During the Republican period, society ushered in one great change after another, and under the impact of advanced ideas, a large number of feudal remnants were resisted.
When it comes to the anti-feudal movement, the first thing that comes to many people's thoughts is "cutting braids" and "putting feet down".
Cutting pigtails was to combat the feudal remnants of the Qing Dynasty, and foot release was to prohibit women from binding their feet, and women who were deeply oppressed by feudal ideology could finally gain some freedom.
But there are still many restraints on women, among which the chest is wrapped in layers of heavy cloth, which is a manifestation of persecution.
Under feudal society, it was believed that women should not show their body lines, especially the breasts should not be visible.
It is clear that most women in the Ming and Tang dynasties were beautiful with abundance, and the ancients did not feel any shame in their plump bodies, but since the prevalence of Cheng Zhu Lixue, the status of those women has been almost oppressed to the extreme.
In fact, since the beginning of the Song Dynasty, people's aesthetic of women is no longer plump and full, but prefer weak women like weak wind and willow.
By the end of the Qing Dynasty, feudal thinking had long been deeply rooted.
In the minds of those men, women cannot show their arms and legs, let alone the lines of their chests.
If a woman walks on the street without her chest tied, she will be regarded as a shameless countryman.
It is clear that the men have cut their braids and are educated in new ideas. But women are required to still abide by the rules of the old times, and even parts of the body are labeled "shame".
Those feudal thoughts are like strips of cloth wrapped around women's chests, severely binding women's souls and oppressing their personalities.
Under such circumstances, the "Tianyu Movement" is undoubtedly a great move to liberate women.
Feudal bad customs
Chest binding is as feudal as foot binding, and under patriarchal rule, women are the private property of their fathers before marriage, and their husbands are the property of their husbands after marriage.
The ancient mainland was not feudal and ignorant from beginning to end, nor did it carry out inhumane blows and oppression of women from the beginning.
Before the Han Dynasty, including the Han Dynasty, many women had a very high status, and that was very supportive of women's remarriage.
Because of the low productivity at that time, the population was an important resource, but the mortality rate of female production was extremely high.
Therefore, widows who gave birth at that time were very popular, rather than like the later Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties, who insisted on establishing a chastity archway for widows.
Many scholars believe that Cheng Zhulixue suppresses women, and this is indeed the case.
Cheng Zhu Lixue strongly advocated the idea of male superiority and female inferiority, believing that women should "follow three from four virtues". "Death by starvation is small, and loss of festival is large", women under the oppression of Cheng Zhu Lixue are accessories of patriarchy.
We now see that in many materials from the Ming and Qing dynasties, the requirements for women are simply inhumane.
Some unmarried girls are considered unruly if they just say a few words to men other than their fathers and brothers.
There is also a deformed aesthetic of the "three-inch golden lotus", which has led women to bind their feet in order to become what men like. At that time, if women did not bind their feet, they would be degraded as coarse as country women.
Many women are tied to their feet at a very young age, are they really not uncomfortable?
Wrap your feet in thick strips of cloth and bamboo boards, and if you are old when you bind your feet, you will have to suffer a lot, and your normally developed feet will be folded abruptly.
The women with their feet bound are unable to walk freely, which is exactly what their fathers, brothers and husbands want. Feudal men believe that women should be at home with their husbands and children, and showing their faces is what dusty women do.
For those men, women's exposed arms are a sign of indiscretion, not to mention the chest?
Under the influence of Cheng Zhu Lixue, the female body seems to be the expression of desire, a slap does not make a sound, it is clear that many times it is a man's problem, but it is said that the woman's style is not good and causes others to reverie.
Under such oppression, what was originally a normal body line is regarded as a shame.
Women are asked to wrap their bodies tightly, especially the chest that will arouse men's reverie, and wrap them as flat as possible.
However, this obviously has a huge impact on women's physical development, the chest is severely strangled by cloth strips, since then many women have chest tightness and shortness of breath reaction, obviously chest wrapping is affecting breathing.
But such chest tightness, shortness of breath, speech and breathing is another sick and weak beauty in the male heart.
Under such a deformed aesthetic, wrapping small feet and binding breasts are symbols of rich ladies and ladies, and only those rude low-level women shamelessly show their breasts and a pair of big feet.
Even though new ideas during the Republican period constantly impacted people's inherent concepts, feudal ideology was still deeply rooted.
In the literature of the 20s of the last century, the description of women can be seen that women at that time wore long vests to cover their bodies even when sleeping at home.
If you go out, you have to wear several layers of clothing to cover your body curves.
With the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement, new ideas have been continuously introduced into China, and a large number of foreign goods have entered the Chinese market.
The ideological liberation movement in the West predates China, and while women in armless clothing boldly show off their body lines, many women on the mainland dare not even wear small vests.
That kind of vest is a new type of underwear, mostly silk, the style is more conservative, but because it is relatively short, lunch covers the female figure, so it has been criticized by many conservatives.
The first to wear these little vests was the Qinglou woman, and because of this, some conservative men thought that these clothes were simply uncustomary.
In 1918, a member of a Shanghai parliamentarian named Jiang Quesheng issued a letter to the government attacking the garment, demanding that women be banned from wearing it.
In his opinion, these clothes are "obscene clothes", which are really not conventional.
Surprisingly, this feudal ideology was supported by the government, and in 1920, the Shanghai government issued a proclamation prohibiting women from wearing clothing with bare arms or calves, and those who wore low-cut clothing were arrested for wearing them.
"Tiannu Exercise"
However, not everyone is the kind of sanctimonious person who persecutes women with feudal ideas, and as early as 1915, someone publicly pointed out the drawbacks of binding breasts.
In 1920, there was an article calling for the emancipation of women and the prohibition of corsetment.
Some well-known people with advanced ideas also proposed to free women's breasts, and Mr. Hu Shi publicly preached in his speech that chest binding is unhygienic and unhealthy, and that having a large chest is something to be proud of.
In the eyes of those who are full of feudal thoughts, such words are really unethical and shameless.
However, such advocacy has become a strong support for women's liberation activities, and where there is oppression, there is resistance.
Under the leadership of some advanced ideological people, a "heavenly milk movement" to liberate the chest gradually emerged.
Zhang Jingsheng, a doctor of sexology whose ideas were too advanced in that era, strongly advocated the "Tiannu Movement", believing that women's chest binding not only affects health, but also affects natural beauty, which is extinction nature.
The emancipation of the mind can often be reflected in literary works, and Mao Dun's literary works write that women have just begun to bind their breasts tightly, just like men's chests.
Later, she said that these corsets were nasty things that made her breathe free.
The descriptions in these works reflect the "Tenyu movement" at that time.
In 1927, the government advocated not being tied up, and in order to better implement the policies, the government imposed fines for not implementing them.
And what happened to a woman named Wei Qingfen was a good reflection of the reaction of ordinary people in the "Tianyu Movement" at that time.
When Wei Qingfen was a girl, she was tightly wrapped around her chest by her mother with long strips of cloth at the beginning of her development, and later after she got married, she couldn't let go.
His husband thought that the women on the street who did not bind their breasts were unruly, and forbade her to study those women.
After the government issued a policy to ban chest binding, Wei Qingfen also became bold, and she untied the thick strips of cloth, feeling more relaxed than ever.
However, her actions made her husband and father-in-law very dissatisfied, they thought that Wei Qingfen's behavior was really shameless, and her husband reprimanded Wei Qingfen even more angrily.
Their reaction was simply to think that their patriarchy was being challenged.
Even though Wei Qingfen told them that the government had banned chest wrapping and that a fine of 50 oceans would be imposed for violation, her husband and father-in-law were not impressed, insisting that she wrap her chest again.
The chest that was finally liberated was wrapped tightly again, and Wei Qingfen felt breathless, and he hoped that he would be discovered by the patrol police.
Soon her wish became a reality, and Wei Qingfen was seen on the street by a patrolman and fined 50 oceans.
Their family's economic conditions were average, and Wei Qingfen thought that if she was fined 50 oceans this time, her father-in-law and husband would not force her to bind her chest again.
But I didn't expect that my father-in-law, who had serious feudal thinking, still did not believe in evil, thinking that Wei Qingfen would not be fined as long as she did not go out, and insisted that she wrap her chest up.
As a result, soon after, the women's organization went door-to-door to check and found that Wei Qingfen was still binding his chest, so he fined his family another 50 oceans.
At this time, the father-in-law no longer spoke, although he was still very unconvinced, but the family did not have so much money to pay the fine.
What happened to Wei Qingfen is a microcosm of many families, and the change of feudal thinking can not be completed in a while, but I don't know that in 21st century China, there are still people full of feudal ideas.
The "Tiannu Movement" that occurred during the Republic of China period intensified, and even if some people could not accept such ideas, they could only give up under the influence of the general environment.
Women's liberation
And what pushed the "Tianyu Movement" to a climax was the "prosthetic breast" worn by those stars.
The star effect has a lot of power at any time, and when the people are carrying out vigorous chest sports, those popular stars are at the forefront of the times.
In the 20s of last century, bras were introduced into China from abroad, which is what people call "prosthetic breasts".
At that time, these underwear was very popular in Western countries, and women wore "prosthetic breasts" and looked fuller.
Ruan Lingyu, Hu Die and others, who are popular stars in the Republic of China, are the first to put on "prosthetic breasts".
Ruan Lingyu has long won a large number of fans by starring in films such as "New Woman" and "Goddess", and after she put on "prosthetic breasts", she looked even more amorous and wearing a cheongsam posture that made countless fans crazy.
Under the strong star effect, women have imitated them to wear "prosthetic breasts" and become the new trend.
In the "Tennu Movement", in order to promote the meaning of liberating the chest and advocating a healthier aesthetic, in addition to literary works, there are many illustrations and advertisements to promote it.
One of them, an advertisement in the Guangzhou Republic Daily, was eye-catching, featuring busty women who looked confident and bright, which was a healthier aesthetic.
Under such publicity, the "Tianyu Movement" can be described as a great success.
In the thirties of the last century, Shanghai, which has always been at the forefront of fashion, has become more open, and it is no longer the old society where you would be arrested if you showed your arms.
From the works of that era, it is normal for women to wear cool summer clothes with bare arms and legs on the beach.
In 1937, there was a movie about the life of a girl in a swimsuit on a desert island, and when a beautiful and lively woman wore a swimsuit and generously showed her figure, making people feel the beauty of women, it profoundly affected the concept of the Chinese people.
By the 40s, the atmosphere was more open, and women with bare upper bodies and only underwear appeared directly in movies. Under such strong publicity, "prosthetic breast" has been accepted by more women, and the style of underwear has gradually been enriched.
Many people think that why a woman's should be so publicized, isn't it shameful?
Some people think that it is because feudal rites have long oppressed women, making what should be normal become shameful.
Just like people under Cheng Zhuli think that it is unruly for women to show their arms, the chest is obviously even more unruly.
It's funny that while they expect women to breastfeed with their breasts and give birth to the next generation, they regard such sexual characteristics as a flood beast.
No one can see except the woman's husband, not even the lines.
Under such distorted thoughts, it is not only women's bodies that are restrained, but more women's minds are bound and oppressed.
The terrible thing is that many women feel numb under the oppression for a long time and eventually become defenders of feudal rites.
Without the restraint of cloth strips, women are no longer strangled, "Tianyu exercise" and foot exercise have made women healthier, only healthier, can they participate in more social activities, and gradually improve their status.
How can a woman with small feet wrapped and her chest clenched become a woman who can hold up half the sky?
It is not only the bound body that is forbidden to be bound, but also the female mind and personality!
The "Tiannu Movement" is not to provoke gender antagonism, mutual respect and understanding is the right way to get along.
In this movement to liberate women's personality, we should not only see men who criticize women's dress, but also men with advanced ideas like Mr. Hu Shi and Mr. Zhang Jingsheng.
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