Liao Taizong Yelü Deguang was the second monarch of the Liao Dynasty, and like his father, Liao Taizu Yelü Abaoji, he was a rare master of great talent in the history of the Khitan and even the entire nomadic people.
If it is said that Liao Taizu Yelü Abaoji reused the "Hu-Han partition" strategy proposed by Han Chenhan Yanhui to chisel open the "Berlin Wall" between the Liao Dynasty and Chinese civilization, then the "three losses and three gains" summed up by Liao Taizong Yelü Deguang in the Battle of The Jin Dynasty is to find a way out for the prosperity and strength of nomadic peoples, that is, to rule the country from the grassland to Sinicization.
Liao Taizong Yelü de Guang restored the photo
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Throughout his life, Yelü Deguang devoted himself to promoting Khitan civilization and Central Plains culture, not only actively studying the official position settings of the Han Dynasty and promoting the "north-south branch system" established during the Taizu period, but also vigorously reconciling the contradictions between Khitan nomadic operations and Han farming and planting. In particular, before his death, a letter to the emperor's brother-in-law Yelü Lihu expounded his testimonials on the three losses and three gains of the Jin Dynasty, which was called "the training of the three losses" by Sima Guang, the famous minister of the Northern Song Dynasty.
What exactly did Yelü Deguang say about his "three losses and three gains", and why Sima Guang was full of praise, and even compiled it into the annals of history. Reading Shi Jun believes that the proposal of "three losses and three gains" marks the beginning of the Khitan nation's gradual move towards deep Sinicization. Liao Taizong Yelü Deguang keenly captured that the way out for the nomadic peoples must break away from the original grassland habits, consciously accept the Sinicization of the Central Plains civilization, lay the foundation for the Liao Dynasty to enjoy the country in 209 years, and point out the direction of the 7 later Liao Dynasty monarchs to govern the country, and finally there is a prosperous era in the north of The Country that "I cultivate cultural relics and are polite, not different from China".
Emperor Taizong of Liao, Yelü Deguang, personally conquered the Jin Dynasty
For "Three Losses", see Zizhi Tongjian Vol. 286 • Later Han Dynasty I
It is the tenth day of the month, and the journey is to Liyang Ferry. When crossing the river, Gu said that there were three mistakes in this trip: the arsonists plundered the corn, one also; including the people's private wealth, two also; not to send the festivals to return to the town, three also.
For "Three Virtues", see "Liao Shi Taizong Benji"
Hedong has not yet returned to his destiny, and the chieftain of the West Road is also attached to the party, thinking night and night, and the art of control, but only pushing the heart of the people, and the situation of the allied army, and appeasing the people.
Portrait of Liao Taizong Yelü de Guang
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(1) "Arsonists plundering the corn" and "Peace and Allied Military Intelligence" to learn the Han military grain and grass system
Historically, the reason why all the nomadic peoples, including the Khitans, were able to rise rapidly and often harassed the Chinese frontiers for no reason, causing successive Chinese civilized regimes to be helpless, was that the nomadic peoples marched to fight and did not need food and grass supplies. In the process of marching and fighting, the Khitan nation has long adopted the grain and grass supply strategy of "threshing grass", which in the final analysis is a form of "raising war with war", fighting all the way and grabbing all the way, wherever it goes. The advantage of this is naturally to win the greatest war harvest at a very low cost of war. Under the conditions that the war situation is favorable to oneself or to the mutual attack between nomadic tribes, all the property is piled up on the undefended ground, and it is natural to grab as much as you want.
Everything has a benefit and a disadvantage, the grain and grass supply strategy of "hitting the grass valley" also has great flaws, the Chinese civilized regime likes to besiege the city with rammed earth, and even if the nomadic cavalry is brave and good at war, it is impossible to directly break through the city wall and attack the city. When the horses came under the strong walls, they could only stop at the horses. If the Han generals with a little military talent played the defensive battle, the nomads could only return in vain, because the grain and grass problem made them unable to bear the cost of protracted siege warfare.
Liao Taizong Yelü Deguang led the military map
The Liao Shi Taizong Benji records:
At night, they rode around the ring, and during the day, they sent troops to plunder.
In the Battle of Duzhai in the Liao-Jin Dynasty, although the Liao army occupied an absolute advantage, it still faced the problem of grain and grass supply in its eyes. At night, it was necessary to fortify and guard the camp with cavalry, and during the day, they had to worry about the problem of grain and grass, and sent some soldiers out to rob the property to prepare military supplies, resulting in the Liao army fighting this battle extremely hard.
In the "three losses" of Yelü Deguang's government, the first article proposed that the Khitan nation should carry out military reforms, which is the biggest pain point in the promotion of the Jin Dynasty. This made him realize that it was necessary to learn the grain and grass supply system of the Han military, and only by establishing a strong logistical supply and making preparations for a long-term offensive war could the Khitan nation realize its desire to enter the Central Plains in the process of fighting in the south after the Khitan nation.
Emperor Taizong of Liao, Yelü Deguang, was in the company of his generals
(2) "Including the people's private wealth" and "appeasing the people" absorb the Confucian idea of "people-oriented" unification
"Three Losses for the Government" was first proposed by Emperor Taizong of Liao in the Jin Dynasty after the fall of the Southern Jin Dynasty. This military contest with the Later Jin Dynasty was the first time that Emperor Taizong of Liao led yelü Deguang himself to fight alone (when Liao and Later Jin Shi Jingyi were destroyed, Tang Li Congke and Youzhou Zhao Dejun were all heard by Empress Dowager Shu Luping).
After the Liao army attacked the Jin capital Kaifeng, and after the end of the reign of Jin Shi, Emperor Taizong of Liao ordered the Khitan generals to camp in Kaifeng for several months, during which a grand enthronement ceremony was held for himself. It was in just a few months that Emperor Taizong of Liao was able to get close to the Han people of the Central Plains.
When Emperor Taizong of Liao saw that the Liao army was stationed in Kaifeng City, because there was no basic supply of grain and grass, the Soldiers of the Liao Army had to go out in groups of three or five to grab the food of the common people. In the process of snatching the food of the common people, they were "greeted" by the common people with nail rakes, hoes, and dung forks, resulting in the Liao army often "losing soldiers" (being killed by the Han people).
Liao Taizong Yelü Deguang was close to the Han people
See Also History of Liao, Emperor Taizong
Jia Yin attacked Shuo Prefecture and sent He to command the Huanli Lao army. Shi Shugu only fought under the city, and was angry, ordering Ding Zhuang in the city, still taking the rebel Shanghu Thirty as the only part of the ancient family.
Liao Taizong Yelü Deguang felt that the Han "common people" were really unfriendly, and the Liao army managed them to order food, and it was easy to take their lives. Thinking about it for a moment, if it were not for the harassment of the Liao army first, which caused dissatisfaction among the Han people, it would not have caused a conflict between the military and the people. Once the common people were disgusted, they would make trouble for the Liao army.
Therefore, Yelü Deguang realized that to resolve contradictions, it is necessary to achieve "harmony with the people," and the basic condition for harmony is not to "include the people's private wealth" and to restrain officers and soldiers from taking the private property of the common people. At this time, it has been explained that Yelü Deguang saw that Confucianism "enjoyed with the people" and "attached importance to the people's livelihood" as the only way to enter the Central Plains.
Emperor Taizong of Liao, Yelü Deguang, was a monarch of state policy
(3) "Not to send the festivals back to the town" and "push the heart of the people" are the strategies of the Han people to govern the Han People
In the course of several southern expeditions of the Liao Dynasty, it captured all the feudal towns of later Tang and Later Jin, and the unlucky Jiedushi fell into the hands of the Khitan and was sent to the Liao Dynasty's Shangjing Linhuang Province under house arrest, so that Khitan officials were sent to govern the feudal towns, and the results were particularly poor.
Because Khitan officials came to the Han clan towns, they would only riot the people, let the people "return to the fields and graze", wantonly negate the production methods that the Han people had inherited for many years, and also intensify the contradictions between the Khitan and the Han people.
In addition, the results of the "north-south branch system" formulated by the former emperor Yelü Abaoji before his death were used as a reference. Yelü Deguang felt that the best person to govern the Han dynasty was the Han emissary, and the imperial court only needed to strictly control the moderation of surrender by means of "coercion and inducement", in order to ensure the lasting peace of the fiefdom.
Therefore, after Yelü Deguang captured Kaifeng, he said the following words to the later Jin dynasty ministers:
Shang: "His Lord is gracious, but his subjects are guilty." ”
As always, he was given the title of General of Theo An Shu Senjin gowei.
Liao Taizong Yelü Deguang pushed the heart of the shu
Yelü Deguang saw that all of hou jin's subordinates were dressed in silk robes and hats, lying on the ground to plead their sins. Say to them that your Lord is responsible for my kindness, and that you are not at fault as a courtier. He ordered them to remain in the official positions of the Later Jin Dynasty.
It can be said that the resettlement measures after the first world war after the destruction of the later Jin Dynasty were the first attempt of Yelü Deguang to "return to the town without sending the festivals to the town" and "pushing the hearts and minds of the people". Yelü Deguang believes that the Chinese civilization is a highly developed culture, and the Han people are not as uncivilized as the grassland herders in their hometown, as long as they can put their hearts and minds with the Han officials and discuss the great plan of governing the world, they will certainly be able to win the support and support of the Han officials.
Yelü Deguang has already explored and acknowledged that the Han culture in Chinese civilization has an irreplaceable role in the governance of the Central Plains Han Dynasty, and if the Khitan wants to become the lord of the Central Plains, it must recognize the legitimacy of the Han people's surrender to the generals, and only when the monarch takes the lead in the "national affinity" strategy can he get rid of the current situation of the Liao court that "the Khitan is dominant", so as to recognize the custom of the people of the Central Plains to maintain Sinicization.
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After Liao Taizong Yelü Deguang completed the great cause of the Jin Dynasty, he died on the way to the Panshi Dynasty at the age of 46. His proposal of "three losses and three gains" for the government made the Liao Dynasty established by the Khitan nation take the lead in breaking the historical conclusion of "Hu Wu Hundred Years's Fortune", especially to provide the strategy of ruling the Central Plains for the "Jin Dynasty" and "Qing Dynasty" established by the Jurchens later, and it is particularly important that Liao Taizong Yelü Deguang, as the monarch of ethnic minorities, found a more harmonious way to promote ethnic integration in later history.