The picture shows the works of Liu Shuyong, a professor at the School of Culture and Media of the Central University of Finance and Economics and a critic of visual culture. "If you don't calm down and listen, the spring wind will blow through." If you don't go to the countryside to take a look, the flowers will fall. ”
Qingming is coming.
This is a big festival with a strong color and atmosphere, and family reunions, or play and watch, or go to the grave to visit the grave, is the main etiquette custom.
And the poets who are rich in emotions, the taste in their hearts can be described as a mixture of tastes.
Read poems for you: Qu Xianhe (national first-class actor, performance artist)
The Tang Dynasty poet Du Mu's seven-sentence "Qingming" is a classic passage known to the population, women and children in ancient Chinese poetry.
During the Qingming Dynasty, the rain is pouring,
Pedestrians on the road want to break their souls.
Where is the restaurant?
The shepherd boy refers to the apricot blossom village.
This poem describes the sad mood of the protagonist rushing in the rain during the Qingming Dynasty and the momentary situation of inquiring about the shepherd boy, expressing the sad mood of missing relatives in a foreign country.
A deeply emotional sketch
The first sentence, "Rain during the Qingming Dynasty", begins to break the problem, explains the season and weather, and renders the cold atmosphere with the season and the environment. During the Qingming Dynasty, the drizzle is pouring and the spring is cold, which is both a description of the natural background and a foreshadowing of the emotional tone of the whole text, suggesting the poet's cold physical feelings and complex psychological emotions.
This is similar to the Song Dynasty Li Qingzhao's "Slow Sound" at the beginning of "looking for finding, cold and clear, miserable and miserable relatives" of the same thing.
The second sentence , " Pedestrians on the road want to break their souls " , closely following the meaning of the first sentence , pointing out the identity of the protagonist of the poem as a "pedestrian" and the state of being on the road, the three words "want to break the soul" are the key to the "poetic eye" and understanding of this article, especially highlighting the extremely painful and sad state of mind.
Three or four sentences "Where is the restaurant?" Shepherd boy remotely refers to the apricot blossom village", using a vivid and lively question and answer method, revealing the psychological activities of relieving sorrow with wine, and the body action language of the shepherd boy not only leads the eyes of the author and the reader to the miserable far away, but also echoes the title and the "Qingming" at the beginning of the "apricot blossom" opened during the Qingming festival, which not only leaves people with room for imagination, but also alludes to the poet's sadness and inextricable persistence.
The poem combines images such as "drizzle", "pedestrian", "shepherd boy", "restaurant" and "apricot blossom village" in the form of sketches, depicting a naturally poignant, light and elegant, flexible and beautiful and deeply emotional picture, creating a poignant artistic conception that starts people to think deeply and intriguingly.
Classic poetry often fuses love, scenery, events, reason, and fun in one furnace, creating a beautiful and touching artistic conception and showing great artistic charm. Du Mu's "Qingming" poem is lyrical as the main tone, seeing love according to events, with clear layers, fresh pictures, easy to read and easy to remember.
But it is not common for readers who truly understand and correctly understand the original meaning. There are two extremely important keywords in the poem that are often overlooked:
One is "pedestrians",
The second is "breaking the soul."
"Broken Soul" is the key to embodying the emotional tone of the whole poem. "Soul" means the soul and spirit; "Breaking" means cutting off and separating; "Breaking the soul" means that the spiritual soul has left the human body, describing the spiritual trance; "wanting to break" is close to the edge of "breaking" but has not yet completely "broken off". The author uses the "desire to break the soul" to write about the depth of the mood, which shows the emotional tone of the whole poem. Why, then, is the poet so sad and so sad? In fact, this is closely related to another key word, "pedestrian".
The "pedestrian" is the lyrical protagonist in the poem, which can be literally "a person walking on the road" or a "wanderer" far away from home. Because Qingming is the season of ancestors visiting graves, reuniting relatives, and going on outings, the protagonist cannot live in Qingming at home like ordinary people, the so-called "being a stranger in a foreign land alone, thinking of relatives every festive season" (Wang Wei," "Remembering The Shandong Brothers on September 9"), thoughts and loneliness have led to his deep sorrow, and even reached the level of "wanting to break the soul".
In fact, in addition to the general understanding of the above, "pedestrians" also have a deeper cultural heritage and a deeper ideological connotation.
"Pedestrian" was a special term for official positions in ancient China, and the pre-Qin classic Zhou Li Qiu Guan had the position of "pedestrian". During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, all countries had "pedestrians", so the "Chinese Jin Yu VIII" has the sentence "Shu Xiang ordered to summon pedestrians". In the Han Dynasty, the officials of the Great Hongxu had "pedestrians". In the Ming Dynasty, there was a "Pedestrian Division", and there were "Pedestrians" officials.
Generally speaking, "pedestrians" mostly refer to officials who "collect poetry" before the Middle Ages. The Book of Han and the Chronicle of Food and Goods says: "In the month of MengChun, the group of people will disperse, and the pedestrians Zhenmu Duo will wander on the road to collect poems." Dedicate the Master to the Son of Heaven than his rhythm. Therefore, the king knows the world without spying on the household. During the Two Han Dynasties, there were not only "Lefu" institutions dedicated to this work, but also a genre form of poetry, "Lefu Poetry". The songs collected and composed by the official offices of the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties were referred to as "Lefu".
In the Tang Dynasty and later, although the poets' "quasi-Lefu poems" were not included in music, they were also called "Lefu" or "Quasi-Lefu". The system of collecting poems by wang officials not only illustrates the important role of poetry in feudal politics, but also shows the democratic elements in ancient Chinese politics.
Of course, "pedestrians" sometimes refer to officials responsible for performing official diplomatic duties or other duties. For example, in the Analects of the Constitution, "Pedestrian Ziyu embellishes it, And Dongli Zi produces polishing it", and the "Pedestrian Ziyu" here is the official in charge of foreign affairs.
Du Mu, the author of the poem "Qingming", uses this historical and cultural accumulation to explain the specific identity of the protagonist in the poem that is different from the general "pedestrian", and deeply and vividly expresses his inner contradictions of shouldering official duties and not being able to reunite with his family in the form of poetry.
Deep cultural heritage
Du Mu's "Qingming" poem has a very deep cultural heritage, and the above interpretation of "pedestrians" has been glimpsed. In addition, its profound cultural heritage is also manifested in the following aspects.
The first is the profundity of the cultural connotation of seasonal seasons. The title "Qingming" is not only the specific background and environment of poetry creation, but also the seasonal name of the agricultural society that has attracted much attention. Qingming is a seasonal solar term that has attracted much attention since ancient farming society.
The "History of the Five Emperors" records that during the Yellow Emperor's period, there was already a calendar brewing. The Shang Shu Yao Dian has a record of "Nai Feng Xi He, Qin Ruo Hao Tian, calendar like the sun, moon, and stars, and the time of honoring people". This shows that at least four or five thousand years ago, China had an understanding of the Qingming Festival.
The Han Dynasty "Huainanzi Astronomical Training" also has a clear record of "fifteen days after the spring equinox, dou zhi B, for the Qingming". Qingming is the season of the recovery of all things, and it is also an important node for agricultural sowing, so that there is a agricultural proverb of "planting melons and beans before and after the Qingming Dynasty".
This shows that the Qingming season has an extremely important guiding and reminding effect on the people's cultivation and production, so it has received widespread attention and attention from the whole society.
Du Mu grasped the theme of Qingming to create poetry, grasped the content that is widely known to people, close to society and life, and will inevitably attract the attention of the whole society and spread widely.
The second is the profound humanized life color of the season. The Qingming Festival is a festival for people to worship their ancestors and sweep their tombs. In the Song Dynasty Zhuang Jiyu's "Chicken Rib Chapter", there is a record of "cold food on the tomb", and cold food is Qingming.
Gao Yi's "Qingming Day to Wine" has a verse that reads, "There are many cemeteries in the north and south of the mountain, and the Qingming sacrifice sweeps each other", which describes the situation of the Tomb Sweeping of the Qingming Dynasty. Worshiping ancestors and sweeping tombs shows nostalgia for ancestors, gratitude to ancestors, and reflects a strong sense of humanity.
Zhao Ding's "Qingming" "smoking ban is not in the Cantonese country, and Shangzuka also carries Pang Laojia" reflects the universality of the Ancestor Worship of the Tombs of the Qingming People.
At the same time, ancestor worship has also formed folk customs and customs of family reunions and family gatherings, which has become an important factor in deepening the feelings of family members. In the Tang Dynasty, Wei Yingwu's "Cold Food Sending To the Brothers of the Beijing Teachers" "Think of the brothers who see the wine and flowers, and the cold food of Duling is green and green", Gao Yi's "Qingming Day to the Wine", "The sunset fox sleeps on the grave, and the night returns to the children laughing in front of the lamp", all of which express the joy of missing relatives or family reunions during the Qingming Festival.
Therefore, the Qingming Festival is an important opportunity to exchange and communicate family affection, so that people can express mutual concern and concern, so as to close the harmony and harmony between relatives.
The third is the popularization of socialization with extensive participation. It is mainly reflected in two aspects, namely, the universality of social participation and the socialization of individual participation.
Tang Weizhuang's "Chang'an Qingming": "Purple mo chaotic red squeaking, green poplar gao ying painting swing." Tourists remember the peace, and secretly like the scenery is like in the past. The poet describes the prosperous scenery of Chang'an composed of images such as "Zimo", "Green Poplar", "Horse", "Swing" and so on.
The Southern Song Dynasty Wu Zimu's "Record of Dreams" says: "Cars and horses are prosperous, filling the capital gate." Those who feast in the suburbs will be in the famous garden and exotic flowers and trees, and those who feast on the lake will paint boats and paint boats, and the models will support the driving everywhere. On this day, there are also dragon boats to be seen, and all people, rich or poor, come out of the city. The songs are boiling and the trumpets are loud. "It also presents a bustling bustle far beyond the previous generation, reflecting the universality of social participation."
And the Song Dynasty Cheng Hao's poem "Suburban Trip is a Matter" "The situation is a good weather in the Qingming Dynasty, you may wish to travel to The Forgotten Home", Wu Weixin's "Su Causeway Qingming Is the Matter", "The Pear Blossom Wind Rises in the Qingming, the Wanderer Seeks The Spring is Half Out of the City", Zhang Xian's "Mulan Flower Yi Di Wu Xing Cold Food" Words "Dragon Head Ship Wu Erjing, Bamboo Pillar Swing Swimgirls and Women." Fangzhou picks up the green twilight and forgets to return, and Xiuye Treads green uncertainly" are all descriptions of the scene of the Qingming Outing, which fully reflects the socialization of individual participation.
These activities, such as hiking and outings, are not only beneficial to physical and mental pleasure, but also create opportunities for people to deeply and extensively communicate and communicate. All these are showing people's life scenes and social activities during the Qingming Dynasty, and embodying the creation and inheritance of social culture.
"People-oriented" humanistic care
The profound cultural heritage of the Qingming Festival is full of the philosophical concept of "people-oriented" and deep humanistic care, and Du Mu's "Qingming" is very typical.
The first is to take Qingming as the theme and reflect the concern for human survival. Seasonal seasons are directly related to farming. Qingming is a season suitable for sowing. Only when sowing seeds at the right time can there be a good harvest to meet the basic material needs of the people's survival. With the theme of "Qingming", the author grasps a theme related to the national economy and the people's livelihood.
The second is to be grateful to the ancestors and to be devoted to family affection. As mentioned above, one of the important contents of the Qingming Festival is the tomb sweeping and sacrifice activities to express gratitude to the ancestors and the contributions made by the ancestors to the family and the country. At the same time, it has a strong sense of family affection and family. This gratitude to the ancestors, the perception, transmission and inheritance of filial piety, means the flow and transmission of a national spirit and cultural traditions, making the "sense of home and country" of "home is the smallest country, the country is tens of millions of families" more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and has become the cultural driving force for the continuous development of a nation and a country.
The third is the strengthening of social awareness and dedication. The warm blossoming of spring in the Qingming Dynasty is also a beautiful season for people to appreciate spring, and it is also a good opportunity for people to communicate with society and exchange ideas. However, during the Qingming Dynasty, some employees in the career will also stick to their posts in order to maintain the normal operation of society, the so-called "loyalty and filial piety can not be complete.".
In short, Du Mu's "Qingming" poem contains profound cultural connotations and profound humanistic spirit, and we should correctly understand the original meaning of poetry, understand its ideological and artistic nature, carry forward the excellent cultural traditions of the Chinese nation, and make the ancient festival calendar new and rejuvenated with new vitality and vitality.
(The authors are professors and graduate students of the School of Humanities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, respectively)
What else is there about the poems of the Qingming Dynasty? Let's take a look at it with the editor
Cold food
Don Han Hong
Spring City is full of flowers, cold food east wind royal willow oblique.
Candles were passed down at the Han Palace, and light smoke spread into the Wuhou family.
Cold food on the way
Don Song asked
Immediately cold food, the way is late spring.
Poor Jiang Puwang, did not see the Luoqiao people.
The Lord of the North Pole is the Lord, and the South Ming is the vassal.
The old garden is broken, and the wicker is new day and night.
Lu Men are the thing
Don Zhang Ji
The cultivator recruits the love building boat, and the spring grass is green and green;
Try Wumen peeping at The County, there are new smokes in several places in Qingming.
Clarity is the matter
Don Meng Haoran
The emperor is clear and clear, and the people's hearts are worried about themselves.
The sound of the car on the road, willow color East City Green.
Flowers and grasses bloom together, and warblers and butterflies play double play.
The empty hall sat and reminisced, drinking tea and chatting on behalf of drunkenness.
Remembering the brothers on the day of the Qingming Dynasty
Don Wei Yingwu
Cold food prescription is sick, open a new heart.
Finally, the old county is full of fireworks.
The apricot porridge is still edible, and the elm soup has been slightly fried.
Only hate the obedient yan, sit and spend this year.
clear and bright
Song Huang Tingjian
The festival is clear and peachy and plum smile, and Noda Arizuka is only sad.
Thunder shocks the world dragon snake sting, rain foot suburban grass and trees soft.
People begged for sacrifices to concubines, and Shi Gan burned to death unjustly.
Wise and foolish for thousands of years know who it is, and their eyes are full of basil.