Medical texts
By the late Tang Dynasty, Islamic medicines had begun to be introduced to China, and some of them had even become the "master herbs" of Chinese herbal formulas, such as myrrh and agarwood. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, there were 37 kinds of Arabic medicinal materials that came through overseas trade, such as borneol, agarwood, cloves, cinnamon, etc. During the Yuan Dynasty, the government even set up a special institution for the management of "Huihui" drugs, called "Huihui Pharmaceutical Hospital". Some "Hui doctors" and "Hui Hui doctors" are already able to perform simple surgical operations, such as cutting off carrion, warts (i.e., removing skin growths), etc. The Yuan Dynasty nutrition monograph "Drinking and Eating Zhengyao" recorded some valuable Huihui health products and prescriptions. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there was a medical book called "Hui Hui Prescription", the original book had a total of 36 volumes, and now only 4 fragments remain, no author, and most of its basic content is the translation of Islamic medical books in the Yuan Dynasty. According to research, many of the prescriptions in the Hui Hui Prescription are related to the Medical Code written by the Muslim physician Ibn Sina in terms of medicinal materials, compatibility and dosage.
"Eating and Drinking"
Drinking and Eating is the first monograph on the nutrition and curative effect of food in China, first engraved in the first year of Yuan Wenzong Zhishun (1330). The author is Hu Sihui, the imperial physician of the Yuan Dynasty, who was responsible for the cooking of the palace. He inherited the ancient medical theories, and extensively collected the dietary therapy methods of the Mongolian, Hui and Uygur ethnic groups, combined with his personal experience in food and drink, and wrote this book. The book discusses dietary taboos such as pregnancy and alcohol consumption, to how to choose foods according to the season, and the disadvantages of excessive consumption of sweet, salty, bitter, and spicy flavors. "Drinking and Eating" was transmitted to Japan in the early years, and was reprinted many times in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and was widely circulated.
Medical Codex
Ibn Sina (980-1037 AD), the author of the Codex of Medicine, was known as the "King of Medicines" and wrote 99 books in his lifetime. His medical codex, divided into five volumes and a million words, is most notably distinguished by the distinction between mediastinal obstruction and pleurisy; distinguish between traumatic brain injury and two different types of paralysis caused by internal causes of the brain; Contact transmission of tuberculosis was confirmed; the role of water- and soil-borne diseases; For the scientific diagnosis of hookworm disease, the book also summarizes the properties of more than 760 drugs. The book had a great influence on the West, and was translated into Latin in the 12th century and reprinted 15 times in the 15th century. From the 12th to the 17th centuries, it was used by Westerners as a medical guide.
Astronomical almanac
The Muslims of the Yuan Dynasty made many contributions to the astronomical calendar. They formed the Huihui Si Tianjian and brought to China a large number of "Huihui books" on astronomical calculus, such as Ptolemy's Astronomical Collection and Ibn Yunus's Al Hakmu's Astronomical Table. Among them, Zamaruddin, a Muslim who raised the point (director) for the "Huihui Si Tianjian" at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, is even more representative. He created seven kinds of "Western Instruments" for observing celestial phenomena, in which the globe is a wooden sphere, seven parts of water is green, and three parts of the earth is white. There are rivers, lakes and seas on the spherical surface, and there are horizontal and vertical longitude and latitude lines. In terms of basic shape, it is quite close to a modern globe. In 1267, Zamaruddin compiled the Perpetual Calendar according to the Arabic calendar, which was promulgated in China for 14 years. Another astronomer, Zamalatdin, calculated and compiled the Hijri Calendar, which was made and sold by the Yuan government, and has been popular among the people for a long time. The influence of Muslim astronomers in the Yuan Dynasty extended to the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the sixteenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1383), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the translation of the (Huihui) "Heavenly Book" to be completed. In the seventeenth year of Hongwu (1384), the "Hijri Calendar" was compiled; In the thirteenth year of Chenghua (1477), the book was renamed "Seven Political Push Steps", which was used with the "Great Unification Calendar" until the beginning of the Qing Dynasty.
"Ritual Elephant of the Western Regions"
The seven types of "Western Regions" for observing celestial phenomena are the armillary sphere (multi-ring instrument), the Zhou Tian Xingyao instrument (azimuth instrument), the "Spring and Autumn Equinox Sundial Shadow Hall" (i.e., the inclinodolite), the "Summer and Autumn Solstice Sundial Shadow Hall" (i.e., the flat dolite), the "armillary map" (i.e., the celestial globe), the "Geographical Chronicle" (i.e., the globe), and the "day and night time device" (i.e., the planetatilmeter).
Architectural style
The vaulted worship hall buildings of Islamic mosques are distinctive, they are mostly brick and stone structures, and the appearance is rich in Arabic characteristics: such as the appearance of the "Fan Pagoda", which is very different from the style of the Chinese pagoda, the lintel, the door top and the vault of the rectangular temple door, etc., and then the palace-style mosque that integrates the characteristics of Chinese architecture, and the Chinese courtyard art architecture with color painting and carving art, which can be said to enrich the connotation of Chinese architectural art. For the construction of the palace city in Beijing in the Yuan Dynasty, the people of the Great Food Country also contributed to Hei Dieer. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, he served as the head of the "Chief's Office of the Craftsmen of All Colors" (rank Zheng Sanpin) and was appointed to lead the construction of the palace city. Yuan Shizu was very satisfied with his work, so he was also highly used.
Exterior view of Dongguan Mosque in Xining
Trade and do business
During the Tang Dynasty, cities such as Guangzhou, which were major foreign trade ports, were already set up as "Persian Hudian", which were shops run by Muslims living in China who specialized in selling imported goods from the Arabian Peninsula and Central Asia. During the Song Dynasty, foreign sea trade was extremely developed, and the spice trade, which was dominated by Muslims, played a prominent role. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, foreign trade, which was dominated by Muslim trade, accounted for one-fifth of the total import tariff revenue at that time, and this revenue was crucial to the fate of the country in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, cotton cultivation techniques were introduced to China by Muslim traders, and cotton cultivation began in China at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Craft weapons
Among the weapons made in the Yuan Dynasty, there is a kind of cannon called "Huihui Cannon". This cannon has a long range and is very destructive. This kind of machinery for launching projectiles is different from artillery, its power part and warhead are not equipped with gunpowder, and the projectiles can weigh up to 150 catties. This artillery-making technology is taken from the "return cannon method", so it is called "return artillery". The Yuan Dynasty had the "Huihui Gunner Warcraftsman Wanhu Mansion", which had a thousand households and a hundred households, and its leaders were all Muslims, and almost every combat unit had a Huihui cannon. It is believed that the cavalry and the return artillery were the two elements of the Yuan army's defeat of the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, a tubular firearm called the "Western Regions Cannon" was also made with the help of returning to the gunner.
Textile skills
During the early years of the Muslim occupation of the Middle East, they learned the ancient textile art from Egypt, Syria and Persia, and because Muhammad forbade idolatry and portraits, the Muslims developed this textile art by replacing the images of people and animals with arabesques. The silk, wool and cotton fabrics produced are known for their quality and are distributed all over the world. In the Yuan Dynasty, there was a kind of textile called "Na Shi Lost", which was made of a mixture of fine wool and gold silk thread, which was very precious and was used exclusively for making official uniforms. It is produced by the "Nashi Lost" organization based in northern Hebei and Xinjiang, and its foremen and craftsmen are mostly Muslims.
Incoming spices
During the Song Dynasty, it became a social custom to use spices introduced from the Islamic world to make "flavored food" (food with spice additives). Burning incense and incense are also common in society. Of course, the habits of eating incense food, burning incense and incense have existed in China since ancient times, but their popularization is due to the import of spices from the Islamic world.
The art of painting and calligraphy
Chinese Muslims like to write the Qur'an in Arabic with scripture patterns, called "scripture calligraphy and painting". This traditional art of calligraphy combines the layout and shelves of Chinese calligraphy, while also retaining the inherent brushwork of Arabic calligraphy, in the form of naves, banners, plaques, couplets and banners. Calligraphy and painting are very popular among Chinese Muslims, and they are hung in almost every house. This art is the culmination of the fusion of traditional civilization and Islamic civilization.