regions.

▲ [Song] Chen Rong "Shenlong Peiyu Picture". Source: Internet

1184: Lu Jiuyuan played the pair

In the eleventh year of the Chunxi reign of Song Xiaozong (1184), Lu Jiuyuan, a thinker with the same name as Zhu Xi, got the opportunity to meet the emperor.

"History of the Song Dynasty" records that Lu Jiuyuan listened to his elders talk about the history of the Jingkang Revolution when he was young, and he was determined to restore the Central Plains.

This time to see Song Xiaozong, Lu Jiuyuan prepared 5 notes: "One is that the hatred and shame have not been restored, and I am willing to seek the best men in the world, and discuss the duties of the Tao and the state; the second is the sincerity of being willing to respect virtue and music; the third is the difficulty of knowing people; the fourth is that things should be tamed and not abrupt; and the fifth is that the master should not be close to the details." ”

History, "the emperor is good". Zhu Xi also specially asked for a view and praised it. Unfortunately, Lu Jiuyuan's wish never came true, and he left Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in his later years, ending his career in the DPRK.

▲Portrait of Lu Jiuyuan. Source: Internet

1244: Jelu Chucai died

The Mongols went south to the Central Plains, and due to their lack of cultural literacy, they once only knew how to burn, kill, and plunder.

Yelu Chucai, who was born in the Khitan aristocracy, became the savior of the Central Plains culture, and he "set taxes, declared taxes, divided counties and counties, registered households, and handled prison lawsuits" for the Mongol Empire, and devoted himself to the implementation of the Han system.

At that time, the Mongols plundered a large number of people into slavery, even for scholars. In response to this, under the pretext of expanding the state's financial income, Yelu Chucai released these slaves as the state's household members by checking their household registrations, so that they could get rid of the fate of being slaves.

Yelu Chucai saved tens of millions of Confucians from fire and water, but in his later years, he was suspicious of the Mongolian magnates. In 1244, Yelu Chucai died of grief after losing power, and the world's scholars "wept and hung each other".

Scholars of the Ming and Qing dynasties were very grateful to Yelu Chucai. Ke Shaoxian, a scholar of the late Qing Dynasty, said that when Mongolia first entered the Central Plains, there was no discipline, the people were panicked, and their lives were not guaranteed...... so that the people of the Central Plains will not be trampled on Rong Di, and they are all the power of the lady."

▲ [Song] Muxi "Dragon Picture". Source: Internet

1304: Wang Bao'er took over his step-aunt

The case of Wang Bao'er's stepmother, which occurred in the eighth year of Yuan Dade (1304), was a case with the characteristics of cultural conflict in the Yuan Dynasty.

At that time, one of the Yuan Dynasty's Su guards surnamed Wang (meaning shepherd) had been dead for six years, and his wife Zhang Xiu'er had been widowed. Someone suggested that Zhang Xiuer be forcibly married to Wang Bao'er, the nephew of Wang's "Fire You Red". In ancient times, the steppe nomadic tribes often practiced the system of succession, such as the death of the elder brother, the younger brother can marry the widow of the elder brother, the death of the father, the son can marry his own mother-in-law, but in the eyes of the Han people who are deeply Confucian, this marriage system belongs to "incest", and the protagonist of this case, Wang Bao'er and his aunt Zhang Xiu'er, are both Han.

This case aroused the attention of the government and the opposition, and was deliberated by the Ministry of Etiquette of Zhongshu Province, and finally believed that "there are Han people with surnames, nephews and aunts, turbidity and adultery, and fitting is prohibited". After that, the Yuan Dynasty forbade Han people to accept step-aunts.

1364: Zhu Yuanzhang became king

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the heroes rose together. After defeating Chen Youliang, a fierce rival in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River to the west, in 1364, Zhu Yuanzhang called King Wu, with Li Shanchang as the right Xiangguo, Xu Da as the left Xiangguo, and Chang Yuchun as the Pingzhang political affairs, and issued an edict: "At the beginning of the founding of the country, the first discipline should be the outline." The Yuan clan is weak, the blessing moves downward, and the taming is chaotic, and it is appropriate to learn from it today. ”

After Zhu Yuanzhang annexed Chen Youliang, he pointed his next target at Zhang Shicheng in the southeast.

Among the warlords in the south, only Zhu Yuanzhang adhered to the strategic policy of "building high walls, accumulating grain, and slowing down the king", he successively defeated Chen Youliang, Zhang Shicheng, and Fang Guozhen, occupied Huguang, Jiangxi, western Zhejiang, Huaidong, eastern Zhejiang and other large territories, and encroached on the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty in the south of the Yangtze River, and then sent troops to the north, and in 1368, "expelled Hulu and restored China", and established the Ming Dynasty.

▲Portrait of Ming Taizu. Source: Internet

be at leisure

The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), from Zhu Yuanzhang's destruction of the Yuan Dynasty to the self-hanging of Emperor Chongzhen, after 276 years of 16 emperors, it was the last dynasty established by Han rulers in ancient China.

The Qing Dynasty (1636-1912) was the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history.

From 1644, when the Qing troops entered the customs and set the capital in Beijing, to the abdication of the last emperor Puyi in 1912, the Qing Dynasty witnessed the last prosperous era of ancient China, and also experienced the turmoil after the decline of the late Qing Dynasty.

Some scholars believe that after the Opium War, China began a trend of "two-way evolution". One is a sharp descending line, in which the Chinese nation is pushed to the brink of national destruction, and the other is a zigzag ascending line, guiding the way to the light in the darkness before dawn.

1424: Ming Chengzu's fifth expedition to Mobei

After the Mongols fled to the north of the desert, they repeatedly went south to invade the border, and Zhu Di, the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty, moved the capital of the Ming Dynasty from Nanjing to Beijing, his "land of Longxing", and repeatedly conquered the Tatar and Warat tribes in the north of the desert.

In the twenty-second year of Yongle (1424), Zhu Di embarked on the journey of conquering Mobei for the last time. This time, the Ming army did not catch a trace of the Tatars, and they gained very little. On the day of Gengyin in July of that year, Zhu Di ordered the class to be divided, and when the army marched to Yumuchuan (now Hailar, Inner Mongolia), the Yongle Emperor came to the end of his life.

1484: Great drought occurred in Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Henan

This is the 20th year of the formation of the Ming Xianzong.

In the autumn of that year, there was a major drought in Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Henan.

Zheng Shi, the governor of Shaanxi, the right deputy capital of Shaanxi, and others said: Shaanxi has been in drought for many years, and it has become more intense this year, and the roads are full of people who have died of hunger.

Governor Shanxi Zuo Du Yushi Ye Qi said: The number of people who died of starvation is innumerable, fathers abandon their sons, husbands sell their wives, and even the whole family gathers to cry and throw themselves into the river and die.

Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty issued an edict to exempt the tax and grain from the disaster-stricken areas, and transported 600,000 stone of grain from Nanjing, Jiangxi and other places, transported it to Henan by water, distributed to the three disaster-stricken areas, and issued 250,000 yuan in relief in the following year.

Natural disasters are like nightmares, landing on the land with a harsh climate, and will become one of the straws that crushed the Ming Dynasty more than a hundred years later.

▲ [Ming] Anonymous "Arhat Descending the Dragon". Source: Internet

1544: Yan Song took charge of the government

In September of the twenty-third year of Jiajing (1544) of Ming Shizong, Xu Zan and Zhang Bi entered the cabinet, and they were not allowed to pre-vote, and Yan Song was the first assistant, and the power was returned.

After Yan Song came to power, he and his son Yan Shifan vigorously cultivated power in the court and excluded dissidents. Yan Song was the first assistant for 20 years, and when the Yan family was at its peak, Yan Song's granddaughter married to Shandong and became the wife of Kong Shangxian, the 64th generation descendant of Confucius. The Yan family expanded vigorously in the capital, forcibly occupying three or four blocks in the downtown area, with pavilions and pavilions extremely luxurious, and countless antiques and paintings.

But in the eyes of Ming Shizong, who is skilled in controlling ministers, Yan Song's power is just like a passing cloud. It is said that Yan Song was fed in the tomb before his death, and there was no coffin to bury after his death, and no one went to mourn.

1604: Shen Yourong was expelled from the East India Company

During the Age of Discovery, the Dutch East India Company extended its claws to East Asia. In this year, the Dutchman Wei Malang and others went to Fujian to ask for mutual markets, and when they saw that the Ming Dynasty authorities were not cold, they led three ships to Penghu. It happened that the Ming army changed its defense, and Wei Malang took the opportunity to land on Penghu Island (Magong Island) in an attempt to forcibly occupy this place.

After receiving the news, Shen Yourong, the capital secretary, led 50 ships and about 2,000 men and horses to Penghu. Shen Yourong disregarded his own safety and went to Penghu Tianhou Temple single-handedly to meet Wei Malang and ask him to withdraw from Penghu. Seeing that there was no hope for each other, and there was a huge disparity in the strength of the two sides, the Dutch had no choice but to withdraw from Penghu.

After Shen Yourong drove away from the Dutch East India Company, the Ming Dynasty set up the "Shen Yourong Retirement Red Mao Fan Monument" to commend his merits. This monument is still preserved in Penghu County, Taiwan Province, showing the spirit of the sons and daughters of China to resist foreign enemies.

▲ Penghu Islands seascape. Source: Photo.com

1664: Zhang Huangyan was killed and martyred

The last lone army of the Southern Ming Dynasty on the southeast coast was led by Zhang Huangyan (No. Cangshui) and fought until this Jiachen year. The Qing army found Zhang Huangyan's whereabouts through traitors and captured him, but after repeated persuasion, Zhang Huangyan was still unwilling to surrender to the Qing.

In September, Zhang Huangyan was killed by the Qing army in Hangzhou, and before his execution, he "sat and suffered the sword", his face was not afraid, but he looked up at Wushan on the bank of the West Lake, and sighed: "The country is good, but it is a pity that it has fallen into a bloody situation." After Zhang Huangyan sacrificed, he was buried by the West Lake, and Yue Fei of the Southern Song Dynasty and Yu Qian of the Ming Dynasty were called the "Three Heroes of the West Lake".

History said: "Huang Yan died and Ming died." ”

1724: Yongzheng implemented the "fire consumption to the public"

In the second year of Yongzheng's reign, he implemented a major financial reform - the return of fire consumption to the public (also known as the return of consumption to the public).

Originally, when the magistrate collected the money tax, he usually collected some extra money to cope with the loss caused by various reasons, and these additional taxes were not included in the state treasury, but fell into the hands of the magistrate.

After the implementation of the return of fire consumption to the public, the additional tax of "consumption and envy" was changed to a statutory regular tax, and the method of collection ratio was clearly stipulated, with the intention of strengthening the power of taxation and cracking down on the arbitrary apportionment of local officials.

In order to cooperate with the return of fire consumption to the public, Yongzheng also implemented the system of "raising honest silver", and issued living allowances and office expenses to officials in addition to the regular salary, with the intention of rectifying the rule of officials.

▲Portrait of Qing Shizong. Source: Internet

1784: The Empress of China came to China

In 1784, the Empress of China set sail in New York Harbor for the first voyage of American trade with China.

The ship crossed the Atlantic, docked at Cape Verde and continued to the southern tip of Africa and via the Indian Ocean to the island of Java, a maritime signpost for China's foreign trade.

On August 28, after sailing for half a year and after a voyage of 13,000 miles, the "Empress of China" was led by a pilot to travel up the river from Macao to Huangpu Port in Guangzhou.

Not long ago, the United States, which had just been founded, and the ancient Eastern empire met here for the first time.

▲ [Qing] Zhou Xuan's "Nine Dragons Atlas" (detail). Source: Internet

1844: Treaty of Wang-Ha between China and the United States

The United States, which had been watching the fire from across the strait during the Opium War, signed the "Treaty of Wang-Ha" with the Qing government in the village of Mong-Ha in Macao that year.

The Sino-US Treaty of Wang-Ha stipulates that the United States enjoys the same rights as Britain in trade and diplomacy. That is to say, the special rights and interests obtained by Britain through the Opium War were all obtained by the United States, except for land cession and indemnity. The Americans did not spend a single soldier to reap the benefits of the fisherman, and some of the terms were even more excessive than those of the British.

This was the first unequal treaty signed between the Qing government and the United States.

1904: The last imperial examination

In 1904, the Empress Dowager Cixi celebrated her 70th birthday, and she added a special examination, which was called "Jiachen Enke". People from all provinces gathered in the capital, and Liu Chunlin, a 33-year-old native of Hebei, finally stood out and won the first place in the first class and became the champion.

The following year, in 1905, the Qing government announced the "cessation of the imperial examination", and the imperial examination system, which had prevailed for more than a thousand years, came to an abrupt end. The abolition of the imperial examination system made Liu Chunlin the last champion in Chinese history. Later, he laughed at himself, saying that he was "the last of the first".

▲Jiachen Enke Gold List (partial). Source: Internet

New China

1964: China's first atomic bomb was successfully exploded

On October 16, 1964, with a huge roar, a magnificent mushroom cloud rose from the Gobi Desert in Lop Nur in northwest China, and the first atomic bomb developed by the mainland was successfully exploded.

In the years before that, a large number of outstanding scientists and researchers, engineering technology and management personnel gave up their personal lives to devote themselves to scientific research in obscurity, and some even sacrificed their precious lives. During this period, with the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations, the Soviet Union withdrew all experts and technicians in China, and could only rely on the Chinese to become self-reliant.

Hard work pays off. In this Jiachen year, Dongfang Longyin shocked the world.

▲In 1964, China's first atomic bomb was successfully exploded. Source: Internet

The order of the year is always easy, and the chapter is new.

In 2024, another Jiachen year is coming.

On the occasion of saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new, I would like to extend my heartfelt wishes to everyone: Jiachen is a prosperous year of the dragon!

Bibliography:

Zuo Qiu Ming: "Zuo Chuan", Zhonghua Book Company, 2022

[汉]司马迁：《史记》，中华书局，2022

Liu Xiang: "Warring States Policy", Zhonghua Book Company, 2022

[汉]班固：《汉书》，中华书局，2012

Sima Guang, "Zizhi Tongjian", Zhonghua Book Company, 2011

[元]脱脱：《宋史》，中华书局，1985

[元]脱脱：《辽史》，中华书局，1974

[明]宋濂：《元史》，中华书局，1976

[清]张廷玉：《明史》，中华书局，1974

赵尔巽：《清史稿》，中华书局，1998

Lei Haizong, Outline of Chinese History, Tianjin People's Publishing House, 2016

Li Changzhi: The Story of Confucius, Life, Reading, New Knowledge, 2022

Xu Weimin: Research on the Capital of Qin, Shaanxi People's Education Press, 2000

Zhang Yizhi and Liu Xuezhi, Chronicle of the History of Chinese Academic Thought: Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Shaanxi Normal University Press, 2006

Eric Dolin, The First Encounter between the United States and China, Social Sciences Academic Press, 2013

Xue Fangyu, "Yiqu Rongguo New Examination", Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 1988-07-01

Cheng Youwei, "The History of Qiguo", Journal of Zhengzhou University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 1988-03-01

Author丨Southern Dynasty Ziyun

Editor丨Ai Gongzi

(This article only represents the author's point of view and does not represent the position of this number)

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