Several problems with the bronze culture of the main stream of the Yangtze River in Yudong
——On the relationship between the bronze culture of Yudong and the Qujiang River basin in eastern Sichuan
Duan Yu
The bronze culture of ancient Pakistan has not been able to obtain more research due to the lack of comparative and systematic physical materials for a long time. In recent years, the comprehensive development of archaeological work in the Sichuan-Chongqing area and the Three Gorges area has provided data and conditions for the study of bronze culture in Pakistan. However, due to the complexity of Pakistan's history and territorial changes, many issues of Pakistan's bronze culture have yet to be deeply explored. Based on the archaeological findings of the main stream of the Yangtze River in Yudong and the relevant historical documents, this paper conducts a preliminary discussion on the relevant issues of bronze culture in this region, and seeks the teachings of experts, scholars and eruditions at home and abroad.
One
The first emergence of the bronze culture of the main stream of the Yangtze River in Yudong
In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, early bronze culture began to germinate in the main stream area of the Yangtze River east of Yuzhong District in present-day Chongqing, and the copper fish hooks and copper falcons unearthed at the site of Wanzhou Zhongbazi in Chongqing are the dawn of civilization elements, indicating the origin of early civilization.
However, in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, because the main stream area of the Yangtze River in eastern Yudong was still in the historical stage of transition from prehistory to civilization and from chiefdom to state, and the complex geographical environment of the region separated the communication, union and political and cultural expansion between various ethnic groups and villages, and during this period, the region was long under strong pressure from the ancient Shu culture in the west and the Chu culture in the east, so its own civilization elements were very fragile, and its cultural and political achievements were difficult to fully expand. So much so that it seriously affected the historical process of the origin of its own civilization. It can be said that the main stream area of the Yangtze River in Yudong entered its Bronze Age in a faltering manner. Even in the Warring States period, bronze artifacts were continuously made in some locations in the region, such as the stone fan of bronze cymbal, knife sharpening, scythe, and willow-shaped sword found in the I area of Maliutuo in Wanzhou (Fig. 1), and the stone fan found at other sites such as the Xinpu site and the Shidi Ba site, but they were all small copper objects with simple shapes, which were made by each locality themselves, and the copper casting industry was small and scattered, thus inhibiting the development of the bronze casting industry in the region. This situation implies the dispersion of the ethnic groups in the region, and it indicates the historical fact that before the Heheba state, which had a developed bronze culture, moved south to the main stream of the Yangtze River during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States, the main stream of the Yangtze River in eastern Yudong did not produce a strong ruling power center that could aggregate the political forces of the various ethnic groups in the region and integrate regional politics
Figure 1 Bronze artifacts excavated from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty
Two
The rise of Yunyang Lijiaba bronze culture
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, due to the southward migration, entry and promotion of the Pakistani civilization, the bronze civilization of Badi reached its heyday. The remains of archaeological culture belonging to this period amply demonstrate this fact.
In 1997 and 1998, the Department of Archaeology of the College of History and Culture of Sichuan University and the Yunyang County Cultural Relics Management Institute carried out large-scale excavations of the Lijiaba site in Yunyang County, Chongqing City, and found a large number of cultural relics from the Shang Zhou to the early Han Dynasty, and obtained remarkable and rich results, especially the discovery of a large number of Ba culture tombs in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which is of great significance for the study of the rise of the bronze civilization in the main stream of the Yangtze River in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
The ruins of Yunyang Lijiaba are located on the first-class terrace on the east bank of the Pengxi River, a tributary of the Yangtze River on the north side, only tens of kilometers away from the Yangtze River in the south. The altitude of the site is 140~148 meters, the site area is about 600,000 square meters, and the cultural relics of the Ba people in the Shang and Eastern Zhou Dynasties are mainly distributed in the I. and II. excavation areas at the front edge of the dam area. In 1997, 40 Ba tombs, multiple house foundation sites, 3 pottery kilns and a large number of relics from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were unearthed at the Lijiaba site, and in 1998, 45 Ba tombs, 44 ash pits, 2 house foundation sites, 5 ash ditches and a large number of relics were unearthed.
Both excavations at Lijiaba unearthed a large number of bronzes (Fig. 2). Most of the bronzes were unearthed in tombs, and a small number in the cultural layer. The first excavation unearthed 65 bronzes of various kinds (including 59 recoverable), and the second excavation unearthed 169 bronzes of various types, a total of 234 pieces, which is an unprecedented discovery in the main stream of the Yangtze River in Yudong. The bronzes unearthed are basically cast by fan molds, and the weapons are all double-fan casting. According to the classification of use and nature, there are weapons, cooking utensils, wine vessels, musical instruments, etc., with the number of weapons being the largest. The main ones belonging to the weapons category are swords, spears, cymbals, axes, goes, arrows, scrapers, chips, etc., the main ones belonging to cooking utensils are gong and ding, the main ones belonging to wine utensils are cups, pots, spoons, etc., and only bells belong to musical instruments. Most of the bronzes are exquisitely made, weapons such as swords, spears, and gorges are often cast with tigers, human heads, human figures, water birds, cicadas, arm patterns, heart-shaped patterns, cloud and thunder patterns and other grooved patterns, as well as bas-relief and inscribed line patterns, axes and cymbals on various geometric convex patterns, showing relatively sophisticated bronze production technology and superb craftsmanship.
Three
The nature, origin and ethnicity of the bronze culture of the main stream of the Yangtze River in Yudong
Except for Lijiaba, no densely distributed mature bronze culture has been found in the main stream area of the Yangtze River in Yudong. In this regard, the Lijiaba bronze group can naturally be used as a representative of the bronze culture of the main stream of the Yangtze River in Yudong.
The early period of the Lijiaba site is equivalent to the Western Zhou period in the Central Plains, and the upper limit can be reached to the late Shang Dynasty. Major remains of this period include house construction, ash pits, tombs, gutters and mud strips. House buildings can be divided into semi-crypt buildings and ground buildings. The full picture of the above-ground building is no longer known, only a large number of pillar holes distributed on the slope have been found. No residential surfaces were found in the distribution area of the pillar holes, and only a small number of pottery pieces were found, presumably the house should be a dry-fence structure. The early tombs were shallow vertical pit tombs, and the burial products were pottery and stone tools. The relics unearthed in the site are mainly pottery, stone tools and animal bones. Early ruins show that during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, it was a small settlement with a small population and scattered settlements. However, in the late period of the site, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the area around Lijiaba evolved into a large-scale settlement, with a large number of densely distributed tombs, accompanied by a large number of exquisite bronzes, which was a leap forward for the thinner cultural layers and sporadic burials of the previous period (the Shang and Zhou Dynasty). This change, especially the emergence and rise of the mature bronze culture in the region, from various data analysis to the present, it is not the creation of the local culture itself, but should be directly related to the late Spring and Autumn Warring States period of the Baguo State moving south from the Han River basin to the main stream of the Yangtze River, attacking the Chu State in the east, and fighting the city and the Shu State in the west.
No bronzes have been found in the early remains of the Lijiaba site, and the settlement also takes the form of a general village, without showing any elements of early civilization. From the early to late stages of the site, there are no signs of the occurrence or evolution of bronzes. Therefore, the large number of bronzes that appeared here during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (in fact, mainly the Warring States period) would not have been the creation of local culture on its own. Although the cultural characteristics of the Lijiaba site are similar in some factors, this does not explain the occurrence, development and evolution of its bronze culture. From the analysis of the shape and age of the bronzes unearthed in the tombs, the bronze weapons unearthed in both the first and second phases of the tombs are similar to the similar weapons unearthed in the West Sichuan Plain, while the Shu-style weapons in the West Sichuan Plain have a clear sequence of development and evolution. At the same time, the Lijiaba tomb also has considerable similarities with the Shu tomb in the western Sichuan Plain in terms of shape and construction technology. From this point of view, the bronze weapons of the Lijiaba people have a certain deep relationship with the Shu culture in the western Sichuan Plain.
Fig. 2 Bronzes excavated from the Lijiaba tomb in Yunyang, Chongqing
The Lijiaba burial shows the characteristics that there is no strict hierarchy among the tomb owners, and it shows the composition of the social and political organization of the local Ba people from a very important aspect. According to the scale of the grave pit and burial tools, the Lijiaba tombs can be roughly divided into three categories: large, medium and small, and more than half of the tombs have no burial tools. Of the 85 tombs excavated twice, only 40 were found with wooden burial tools, mainly single coffins, single coffins and one coffin. Tombs with burial tools are generally larger in shape, and some have two-story platforms. These phenomena seem to manifest themselves as hierarchies or hierarchies. However, some burial pits have a two-story platform of cooked earth, and the number of artifacts, especially bronzes, unearthed in large, medium and small tombs is similar, which does not show that there is a clear distinction between honor and inferiority, which means that the political and economic status of the tomb owner before his death is not much different, indicating that this is a public cemetery of ethnic groups. What this cemetery form reveals is that during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it was a settlement of chiefdoms that had not yet reached the level of a state.
Comparing the Lijiaba tomb with the tombs of the Ba royal family in the middle and late Warring States period that were excavated and cleaned up successively by Xiaotianxi in Fuling, Chongqing, it can be seen that the Lijiaba tomb is obviously not comparable to the Xiaotianxi tomb in Fuling, whether in terms of tomb shape, utensil specifications, or in terms of the strict and orderly hierarchy reflected in the tomb and relics. This suggests that the Lijiaba tomb is not related to the Ba royal family and its clan or family, and is not a cultural relic of the latter. From the perspective of burial customs, the Lijiaba tomb clearly reflects the characteristics of the popular early custom of killing and martyrdom, and this custom is not reflected at all in the Xiaotianxi tomb, which shows that it also has nothing to do with the ruler group of the Ba royal family surnamed Ji.
The "Later Hanshu Ba County Nanjun Barbarian Biography" recorded: "When the emperor died, the soul was a white tiger, and the Ba clan drank human blood with a tiger, and then he was buried in a human temple." "Using this record to compare some phenomena in the tombs of Lijiaba, it is easy to think that the popular custom of killing and martyrdom at the Lijiaba site and the tiger stripes on bronzes are evidence that the group is a descendant of the Lijiaba monarch, or that because the Lijiaba turned into a white tiger after his death, his descendants sacrificed to the emperor, so the white tiger was used as a totem. We should conduct an in-depth and detailed analysis of this.
First of all, from the archaeological record, the phenomenon found in the Lijiaba tomb is to bury the head into the tomb, or dismember the human body into several sections and place it in the tomb, without strict regulations or customization, and these phenomena are not directly related to "tiger drinking human blood".
Secondly, according to the records of the "Later Hanshu Ba Jun Nanjun Barbarian Biography", the descendants of the emperor used human sacrifices as sacrifices in the temple, rather than dismembering human animals and burying them in tombs. The so-called "ancestral temple", this word "ancestral" is very important, but it is often ignored by scholars. Ancestral hall, the name of ancestral hall. "Shiji Chen Shijia": "It is also in the Cong Ancestral Hall next to Wu Guangzhi's second place", and "Suoyin" lures the "Warring States Policy" cloud: "Cong Temple, God Temple." Bushes, trees also. "A shrine is a temple dedicated to the ancestors. The so-called ancestral hall in the Han Dynasty was the ancestral temple of the pre-Qin dynasty, that is, the so-called temple. The "ancestral hall" mentioned in the "Later Hanshu Ba County Nanjun Barbarian Biography" is the noun used as a verb, that is, to perform sacrifices in the temple (ancestral hall). Obviously, this method of sacrifice by the descendants of the emperor has nothing to do with the burial custom of Lijiaba tomb in which human animals are dismembered and buried in the tomb. Moreover, the "Later Hanshu Ba County Nanjun Barbarian Biography" records that the descendants of the emperors sacrificed their ancestors to their ancestors with human blood, rather than dismembering human animals and burying them in the tombs of these descendants. It can be seen that whether from the perspective of the sacrificial environment, the method of sacrifice or the object of sacrifice, the tomb of Lijiaba has nothing to do with the emperor and his descendants.
Fig. 3 Tiger-patterned bronze Ge was unearthed from the Lijiaba tomb in Yunyang, Chongqing
Repeatedly, the black lines or bas-relief tiger patterns engraved on the bronze weapons from the Lijiaba tomb (Fig. 3) cannot be used as evidence that the owner or tomb owner is a descendant of the emperor. On the Shu-style bronze weapons of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty found in the Chengdu Plain, various tiger patterns are also cast. Moreover, tigers made of gold and bronze were unearthed in the Sanxingdui sacrificial pit in ancient Shu as early as the Shang Dynasty, and a large number of stone tigers were also unearthed at the Jinsha site in Chengdu, and these tigers made of gold, bronze and stone have nothing to do with the emperor. The tiger is a fierce beast in nature, and it is feared and appreciated by people for its characteristics such as its might and bravery. People use various materials to make tiger shapes and tiger patterns, especially the tiger patterns on weapons, in order to use the power of the tiger to enhance their strength, which is the product of ancient sympathetic witchcraft. This psychological quality and behavior mode is not exclusive to a certain ethnic group, it is the commonality of the ancient culture of many regions, the name of "tiger side" has been seen in Yin Bu's speech, the bronze inscription "Zhongzheng" of King Zhou Cheng mentions "Only the king ordered Nangong Lack (fell) to oppose the year of tiger fang", "Mencius Knee Wen Gongxia" Yun: "King Wu of Zhou, curse and fell, three years to beg his king, drive Fei Lian to the sea and kill him, destroy the country fifty, drive tigers, leopards, rhinos, elephants and far away, the world is happy", in spring and autumn there is "Yihu" between Jianghuai, It is not surprising that tiger worship was widespread in the ancient Yangtze River basin. Most importantly, the area of present-day Yunyang has been one of the main areas of activity of the Banzheng Man, which is famous for shooting white tigers, known as "White Tiger Fuyi".[12] The various forms of tiger patterns engraved on the bronze weapons of Lijiaba should be directly related to this, and although the descendants of the emperor "drink human blood with tigers, they do not use tigers or white tigers as their titles".
Thirdly, in the "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi", which specializes in describing the historical events of the Baguo, there is no mention of the story of the Dijun, indicating that the "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi" does not place the Dijun ethnic group and its historical events in the Qingjiang River Valley within the present-day Yudong Badi, and the "Later Hanshu Bajun Nanjun Barbarian Biography" recorded that the Dijun from Wuluo Zhongli left the mountain does not have anything to do with Ba County. Wuluo Zhongli Mountain, "Water Classic, Yishui Note" is called the mountain, in present-day Changyang, Hubei. According to the "Nanjun" article in the "Continuation of the Hanshu Junguozhi V": "The mountain belonged to Wuling. The same book "Wuling Commandery" article: "Wuling Commandery, placed by King Zhao of Qin, named Qianzhong Commandery, was renamed by Emperor Gao in five years." According to the "Ten Daozhi" quoted in volume 171 of the "Taiping Yuyan": "Qingjiang County in Shizhou, the domain of Jingzhou, the state of Ba in Spring and Autumn, the land of Chuwu County during the Seven Kingdoms, the land of Chu Wu during the reign of King Zhao of Qin, the county of Qianzhong, and the land of Wu belonged to Yan." "It can be seen from this that the residence of the Dijun ethnic group, Sheshan, belonged to Chuwu County during the Warring States period, and later belonged to Qianzhong County of Qin, and was renamed Wuling County in the early Han Dynasty, and Sheshan was changed from Wuling County of Han to Nan County. Since the "Later Hanshu Ba County South County Barbarian Biography" is a combination of the southern jun and the Ba Jun banjun biography to describe it, and at the beginning of the chapter, the whole text is called "Ba County South County Barbarian", so it is easy to create the illusion that the Di Jun is the South County Barbarian of Ba County. It can be seen that the Dijun ethnic group is not an ethnic group in Hanzhiba County, but an ethnic group in Nanjun. Therefore, it makes perfect that "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi" does not narrate the story of the emperor, and Yunyang County, located in the main stream of the Yangtze River in present-day Yudong, belonged to the Qunin County of Ba County during the Qin and Han dynasties, and had nothing to do with Nan County. This shows that the ethnic group buried in Yunyang Lijiaba should belong to Hanzhiba Junman, which is different from Nanjunman. It can be seen that the Lijiaba tomb is not a cultural relic of the descendants of the emperor.
Finally, the so-called totem means that there is a certain birth relationship between the population and the organic or inorganic matter in nature, to be precise, a certain group takes some organic or inorganic matter as the source of its own group. For example, the eagle clan of Iroquois used the eagle as a totem, that is, the eagle clan is the descendant of the eagle, so as to distinguish the blood relationship between the clans. However, the legend of the Di Jun is completely different from this, not that the Di Jun is derived from the white tiger, but that the Di Jun turned into a white tiger after his death. Obviously, this legend is not a legend about the totem at all, it is the opposite of the totem, not that man comes from animals, but that animals come from people. It can be seen that using a totem to explain the martyrdom of Lijiaba tomb is far-fetched and difficult to believe.
As for the settlement site of which ethnic group Lijiaba is, it can be said with certainty that it is the settlement site of Banzheng Barbaran among the eight ethnic groups in Badi. "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi" under "Shu Nin County" recorded: "The surname Fu, Xian, and Xu are famous in Jingzhou, and there are 'bow head white tiger restored' in "Chu Ji". "Qinhanba County's Shu Ninja County, which is now Yunyang County, Chongqing. The surnames of Fu, Xian, and Xu in Shun County are all Banzheng Man, that is, the so-called "White Tiger Fuyi". According to the "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi", when King Qin Zhao was killed, because of the merit of shooting the white tiger, King Zhao "carved stones as an alliance, and wanted to restore the land of the people without rent, and ten wives were not counted." At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Banzheng Barbarian was credited with Qin from Gaozu in the Chu-Han dispute, "Gaozu was restored, and he specialized in shooting white tigers, and the household paid forty years of money, so the name 'White Tiger Fuyi', a Banzheng barbarian, now the so-called 'bow-headed tiger son'." "It can be seen that from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Han Dynasty, present-day Yunyang County has always been the activity territory of Banzheng Man. In that case, how is the Yunyang Lijiaba site not a cultural relic of Banzheng Man?
Based on the above analysis, the nature of the Lijiaba site can be summarized as follows:
First, judging from the large number of bronze weapons unearthed from the Lijiaba tomb, this settlement shows a significant military nature. In ancient times, soldiers were also farmers, and soldiers were in agriculture. It can be seen that the Lijiaba site was a local ethnic settlement under the rule of the Baguo during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and this ethnic group was still in the development stage of the chiefdom system linked by blood relations.
Second, most of the bronze weapons unearthed in Lijiaba are similar to Shu-style weapons, but they do not have their own development and evolution sequence, indicating that its bronze civilization or its upper source has a relatively deep relationship with the Shu culture in the western Sichuan Plain.
Third, the bronzes of the main stream of the Yangtze River in Yudong, represented by Lijiaba bronzes, are mostly similar to Shu-style bronzes, which are related to two factors, first of all, derived from the adjacent Ba and Shu regions in the Shang and Zhou and Spring and Autumn periods. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the northern territory of Shu was in the central and western parts of Han, while the state of Ba was located in the eastern part of central Han, and the two places had been adjacent for a long time, and there must be exchanges and interactions and influences in culture, so they were similar in many cultural factors. Secondly, although the area east of the Jialing River in eastern Sichuan and the main stream of the Yangtze River in eastern Yudong are Badi, they have long belonged to the political sphere of influence of the Shu State before the entry of the State of Bazhou in the late Spring and Autumn and the beginning of the Warring States period. As the late Spring and Autumn Warring States period moved the Badi state from Hanzhong to the main stream of the Yangtze River and entered western Hubei and Yudong, becoming the ruler of this region, the eight ethnic groups of Badi became the rulers of the Badi, and the Lijiaba ethnic group was one such ethnic group. At the same time, due to the introduction of a mature bronze culture brought by the entry of Baguo, the bronzes made in this region will naturally have more characteristics of the Shu culture style, and a large number of bronzes of this style have spread to the areas where they have traveled and political forces, and Lijiaba bronzes are one of them. Another possibility is that after Baguo entered the Sichuan Gorge area, because it did not have enough ability to make bronzes for the various ethnic groups in Badi, it hired itinerant craftsmen of the Shu people, the so-called "casters" popular in the Warring States Period, to Badi to make bronzes, so the bronzes of Badi in this period were very close to Shu-style bronzes. Of course, this possibility needs to be confirmed by corresponding materials.
Fourth, the area around Lijiaba during the Warring States period was neither the central settlement of the Ji surnamed Ba royal family or the Ba royal family, nor the settlement of the Di Jun Barbarian, but the activity area of the Banzheng Barbarian.
Fifth, Lijiaba bronzes, especially bronze weapons, are very representative in the main stream of the Yangtze River in eastern Yudong, which reflects the rise of bronze civilization in this region in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which coincides with frequent and fierce wars. The Chu cultural factors that appear in large numbers in the tombs of the second phase of Lijiaba clearly reflect the background of the era of "Bachu number attack" mentioned in "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi" and "Water Jing Jiangshui Note".
Four
The relationship between the main stream of the Yangtze River in eastern Yudong and the bronze culture in the canal basin of eastern Sichuan
In 1999 and 2003, the Sichuan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and other units excavated the Luojiaba site in Xuanhan County, Sichuan Province, and obtained a large number of important materials, which initially revealed the basic situation of the bronze culture in the Qujiang River Basin.
The ruins of Luojiaba are located about 45 kilometers north of the county seat of Xuanhan, about 340 meters above sea level. The site is located on a first-class platform similar to the peninsula, surrounded by rivers on three sides. The strata of the Luojiaba site can be divided into 11 layers, according to the strata superposition relationship and the shape of the excavated artifacts, the excavators divided the Luojiaba site into early, middle and late three phases, of which the 9th~11th layer is the late Neolithic period. The excavated pottery pieces are mainly fine sand red-brown pottery, followed by fine sand gray pottery, black pottery and red pottery. The patterns are decorated with rope patterns, grid patterns, additional stacking patterns, stamp patterns, grate dot patterns, xuan patterns, basket patterns, etc. The shape of the vessel has lace mouth along the can, folding along the can, flared mouth jar, etc. From the comparative analysis of pottery shape and ornamentation, Luojiaba pottery is similar to the pottery excavated from Neolithic sites in northeast Sichuan, among which the flared mouth along the jar and the folding jar are similar to the pottery of the Tongjiang Leiguzhai site and the Bazhong Moon Rock site, and also have a relatively close relationship with the first phase of Chongqing Zhongxian Sengtangzui and the lower level of Fengjie Laoguan Temple in the Xia River Basin, and at the same time have a certain relationship with the culture of Lijiacun in Xixiang, Shaanxi, the site of Chenggu Dan Jia Tsui, etc., and are relatively close in connotation.
Figure 4 Bronze weapons unearthed from the Luojiaba tomb in Xuanhan, Sichuan
The Qujiang River is a tributary of the Jialing River, and in the pre-Qin period, the west of the Jialing River was mainly Shudi, and most of the east of the Jialing River was Badi. The Zhonghe and Hou Rivers, where the Luojiaba site is located, join the Zhou River in the north of Xuanhan, and the Zhou River merges with the Ba River in Beixiaoqiao Town, Qu County, to form the Qu River, which is a tributary of the Qu River. The pottery unearthed in Luojiaba is similar to similar pottery from sites such as Tongjiang Leiguzhai and Bazhong Moon Rock located in the north of the Qujiang River system, and the pottery unearthed at these three sites is very close to the pottery produced in Hanzhong located to the north. According to the Book of Han Geography, the eastern part of the Han Dynasty was Badi in the historical period. It can be seen that from Hanzhong to the east of the Jialing River and the Qujiang River basin, the prehistoric period should also be Badi. Luojiaba pottery is related to pottery produced in the Xia River basin, and has a certain relationship with the Shangzhou site of Gubaoshan in Shaanxi Province [21] in a slightly later era, and the Baoshan site is closely related to the site of Yichang Lujiahe in Hubei. It can be seen that the distribution of similar pottery in the east of the Jialing River and the Qujiang River basin is generally developing in a north-south direction, and they should be related to the migration and cultural flow of the Badi ancestors. From the perspective of pre-Qin history, the upper reaches and east of the Jialing River, including the Qujiang River Basin, may be the concentrated distribution area of the prehistoric Badi ancestor culture, and then gradually spread to the north and south, and the main direction of the flow was south. In archaeology, it is possible that the trumpet mouth along the jar and the folding along the tank are gradually distributed from the eastern part of Hanzhong to the south to the upper reaches of the Jialing River and the Qujiang River basin, indicating that the culture of the Badi ancestors is generally diachronic and continuous. This distribution may reflect the cultural origin and trend of this ancestor who lived in Badi from prehistory to history.
The middle period of the Luojiaba site is represented by the 4th~8th and more than 30 tombs, which belong to the middle and late Warring States period. The bronzes unearthed are mainly weapons, mainly including cymbals, swords, spears, chips, scythes, etc. (Fig. 4), daily use has gong, kettle, kiln, etc. (Fig. 5), and production tools mainly include saws, chisels, etc. The bronze weapons produced are all common tools in eastern Sichuan and Yudong during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and the Bashu symbol on the bronze spear is also common in the Ba-style weapons unearthed in eastern Sichuan and Yudong, and the bronze gong and kettle are also common Ba-style artifacts. According to the literature, the Qujiang River basin where the Luojiaba site is located is the central area of the distribution of Banzheng in the pre-Qin period. It can be seen that the Luojiaba site should be a cultural relic of Banzhengman. The continuous development and evolution of the culture of each period of the Luojiaba site reflects the origin and formation process of civilization in the Banzhengman and Jialing and Qujiang basins from the perspective of material culture.
Five
From Yudong to Chuandong - the westward migration of the bronze culture of the Baguo during the Warring States period
From the perspective of relics and relics, although the cultural appearance of the Luojiaba site in Xuanhan in Sichuan has certain commonalities with the Xiaotianxi tomb in Fuling, Chongqing, there are obvious differences. Their similarity in cultural subjects indicates that they all belong to the category of ancient Ba culture, and the differences between them mean that they belong to different branches of ancient Ba culture. There are more commonalities between the artifacts excavated from the Luojiaba tomb in Xuanhan, Sichuan and the artifacts from the Lijiaba Warring States Tomb in Yunyang, Chongqing, and other cultural relics also show more commonality between the two, and both have more differences with the Xiaotianxi tomb in Fuling (Figure 6). Comparing this similarity and difference relationship with the relevant records in ancient documents, we can see the reasons for the formation of this similarity and difference relationship.
Fig. 6 Bronze artifacts unearthed from Tomb No. 9 Xiaotianxi, Fuling, Chongqing
From the northeast Sichuan region, Jialing River, Qujiang River basin and Yudong Yangtze River main stream bronze culture belong to the same culture, that is, Banzheng barbarian culture this phenomenon analysis, in the pre-Qin period, from the western edge of Dabashan to the south to the main stream of the Yangtze River, and then along the main stream of the Yangtze River to the east to the west of the entrance of the Three Gorges, that is, from the Jialing River basin in northeast Sichuan to the main stream of the Yangtze River in eastern Yudong, the two banks of the river, mainly the distribution area of Banzhengman. Before the Warring States, Banzheng Barbarian has been active, living and multiplying in this area for a long time, but has not yet entered the Bronze Age, and by the end of spring and autumn and the beginning of the Warring States period, the sudden rise of mature bronze culture in this area will naturally not be created on the basis of the local indigenous people, that is, the Banzheng Barbarian culture itself, but the result of the migration of the bronze culture of Baguo.
Bronzes from the State of Pakistan during the Warring States period have been found in many locations in the main stream of the Yangtze River in eastern Yudong and the Jialing River basin in eastern Sichuan, such as Yunyang Lijiaba in the main stream area of the Yangtze River in eastern Yudong, Wanzhou Zhongba Dam, Xiaotianxi in Fuling, and Luojiaba in Xuanhan in the Jialing River basin. Among them, the first phase of Lijiaba tomb bronzes is the earliest, which is the earliest and most densely distributed bronze group at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Warring States and the early Warring States period, and is the earliest and most densely distributed bronze group in the eastern Sichuan Basin and the main stream of the Yangtze River in eastern Yudong; The second phase of Lijiaba is the middle Warring States period, and Xiaotianxi and Luojiaba are the middle to late Warring States period. From the east of the Jialing River to the main stream of the Yangtze River in eastern Yudong, the distribution of bronzes and their chronological relationship show that bronzes in this area developed from the first phase of Lijiaba to the west of the river. The distribution of Badi bronze culture in the Warring States period coincides with the era and route of Badi from the Three Gorges to the west of the Yangtze River to Sichuan and Chongqing.
After the Baguo entered the eastern part of Yudong Chuan, although it faced the attack of the Shu State in the west, the biggest threat still came from the westward advance of the Chu State army along the river, "Bachu and Chu attacked each other", so the armed forces of the Baguo State were mainly deployed in the main stream of the Yangtze River in Yudong. Therefore, most of the Baguo bronzes found in archaeology are concentrated in this area, while Pakistani bronzes are rarely found in the Yuxi to eastern Sichuan region. By the middle of the Warring States period, in order to resist the Qin state in the west, the state of Chu struggled to the west to seize a large area of Yudongbadi. The 19 typical Chu state tombs in the Yajiao cemetery in Zhongxian County in the middle of the Warring States period indicate that it was already the territory of the Chu state, and at this time, the second phase cemetery of Yunyang Lijiaba located in the lower reaches of Zhongxian had a large number of Chu cultural factors, which was manifested in the coexistence of Ba culture and Chu culture, which should actually be the Ba culture within the territory of the Chu state, because Yunyang had become a Chu land at this time. During this period, the development direction of Baguo bronzes shifted to the west, mainly concentrated in Fuling near Jiangzhou, and the Jialing River and Qujiang River basins in the eastern Sichuan region west of Jiangzhou, Xuanhan Luojiaba bronzes should be related to this situation, while the 1950s excavated Dongsunba Dam in Baxian County, Sichuan and the Baolunyuan Baolunyuan at the end of the Warring States period of the Baolunyuan and a large number of bronzes are related to its "vigorous pawns" after the destruction of Baguo. From the phenomenon that the bronzes of the Baguo State turned north along the west of the river and then into the Jialing River, it is not difficult to see that the Pakistani army was forced by the Chu State to gradually shrink from the main stream of the Yangtze River in eastern Yudong to the Fuling River near Jiangzhou and the Jialing River and Qujiang River basins in eastern Sichuan. This change in the distribution of Pakistani bronzes is completely consistent with the five capital relocations recorded in historical documents in the main stream of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River basin. It can also be seen from this that the records of the history of Pakistan in documents such as the "Huayang Guozhi" do have considerable basis.
Source: Archaeology and Antiquities, Issue 5, 2011
Author: Duan Yu (Bashu Cultural Research Center, Sichuan Normal University)