Although the three routes have different starting points, they all end in the Nanyang Bay area in the western part of the Korean Peninsula, and through these three routes, the western part of the Korean Peninsula has become the main area for Chinese to cross the sea and move east.
Against this background, a large number of immigrant towns gradually formed in Gyeonggi Province and Chungcheong-do Province in the western part of the Korean Peninsula, adjacent to Namyang Bay, which played a very important role in the exchanges between China and the Korean Peninsula at that time.
Located on the western coast of the Korean Peninsula, Namyang has a large number of high-quality harbors, bordered by the Yellow Sea in the west and Incheon in the north, which occupies the right time and place in economic and political affairs. Nanyang was called the "Dangxiang City" during the Baekje era, which suggests that it was a gathering place for Chinese immigrants a long time ago.
By the time Silla ruled the area, a maritime trading post was set up here, making it an important base for trade between the Korean Peninsula and China.
In the sixteenth year of King Gyeongdeok of Silla, Nanyang was renamed "Tang'en County", and King Heungdeok placed Tang towns here in the fourth year, from which the name can also be inferred from the large number of Tang Dynasty immigrants who moved here and the great influence of this place in Tang-Luo exchanges.
Li Huang's "Tangcheng Citation" wrote that "the shore of Tangcheng is like a canopy, and the Puyu ring is divided into inside and outside", which shows the grandeur of the development of Tangcheng.
At that time, the "Tang Eight Bachelors" were also known as the "Nanyang Eight Bachelors", and some immigrants who did not take Nanyang as their foothold, such as the Yin clan of Xingzhou and the Lu clan of Wochan were also named "Nanyang Bachelor", which shows the outstanding position of Nanyang Bay in the historical geography of Chinese and Korean immigrants at that time.
The "Dongguo Public Opinion Victory" records the cultural relics and places of interest in Nanyang: "It is said that the Tang Dynasty sent eight talented men to teach Goryeo, and Hong Qiyi also ... The famous residence is called 'Tangcheng'. ”
Although historical records vary as to where the Hong clan lived after moving to the Korean Peninsula, the fact that he moved east is undoubted, because his descendants have indeed always lived near Nanyang, such as his son Wen Ming was made Marquis of Tangcheng and buried in Incheon; Sun Heung-ha, also buried in Incheon.
His family later developed into the powerful Namyang Hongclan, so Hongcheonhe was most likely to move to Nanyang after reaching the Korean Peninsula.
By the generation of Hong Daxuan, the father of Hong Fuyuan, the literary talent and scenery of the Hong family seem to have long ceased to be, the Hong family is only a family of military generals guarding the border city, and Hong Daxuan, the father of Hong Fuyuan, is the capital of the border city of Linju in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.
Hong Fuyuan's rebellion against Goryeo to Mongolia has a lot of connection with his father Hong Daxuan, and the pioneer of the Hong family's dependence on Mongolia is Hong Daxuan.
In the twelfth year of Emperor Taizu of Yuan, the sixth brother of the Khitan betrayed Yerulyuge and the Mongols, and led the people to flee to the territory of Goryeo, according to the "Chronicle of Yuan Goryeo": "In September of the twelfth year of Emperor Taizu, he attacked the city of Jiangdong and refused to defend it. In the thirteenth year, Shanghe sent Ha Zhiji and Liu Ra to lead troops to conscript, and the Goryeo native Hong Dae Seon-yi surrendered and besieged with Ha Ji and others. ”
This was the Hong family's first contact with Mongolia, and it was also the Hong family's indiscriminate defection to Mongolia. According to the "History of Goryeo": "In the fifth year of Emperor Gojong of Goryeo, Yuan sent Hajin and Zara to attack the Khitan army at the city of Gangdong, and Dachun surrendered. In eighteen years, Salita invaded in a big way, and Fuyuan again surrendered to the army. From this word "again", we can deduce that the Hong family's two surrenders are not coincidence.
The Hong clan first lived in the Nanyang region, where the Korean Peninsula had the strongest immigrant power, and its family developed prosperously. There were ancestors who were named Marquis of Tangcheng, and from this title, it is not difficult to see the outstanding status that the Hong family once enjoyed in Nanyang.
Although the family fell due to various reasons such as war and political affairs, and the residence was moved from the Nanyang region with high economic and political status to the northern border city of Linzhou, far from the center of power, the Hong family's fame and influence still existed.
And unlike other generals who were born and raised on the Korean Peninsula, Hong Fuyuan himself was a descendant of Chinese immigrants, which is an important reason why the Mongol rulers favored Hong Fuyuan among many surrendering generals.
Coupled with Hong Fuyuan's father, Hong Daxuan, who had surrendered to Mongolia, the Mongol rulers naturally trusted Hong Fuyuan relatively more, so Hong Fuyuan was promoted the fastest in the early days of his surrender and held more real power, becoming a more prominent presence among the generals of Goryeo at that time.
Before Entering Mongolia: The Background of the Times and the Political Fate of Hong Fuyuan
After Hong Fuyuan surrendered to Mongolia, he helped Mongolia a lot. Won Taejong sent Sarita to Goryeo on the grounds that Goryeo had killed the Mongol envoy Chugu, forcing the King of Goryeo to "send his brother Huai'an Gong to surrender".
It can be seen from this that Hong Fuyuan made a lot of contributions in this battle, he not only led the people who belonged to him to surrender to Mongolia, but also joined forces with the Mongol generals to attack the soldiers and civilians who did not surrender, and even forced the rulers of Goryeo to surrender together with the Mongol generals, which can be said to have helped the Mongol rulers open the door to conquering Goryeo.
In the context of the era when Mongolia was bent on expanding its territory, Hong Fuyuan's behavior was exactly what he needed.
But this was only the beginning, and for the next twenty years, Hong Fuyuan devoted himself to helping the Mongols conquer Goryeo, and Hong Fuyuan was almost never absent from any Mongol conquest of Goryeo. Such large and small battles, Hong Fuyuan participated in many and contributed a lot.
In the fourth year of Emperor Taejong of Won, Goryeo surrendered and rebelled, killing the Daru Huachi set up by the Mongols in Goryeo, and "driving the people into Ganghwa Island", Hong Bok Won did not follow the Goryeo ruler to flee to Ganghwa Island, but chose to gather more than forty remnants of the northern border to wait.
In August of the same year, Sarita led an army to fight for it, and Hong Fuyuan led his men to attack with Sarita. Later, "Salita was a pawn in the middle of the tower, and his deputy Thegei led the troops back, and only the source of blessings stayed in the tun".
The ruler of Goryeo was resentful of Hong Bok Won's rebellion and "robbed the east of Daxuan", so Hong Bok Won led all the people he gathered in the northern border to defect to Mongolia and move to the interior, "between Liaoyang and Shenyang".
Hong Bok-won led these city-dwellers to become the largest number of immigrants who surrendered to Mongolia and emigrated to China during the Mongol Goryeo War, and Hong Bookwon thus gained the power to control the Goryeo military and civilians under their possession.
Emperor Won Taejong specially gave him a golden talisman, ordered him to continue to recruit unattached soldiers and civilians, and also sent a decree to the people of Goryeo, "Those who have come to the dynasty with King Won, and Hong Fuyuan live in Tokyo", if the army comes to attack, those who resist die, and those who surrender live; The people of Goryeo, who came to the annex, were led by Hong Bokwon.
No matter how powerful the conquerors are, they are willing to surrender to themselves and are willing to move to the territory they rule to contribute to their rule.
The purpose of the conscriptors in waging war is nothing more than to seize two things, the same land resources and the same people's labor.
Hong Bok won surrendered to Mongolia earlier, and from the beginning of the war, he followed the Mongolian army everywhere to help the Mongol rulers occupy the territory of Goryeo, and a large number of states and counties in Goryeo fell into the hands of the Mongolian army.
Secondly, Hong Bok-won was the first Goryeo general to lead the surrender of the Goryeo army and people. When the other generals had not yet gathered and led the people to surrender together, Hong Fuyuan had already put it into action, and when he surrendered, he led the people of the scale of "the remnants of the forty cities" or the "people of the northern realm".
In the context of the Mongol conquest of Goryeo at that time, Hong Fuyuan's conquest of Mongolia was a visible contribution to the naked eye, so Hong Fuyuan became one of the few generals who held real power.
In the Mongol-Goryeo War, Hong Fuyuan helped a lot, and it was precisely because of Hong Fuyuan's help that it caused great trouble to Goryeo. Among the generals, Hong Bok won was the most criticized, and the "History of Goryeo" even set up a separate biography for him and classified it as a rebellion.
On the Mongolian side, Hong Bok Won is the most reused and relatively the most contributed, but for Koryo, Hong Bok Won is also the most controversial and the most spurned, and for good reason.
First of all, Hong Fuyuan led his troops to rebel against Goryeo and annexed Mongolia, and won the weight of the Mongols. The Mongol army is powerful and ferocious, and there has always been a saying that those who refuse live and those who surrender die.
The other generals could not withstand the offensive of the Mongolian army, and seeing the treatment of Hong Fuyuan after his surrender, they naturally chose to surrender to Mongolia as a last resort.
Therefore, from the side, Hong Bok-won's surrender to a certain extent prompted other Goryeo generals to follow suit, such as Cho Hyun-si, Lee Won-woo, Lee Jun-shi, etc., which inevitably weakened the internal unity and military strength of the Goryeo side;
Secondly, Hong Bokwon was constantly involved in large and small wars during the Mongol Goryeo War, and the wars he participated in involved in a wide variety of states and counties. The northern part of Goryeo has a complex terrain, mostly mountains and forests, which is originally an easy place to defend and difficult to attack.
However, as a native of Goryeo, Hong Bok Won is well versed in the dangerous terrain of Goryeo, and Hong Bok Won, as a general, is familiar with Goryeo's strategy and tactics and military structure. The Mongol army was already fierce and abnormal, and coupled with Hong Fuyuan as a staff guide, it was even more invincible.
The compiler of the "History of Joseon" once said: "Since the army is trapped in the prefecture and county, it is all blessed and guided." In the eyes of the Goryeo rulers and the people of Goryeo, Hong Bok-won's betrayal had far more adverse consequences than other generals, and he was not just a surrenderer himself.
It also served as the pioneer and leader of those who surrendered in the Mongol Goryeo War, and was also the initiator of the large flow of northern Goryeo people to China, and was also the guide and vanguard of the Mongol invaders.
Therefore, in the hearts of the rulers of Goryeo and the people who did not surrender at that time, Hong Bokwon became the representative of the generals who were reviled and targeted.
After entering Mongolia: The struggle for power and the fate of Hong Fuyuan's political affairs
After Hong Fuyuan entered the yuan, he held great power and controlled the management of surrendered people and immigrants in the war, and he was in the limelight for a while. However, the good times did not last long, and he was finally summarily executed for various reasons. How could Hong Fuyuan, who held a high position and seemed to be extremely trusted by the rulers, be executed so rashly?
In addition, his son Hong Chaqiu attacked Goryeo with the army of Zara at this time, and it was reused, so the Mongol rulers would not deliberately execute Hong Fuyuan at this time. In the "History of Goryeo" records, Hong Fuyuan's killing reasons boiled down to two reasons: first, Hong Fuyuan did witchcraft and cursed Wang Jiao;
Second, Hong Fuyuan compared Wang Jiao, the son of Goryeo protons, to a dog, and attributed the behavior of Wang Jiao's subordinate Li Hai to Wang Jiao, and compared this behavior to a dog devouring the lord and disrespecting Wang Jiao. Wang Jiang's Mongolian wife came forward for her husband and reported it to Meng Ge Khan, and Hong Fuyuan was killed for it.
On the face of it, this makes sense, because in Mongolia, where master-slave relations are very strict, the following crimes are enough to be punished by death.
But Hong Fuyuan had a great contribution to Mongolia after all, and it was not convincing enough to be executed on this alone. The author believes that the dispute between Hong Fuyuan and Wang Jiao over immigration control is the key to Hong Fuyuan's killing.
In the thirteenth year of Emperor Taejong, Goryeo sent his son Wang Jian to Mongolia to take hostage. Protons, that is, hostages, are generally held by the children of the royal family, and protons were first transported from weak countries to strong countries, and were used as a means to win the trust of strong countries.
After several developments, the "quality" system was formed. "Naqing" is one of the important diplomatic and political means between countries and nations, and the behavior of protons represents the behavior of their countries or nations.
The Central Dynasty generally attached great importance to the cultivation and training of protons and the political attitude of protons to better play the important role played by protons in the exchanges between the two countries.
The central dynasty generally followed the principle of both grace and power in dealing with protons, and adopted a variety of means to make them consciously maintain the clan relationship between the two sides.
The joint measures taken by the Central Dynasty mainly included giving protons such as gold and silver jewelry, some protons with special status or protons that needed to stay in the Central Plains Dynasty for a long time, and the emperor would also give them houses to live in, and unite protons and their descendants by rewarding wealth and land;
Reward for meritorious deeds, add officials to knighthood, grant protons greater power, and grant them related positions to establish a sense of honor and disgrace about the Central Dynasty and a sense of responsibility to the Central Dynasty, in addition to giving protons names, surnames, and numbers to increase their pride;
Let Proton receive the education of the Central Dynasty, and increase his political identification with the Central Dynasty emotionally and ideologically; The Central Plains Dynasty promised the clan daughter and even the princess to Proton to consolidate the clan relationship between the Central Plains Dynasty and the vassal states.
In addition, Proton came to the Central Plains Dynasty as a courtier, and the Central Dynasty would also use police and deterrence to make Proton fearful, thereby consolidating the loyalty of Proton and the vassal states to the Central Dynasty.
At first, Wang Jiao lived in Hong Fuyuan, who "treated him very well" but "lived for a long time". After the entry of the Goryeo proton into Mongolia, a contradictory question arises, after the proton enters the Mongolia, should the original power of Hong Bok Yuen to control immigration be taken over by the proton?
This was a major issue involving the interests of Wang and Hong, and was a major issue concerning the relationship between the two vassal sides of Mongolian Goryeo. Mongolia was quick to answer.
In the third year of Meng Ge Khan, "the Goryeo powerful minister Gao Linggong rebelled, and Hyunjong ordered King Yehu to march to the East, and he was ordered to make peace, but still held his territory, and when the Goryeo people were newly possessed, they were ordered to die."
This apparently changed Mongolia's previously established policy of Hong Fuyuan leading Goryeo immigration, and revealed the key to Hong Fuyuan's confrontation with Wang.
Hong Fu was granted real power at the beginning of the surrender to Mongolia, not only because he was a pioneer in the war, but also because he was greatly trusted by the Mongol authorities and granted the right to control the immigrants because he was involved in the migration of a large number of people in the process of surrender.
Upon gaining this power, Hong Bok-won became almost the supreme ruler in charge of the Goryeo immigration, except for the Mongol authorities, and also represented the trust and favor he received.
After Wang Jiao entered Mongolia, Hong Fuyuan was first very friendly to him, which seems to be because Wang Jiao was a person from his homeland, and the most important reason was that Wang Jiao did not threaten his power at first, and Hong Fuyuan could even treat him as a courtier.
However, when the Mongol rulers granted the new possession of Goryeo to Wang Jiao, the situation was very different, and Hong Fuyuan's power was greatly threatened, so there was a series of actions such as Hong Fuyuan's comparison of Wang Jiao to a dog.