The Gulf War was a watershed in the history of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Faced with the tension at home and abroad during the Gulf crisis, Saudi society is in a state of agitation and unease.
The appearance of Western troops in the kingdom caused strong discontent and panic in Saudi society.
Saudi society generally views the introduction of Western troops as an act against Islam.
The legitimacy of the Saudi family and official religious authority has been seriously questioned as a result.
The search for protection from foreign forces also exposes the weakness of Saudi Arabia's defense forces, and the huge military spending exacerbates the Kingdom's economic and social problems.
The Saudi government's inability to continue its generous welfare program has greatly affected the living standards of Saudi nationals.
The cultural awakening and political appeal of the "awakened sheikh" have breathed new vitality into the development of the religious political field in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The development of modern Islamist movements has contributed to the fission of official religious politics in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and even the religious police, Mutawit, who has always been subservient to the Saudi regime, has begun to rebel against the official religious and political authority, and even members of the royal family have not been spared from Mutaowei's harassment.
At a time when the Saudi nation is facing internal and external troubles, liberals and Islamists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have successively expressed their desire and demand for social and political change.
The first to act after Western troops entered Saudi Arabia were "liberal-leaning" groups.
It was a mixture of modernists, pan-Arabs, leftists, and Westernized intellectuals who united against Islamists and against the religious establishment.
A women's drive-by demonstration took place in Riyadh, the first public action by a liberal group.
The demonstration was attended by women, mainly businessmen and university professors.
The women all got their driver's licenses in the United States or Europe, but the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia does not allow women to drive cars, so the women marched in Riyadh in their cars to demand the right to drive.
The audacity of the Saudi women caused a great shock in Saudi society.
Islamists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia believe that the actions of women are directly related to the presence of the American military, which they believe is fueling the conspiracy of liberal and secular forces.
According to Islamists, these liberals are almost all American-educated Saudis who have been emboldened by the presence of American troops.
As a result, Islamists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have launched even more intense attacks on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's alliance with the United States.
Islamists see these women's actions as a challenge to Islamic customs and laws in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
They distributed leaflets throughout the kingdom, attacking the women who participated in the march, and even suggested that these women were infidels who deserved to be put to death.
Some Islamists have also accused Riyadh's ruler, Salman ibn Abdulaziz, of secretly supporting demonstrations by Saudi women.
Islamists also wrote to King Fahd, Crown Prince Abdullah and Prince Salman, the ruler of Riyadh, demanding that the women and those who support them be punished.
Hundreds of Saudi Islamists petitioned the government to punish or execute the women who participated in the march.
The Saudi Government was forced to act to declare the women's demonstration campaign illegal and to dismiss all the women from their jobs.
The official religious authority, Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdul Alla ibn al-Baz, also issued a decree confirming that Saudi women are illegal to drive.
In 1991, King Fahd announced plans to begin political reforms, including the establishment of a consultative council.
The government's reform program and the government's crackdown on women driving have partly spurred liberal groups to launch a petition campaign against the Saudi government.
Prominent "liberal" figures signed a petition and sent it to King Fahd demanding social and political reforms.
This document was widely circulated in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and published in the Arab world.
The signatories of the petition enthusiastically expressed their loyalty to the king and "to the present system of government and to the noble royal family," but they demanded reforms.
These reforms require a more open process of making religious decisions, in which all Saudis have the right to debate religious rulings, a basic law of government, the establishment of a consultative council, but do not require the election of elections, the restoration of regional councils, the modernization of the judiciary, equality of all citizens regardless of race, tribe, sect or social origin, the establishment of a free media, the reform of the religious police system, the higher public status of women in society, and educational reforms.
These liberals were mainly liberal-leaning intellectuals and businessmen from Jeddah and the Eastern Province, including former cabinet minister Mohammed Abdul Yamani.
Among the signatories of the petition are a small number of moderate Islamists.
