Text: Glen (author's original authorization)
Deng Ai smuggled into Yinping, went through nine deaths, and finally arrived at Jiangyou. At this time, Deng Ai only had more than 2,000 exhausted soldiers. A reader once asked, "I've always wondered how the horses passed, or did I get to the last horse?" "The author believes that the war horses of the vanguard troops are almost impossible to pass, and if the troops in the back can repair simple roads and bridges, it is possible to pass the war horses. What kind of place is the Jiangyou Pass that Deng Ai is facing?
Shuhan River Youguan, also known as Fushui Pass, is one of the famous passes in northern Shu, located in the town of Nanba in today's Pingwu County, Sichuan Province, formerly known as Jiangyoushu. After Liu Bei entered Sichuan, in order to prevent Cao Cao's forces from crossing the South of the Motian Mountains, a military fortress was established in the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219). Surrounded by mountains and flowing in the water, jiangyouguan can be described as natural danger. During Zhuge Liang's lifetime, Shu Han stationed heavy troops here, strangling the natural dangers of the Fu River, so that the Wei army did not dare to rush to attack Sichuan. Therefore, if Jiangyou Pass has a normal defense, even if Deng Ai's 30,000 people are not a lot, even if Deng Ai's troops do not lack warhorses, it will be difficult to capture Jiangyou Pass. However, after Zhuge Liang's death, the defense of Jiangyouguan was gradually relaxed. According to the interpretation, the defending general Ma Mi saw the miraculous appearance of the Wei army, was shocked, and fell without a fight. According to the records of the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Zhong Hui, a new theory was put forward, believing that when Deng Ai smuggled himself into Yin Ping, Zhong Hui also sent his general Tian Zhang to detour from the west of the Sword Pavilion to Jiangyou. The Jiangyou general Ma Mi (马邈) discovered that the Wei general Tian Zhang had come to sneak up on Jiangyou, so he set up an ambush in advance halfway in an attempt to ambush and destroy Tian Zhang. He sent general Tian Zhang and others from the west of the Sword Pavilion and out of Jiangyu. Before reaching the hundred miles, Zhang Xian broke the shu ambush three schools, and Ai made Zhang xiandeng. So the long drive forward. According to this record, Tian Zhang should have defeated the ambush troops of only three schools (about 1,000 people in one school), and the Shu army was probably only a few hundred remnants of the defeated generals and retreated to Jiangyou. According to this, some people analyzed that the Shu Han army was not much, like Jiangyou, the rear pass, the army under the jurisdiction of Ma Mi would not exceed 5,000 people at most, removing the losses of the attack on Tian Zhang, the remaining troops may be less than 2,000 people. Therefore, some people believe that the defender Ma Mi had just experienced the defeat of the ambush Tian Zhang, his morale was low, and he ran out of ammunition and food, so he had to go out of the city and surrender. The author believes that although Ma Mi has just experienced defeat and suffered heavy losses, Deng Ai is also in a bad situation. Even though Deng Ai had unpredictable military capabilities, relying on those 2,000 tired pawns, how could he possibly conquer the Dangerous River Oil Pass? Therefore, Ma Miao's surrender is by no means a "last resort".
The strong are lucky, since ancient times. Ma Mi surrendered without a fight, leaving Deng Ai in a desperate situation. Deng Ai's army replenished its supplies here, and took the armies of the Yinping Trail to Jiangyou and marched to Chengdu. Although Deng Ai's army was replenished with grain and grass, and the various armies of Yinping were also received, and perhaps many Shu troops were also surrendered, it should not be forgotten that Deng Ai's army suffered great losses when it crossed the Sky Ridge, and it was still at an absolute disadvantage in numbers in the face of the Shu army. But it didn't matter, because in Mianzhu it was Zhuge Zhan, the "second generation official", who was Zhuge Liang's son. Although Zhuge Zhan was Zhuge Liang's son, he was still young when Zhuge Liang died of illness, so naturally he could not accept his teachings, his military ability was surprisingly low, and he was very bad as a person. First of all, he did not listen to Huang Chong's advice, did not seize the dangerous place, and missed the opportunity. Later, he was provoked by a letter from Deng Ai, rushed to attack, and was defeated by Deng Ai, and died together with Zhuge Shang's father and son. Zhuge Zhan is a typical example of low IQ and emotional intelligence, which is also a true portrayal of the talent situation of Shu Han. With Mianzhu, Deng Aibing descended the city, Liu Chan surrendered, and Shu Han declared its demise.
Today, when many people talk about the demise of the Shu Han, they feel that the Shu Han is far from reaching the point of exhaustion, so why did they surrender? Sorry for Shu Han. So, was the demise of the Shu Han inevitable or accidental?
Let's start with the natural environment in the Shu Han control area. The shu han dynasty faced Cao Wei in the north at the Qinling Mountains, with Hanzhong as the important town; the east was adjacent to Sun Wu in the Three Gorges; the southwest was adjacent to the Min River and Nanzhong, and it was adjacent to Qiang, Qi, and Nanman, and the Shu Han Dynasty had a total of 22 counties and only one prefecture, Yizhou. Although the territory of the Shu Han Dynasty was not too small, the yunnan-Guizhou plateau in the south was not very stable. The core areas controlled by the Shu Han were mainly the Sichuan Basin. We are analyzing the natural environment of the Sichuan Basin.
Sichuan Basin is the only humid large basin located in the monsoon zone among the four major basins in China, the surrounding mountains are mostly between 1,000 meters and 3,000 meters above sea level, surrounded by the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Daba Mountain, Huaying Mountain, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with an area of about 100,000 square kilometers; the middle basin is low, with an altitude of 250 meters to 750 meters, an area of about 160,000 square kilometers, and a total area of about 260,000 square kilometers. The Sichuan Basin is divided from west to east into the Chengdu Plain, the hills of central Sichuan and the parallel ridge valleys of eastern Sichuan. The surface rocks of the Sichuan Basin are mainly purple sandstone and shale, which are easily weathered and developed into purple soil, which is rich in calcium, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients, and is the most fertile natural soil in China. The sichuan basin has a continuous area of arable land at the bottom, which is the largest rice and rapeseed producing area in China.
Therefore, the natural conditions in the core area of Shu Han should be said to be very good. In particular, the Sichuan Basin is mountainous, the terrain is dangerous, easy to defend and difficult to attack, it is difficult to take the initiative, such as Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wei, repeated northern expeditions have basically failed to return, but it is more difficult for the enemy to attack. The Cao Wei clique basically took a defensive position against the Shu Han side, and its unified strategy has always been to first Wu and then Shu, and worrying about the dangerous terrain is an important reason.
So, what made Sima Zhao change his strategy, take the initiative to cut down Shu, and be able to destroy Shu in one battle? Was the demise of the Shu Han really just accidental?
According to the philosophical view, there is a hidden necessity behind chance and is conditioned by it, and there is no pure chance that is free from necessity. Necessity is always manifested through a great number of contingent phenomena, thus opening the way for oneself, without detachment from the pure necessity of contingency. Although the demise of the Shu Han Dynasty has many accidental elements, it is full of logic of necessity behind it.
Perhaps, bystander Qing, let's see what the Shu Han looks like in Wu Guo's eyes. It is said that Wu sent Xue Jue out of the Shu kingdom, and replied to the recent actions of the Wu lord Sun Xiu Shuzhong: "In recent days, Huang Hao has often served Huang Hao, and the secretary of state has attached him. When you enter its dynasty, you do not hear blunt words; through its wilderness, the people have dishes. The so-called swallow and sparrow hall, I don't know if the building will burn also. "What can we read from Xue Jue's words? At this time, shu Han was already rotten from the inside out. As we said earlier, the natural environment of the Sichuan Basin is superior, so why "the people have dishes"?
After the fall of the Shu Han Dynasty, there were three important figures that could not be left unnoticed, Namely Zhou, Huang Hao, and Liu Chan. Because of the surrender of Zhou Zhou, he was saddled with a lot of infamy. However, Professor Yi Zhongtian explicitly denied the claim that Tan Zhou was a villain, and he believed that in Tan Zhou's eyes, there was not only the Shu Han regime, but also the world. Therefore, the so-called zhou mistaken country is actually unreasonable. Huang Hao was indispensable to the demise of the Shu Han Dynasty, and his holding of the government was the direct cause of "entering his dynasty and not speaking bluntly; through his wilderness, the people have dishes". But we think in turn, who let Huang Hao control the regime? That's right, it's Liu Chan. Regarding Liu Chan, the phrase "ADou's Jiangshan - White Send" had already given him sex. But I don't know when it started, a wind of overturning the case is very fierce, these people confuse right and wrong, reverse black and white. For example, Liu Chan, some people said that he is still a good monarch, and the story of "happy not thinking about Shu" shows that he is wise, and if people are wise and foolish, if they don't say so, can Sima Zhao let down his guard? The author believes that when he said this, he may really have the element of saving his life and allowing Sima Zhao to no longer harm himself. But therefore it is said that he is wise, and what great wisdom is foolish, may not be too ridiculous. If nothing else, let's talk about favoring Huang Hao, Dong Yun always gave advice to Liu Chan with a straight face when he was alive, and repeatedly rebuked Huang Hao, if Huang Hao was just an ordinary eunuch, why did Dong Yun do this? Before that, Zhuge Liang said bitterly in the "Table of Renunciation", "Pro-villain, far-reaching sage, after that Han so fell into decadence", indicating that Liu Chan's "pro-villain" is by no means a day or two. No wonder Sima Zhao rebuked the Lord: "The public is absurd and adulterous, the abolition of the wise and the government, it is reasonable to be punished." As for that Huang Hao, he was executed by Sima Zhaoling.
Of course, the fall of the Shu Han Dynasty, although Liu Chan and Huang Hao were "indispensable", they were not the only reason. The political system of the Shu Han Dynasty itself was far inferior to that of Cao Wei and Eastern Wu. After Cao Pi came to power, he implemented the "Nine Pins Zhongzheng System" to institutionally ensure the way for the shi clan to enter the shi. Since its inception, Eastern Wu has used the Jiangdong Shi clan to administer the country, so the Eastern Wu regime has the general support of the Jiangdong Shi clan, and in the face of the attacks of Cao Wei and Shu Han, the native Shi clan of Jiangdong can stand up and protect their own and national interests, so they can defeat the enemy many times. However, the Shu Han system was rigid, and in Yizhou it had always been a Hao clan that excluded the native Yizhou clan, failing to open up a way for them to enter the shi from the official system, and the contradiction between the Jingzhou faction and the Yizhou native faction had not been resolved, resulting in a serious shortage of talents in the middle and late Shu Han Dynasty. At the same time, the mediocre second generation of officials was in a high position, such as Zhuge Zhan, who stagnated in Pei County during the Battle of Mianzhu, which determined the life and death of Shu Han, and Huang Chong, a Shang Shulang, repeatedly advised him to take advantage of the danger and not to let the enemy enter the plains. When Deng Ai drove straight in, and could not help the stimulation of a letter, he went out of the city to fight with Deng Ai, and finally took the lives of himself and the Shu army, and Mianzhu lost and buried Shu Han. But then again, Shu Han was already rotten, and even if he didn't perish this time, he wouldn't survive for a few days.
Deng Ai, on the other hand, is worthy of being a military genius in the late Three Kingdoms period. After Deng Ai arrived at the town of Qiaozhuang in Qingchuan, he was faced with two choices, one was to rush to the Sword Pavilion to cooperate with Zhong Hui to attack and capture the Shu Gate; the other was to occupy Jiangyou as a small rear, rest here, and then take Chengdu directly, achieving the feat of destroying Shu in one fell swoop. Deng Ai chose the second method. If zhong hui can take the sword pavilion, open the road into Shu, and welcome the large army led by Zhong Hui into Shu, it seems safe, but if Jiang Wei and Liao Hua cannot be completely annihilated, Jiang and Liao will certainly retreat from city to city and pass by gate, delaying the war, and the situation that Zhong Hui is worried about is bound to deteriorate even more, which is inconsistent with the original plan of "rushing to his heart", and also loses the sharpness and suddenness of the smuggling raid, resulting in an increase in risk. If the troops are rested for a while, taking advantage of the emptiness in Shu, the Badong reinforcements led by Yan Yu are still far away, and the lower river oil and Ke Mianzhu will be a smooth road in front of Chengdu, and Jiang and Liao bu will also be tied down in the Sword Pavilion, it is difficult to recall, it seems that the lone army is deep, but in fact it directly attacked the Yellow Dragon, and the battle was completely successful. Smuggling yinping has become a classic example of raids not only in China, but also in the world's military history.