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Text/Yu Daojin
【About the Author】Yu Daojin, pen name Yu Zhe, independent writer, member of Henan Reportage Literature Society, writer on the list of Xinhua nets, vice president of Xinyang Miscellaneous Literature Association, vice chairman of Xunhe District Writers Association. In the 1980s, he began to publish novels, essays, reviews and other literary works and county economic papers, and the essays "The Old Man and the Lotus" and "Changhuai Spring Color Show" were included in a variety of famous works and reading materials for middle school students; he is currently mainly engaged in literature, essay reviews, and financial review writing.
Original title "A bundle of firewood as a dragon chair, Chu King Xiong Heng Xin Yang Tu Qiang"
In 279 BC, the State of Qin launched an all-out attack on Chu, which completely eliminated the State of Chu from the ranks of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States. At that time, the Chu army was four times larger than the enemy, still at home, fighting on the mainland, but it was defeated by the Qin army. This is the famous Battle of Qinchu Yanyin in the Warring States period. At the end of the war, the Chu state lost its capital and a large area of land, and Xiong Heng, the king of Xiang of Chu, took the remnants of the army and defeated generals, civil and military officials, imperial relatives and nobles to hide in Chengyang City north of Xinyang.
Speaking of this battle of Qin-Chu-Yan, the initial fuse was triggered by the momentary anger of King Xiang of Chu.
King Xiang of Chu, son of King Huai of Chu, surnamed Qi, Xiong, and given name Heng. Later generations mostly commented negatively on King Xiong of Chu, but in fact, they were not objective enough. Of course, the Chu state lost half of the country in this battle, and Xiong Heng, as the king of the chu dynasty, was directly responsible, which was the inevitable result of his enthusiasm for poetry and song, traveling and hunting, fainting and extravagant, and neglecting the state administration. The State of Chu was faced with the crisis of the "three difficulties" and "five troubles" of the annexation of the State of Qin, and not only did Qu Yuan, the Grand Master of the Three Lus, and Zhuang Xin, the minister of the Three Kingdoms, directly advise him in person, but even the twelve-year-old maiden Zhuang Nephew also stopped the car and advised him; but it was also an indisputable fact that the State of Chu was already in decline when Xiong Heng succeeded him.
From the background of the Battle of Qin and Chu, it can also be seen that king Xiong of Chu was indecisive in his encounters, and as the king of a country, he lacked the ability to control the overall situation, let alone political strategy.
(Mo Shuo's daughter in the Battle of Qin Chuyan)
Xiong Heng's personality has a lot to do with the fact that he was sent as a hostage twice when he was a prince. The first time he was sent to the Qin state as a hostage. During this period, Xiong Heng had a private fight with a minister of the State of Qin, and the crown prince Xiong Heng disregarded the overall situation of The Qin Dynasty, and showed a momentary anger, killed the Minister of the State of Qin, and fled back to the State of Chu. In this catastrophe, Prince Xiong was terrified, and he was afraid that the Qin state would pursue and kill him, and he was also afraid that his father and king would ask him for guilt. Sure enough, the Qin army suppressed the situation and came to ask questions. King Zhao of Qin abducted King Huai of Chu to Xianyang in the name of Wuguan Huimeng, and threatened the State of Chu not to kill Crown Prince Xiongheng, and then ceded the counties of Wu and Qianzhong. King Huai of Chu was furious and refused, and eventually died in the State of Qin.
The second time, Crown Prince Xiong Heng was sent to the State of Qi as a hostage. After King Huai of Chu was kidnapped by the State of Qin, the imperial ministers of the State of Chu weighed the pros and cons and wanted to establish Xiong Heng as king. Xiong Heng's life and death were all in the hands of King Qi. King Qi and the ministers of state argued for many days, hesitating between killing and not killing. These days have made the prince Xiong Heng, who is in qi, suffer from life and death, and his body and mind have once again suffered serious fright. Fortunately, in the end, King Qi Huan adopted the plan of the Minister of State and released Xiong Heng back, which led to the crown prince Xiong Heng ascending the throne as King Xiang of Chu.
The two hostage days of losing his freedom made Xiong unforgettable, but also made him physically and mentally exhausted. After the twenty-one-year-old Xiong Heng became the king of Chu, he indulged in beautiful women's delicacies, coveted comfort and ease, and got by; most of the time he frolicked with concubines in the harem, and even wanted to have sex with the goddesses; to do a little serious work, that is, to talk to Song Yu, Tang Le, Jing Cha, etc., or to go out hunting. If there is little reasoning, it will handle things carelessly, plot things poorly, reuse Zilan to alienate Qu Yuan, and lose the hearts of the people. In just a few years, it has successively lost the territories of Jieyi, Wan, Deng, Shangyong, and Northern Han; however, there are also Xingwen and xiuchu in the western half of the Great Wall, and a series of political achievements in Huaibei have been achieved by joining forces with Qin, Sanjin, and Yan. It is particularly worth mentioning that xiong heng, the king of Xiang of Chu, decided at this time to abandon the original strategy of jointly attacking Qi with Qin and others, and instead sent the general Huan Ya to lead the troops to rescue Qi, although it was destroyed by Huan Ya and delayed, but the strategy of staying in Qi marked the gradual maturity of Xiong Heng's strategic thinking.
Chu Xiang King Xiong Heng likes to hunt, I heard that there is a hunter who is accustomed to using a small bow and arrow to hunt the Northern Gui Hongyan, in the spring of 281 BC, Xiong Heng called him, originally wanted to study the hunting skills with him, but the hunter used the crossbow and thin arrows to shoot geese as a metaphor to encourage the King of Chu to take revenge and resist Qin.
The hunter said, "Our ancestor king was deceived by the Qin people into dying elsewhere, and there is no greater grudge than this." Nowadays, an ordinary person has a grudge and can still take revenge on the kings of a great power, such as Bai Gong (Bai Qi) and Wu Zixu. Now that the chu kingdom has a land area of five thousand miles and has a million male masters, it could have galloped through the wilderness of thousands of miles, but it is sitting in trouble, and I privately think that the great king should not be like this!" Xiong Heng was deeply stimulated by this, and his blood rushed to his mind, that is, he sent emissaries to the Princely States of Qi, Korea and other princely states to plan a joint alliance to attack the Qin State, and wanted to take the opportunity to annex the Zhou Dynasty royal family. When King Zhao of Zhou learned of the news, he immediately sent his chancellor Wu Gong (武公) to send an envoy to the State of Chu to take advantage of the State of Chu and advise the State of Chu to strike a truce. The State of Chu heeded the advice of Duke Wu and abandoned the original plan to attack Qin and destroy Zhou. Whether from the overall situation of the Warring States or from the comparison of the national strengths and military strengths of Qin and Chu, this is undoubtedly the correct decision.
The problem lies in the fact that Xiong Heng, the king of Xiang of Chu, lacked the sense of prevention that he should have, and after the strategic intentions were disclosed and he abandoned the plan to attack Qin and destroy the Zhou, first, it was time to play with it, and when the Qin army was pressing the border, Xiong Heng still took his favored ministers out on a safari and ignored state affairs; second, he continued to send the general Zhuang Jiao out of his division to attack the Yelang state and open up the territory to the southwest to plunder the territory. After hearing the news that the State of Chu had jointly attacked Qin and destroyed Zhou, it also found out that the Strength of the State of Chu was empty, and decided to attack first, and in the twenty-seventh year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin (281 BC), the King of Qin sent the general Sima Mistaken to attack Chu, and the Chu army was defeated, ceding a large area of land north of Shangyong and the Han River to make peace with the State of Qin. However, the chu state believed too much in the "wolf of the north", and did not expect that the qin state was not satisfied with this, but launched the battle of YanYin with a single blow.
The Qin army was divided into two routes, one was to march east to Wu County and Jiangnan in the Chu State after da liangzao and the famous general Bai Qi led the army to capture the city of Deng in Chu, and the other route was to march east to Wu County and Jiangnan in the Chu state. Bai Qi drove straight into Yancheng, built an embankment to store water at a hundred miles west of Yancheng, and built a long canal to reach Yancheng, and then opened a canal to irrigate the city, and the water entered the city as an abyss, and the northeast corner of Yancheng was soaked and collapsed by the river, and the soldiers and civilians in the city were drowned by hundreds of thousands, and its tragic situation made the soldiers and civilians of the Chu state feel frightened. The Chu army collapsed and could no longer fight. Zhang Ruo led an army of land and water to attack Xiling (西陵, in present-day Western Yichang), choking the Yangtze River, and cutting off the connection between Ying and Wu Commandery (present-day eastern Sichuan and western Hubei) and Zhiwu (present-day northern Wushan County) in the west. The following year, the Qin army took advantage of the victory to march, and the main force of the Qin army led by Bai Qi went down the river to the east, burned the tomb of its ancestors, Yiling, and then captured the capital of the Chu state of Ying (present-day northwest of Jingzhou), the king of Chu and the royal nobles fled into the wilderness, breaking through to the northeast, and Qin chased Bai Qi to Jingling (present-day northwest of qianjiang) before stopping.
At this time, the Chu Xiang King Xiong's intestines were all remorseful. On the way to escape, he began to reflect on his own mistakes. The minister Zhuang Xin's words were still in his ears: "The king has a marquis on the left and a xiahou on the right, and there are Yan Lingjun and Shou Lingjun behind the car, blindly living an unbridled life and ignoring state affairs, which will make Yingdu very dangerous." King Xiang of Chu said, "Is sir old and confused?" Or do you think that the Chu state will encounter ominousness? Zhuang Xin said: "What the minister sees is the inevitable consequence of the matter, and the minister does not dare to think that the country has encountered ominousness." If the king had always favored these four people and not restrained them slightly, then the Chu state would surely perish because of this. Ask the king to allow his subjects to take refuge in the Zhao kingdom, where they will come to observe the changes in the chu state. ”
King Xiang of Chu was very dismissive of Zhuang Xin's direct advice at that time and went with him. At this moment, looking at the Chu people fleeing all over the place, Xiong Heng was already beyond remorse. On the way to escape, the news came that Qu Yuan had committed suicide by throwing himself into the river. At the beginning of Xiong Heng's succession, he had already let Qu Yuan return to the dynasty to participate in the state. Qu Yuan and a group of upright and loyal ministers were very indignant about the fact that King Xiang and Zilan had originally instigated King Huai to go to Qin and caused King Huai to die in Qin, causing the State of Chu to suffer great shame and humiliation, and was quite resentful of King Xiang and Zilan. "Zi Lan was furious when he heard this, and the shangguan dafu was short-lived in the Xiang King, and the Xiang King moved away in anger", and exiled Qu Yuan to a more remote wilderness again. At this moment, King Xiang of Chu sighed: Doctor Qu Ping did not want me to go away, regret is too late! After a long time, he asked the Minister of State Zhaozi and Ling Yilan: What do You and others feel? The two looked at each other with shame and speechless. Zilan sat on the cold bench from then on, and Xiong Heng gradually woke up.
Seriously speaking, in fact, when it comes to extravagance and fainting, King Xiong heng of Chu Ishi Xiang is far inferior to his ancestors, let alone his father, and what King Chu Huai left him is a mess. He was not the first, nor the only one, who had lost the capital. Why did future generations have a lot of bad comments about Xiong Heng? A big reason is that he listened to rumors and exiled Qu Yuan, and eventually Qu Yuan committed suicide by throwing himself into the river because he lost Duying. Later generations of people think of Qu Yuan, and when they read Qu Yuan's words, they will scold Xiong Heng bitterly. The abuser will certainly not put the scolded good. History tells us that if you offend anyone, don't offend the literati!
Surrounded by the defeated remnants of the army, Xiong Heng and his party fled in a panic, and unconsciously came to the southern foothills of Dabie Mountain. In desperation, fortunately, the Chu army stationed at the three passes of The Fortress (Wusheng Pass, Jiuli Pass, and Pingjing Pass) came to meet him; therefore, xiong Heng, the king of Chu, with the assistance of Zhaozi, the minister of state, decided to cross the Dabie Mountains and temporarily run to Chengyang.
Yangcheng, a city twenty-five miles north of Xinyang City, was originally built after king Keshen of Chuwu set up a county (earlier than the County system of the Qin Dynasty), and was the city of Tunbing of the State of Chu; after King Wen of Chu annexed the small states around the State of Shen, especially after the destruction of the State of Cai, a large number of Cai people poured in, and the State of Chu planned to expand the city on the basis of the City of Tunbing, stationed heavy troops, named it Negative Letter, and carried the three defensive lines of the Huai River and the Three Passes of The Qi, becoming a military fortress for the State of Chu to march into the Central Plains.
"Negative" has the meaning of carrying and holding, "letter" has the meaning of tolerance and acceptance, and the Chu people named the newly built city outline "negative letter", taking the meaning of "carrying the rivers and mountains, covering the Central Plains", and has the strategic intention of "seeking the north", which is listed as an important part of the strategic layout of the Chu State to "win the Central Plains". This city is located on the north bank of Huaishui, low in the east and north, with vast plains; high in the west and south, carrying the three passes of Huaishui and Weese (Wusheng Pass, Jiuli Pass, and Pingjing Pass), which can attack the Central Plains and retreat to defend the three passes, and its military status is extremely remarkable.
In 506 BC, King Lu of Wu, Together with Wu Zixu and Sun Wu, led all the forces of the State of Wu to attack the State of Chu together with the State of Tang and the State of Cai, the wounded King of Chu Zhao fled to suiguo, and the Wu army surrounded the capital of Suiguo and forced Suihou to hand over King Chuzhao. At this moment, shen baoxu, the grand master of the Chu state, cried that the reinforcements from Qin to save Chu arrived, and King Wu had to retreat. King Zhao of Chu came out of Suiguo and went to Negative Letter for a short recuperation. In short, after the chu zhao king Ying Du was restored to the throne, he sent Ye GongZhuliang to co-chair with the defenders Zuo Sima Xu and Shen GongShouyu to carry out large-scale reinforcement and construction of the city, making it a political and military town in Northern Huaibei. In 491 BC, King Zhao of Chu led a large army to cut down Wu from the city of Negative Letters.
The distraught nobles of the Chu royal family settled down in Chengyang. Xiong Heng, the king of Xiang of Chu, changed his lazy style and summoned civil and military officials to deliberate. Zhao Zi said to him: In the past, the ancestors of the Blue Silk Road were still able to open up the Jingchu River and Mountains; I still have half of the rivers and mountains, and if the monarchs and subjects are single-minded, the Jedi will fight back and recover the lost land. Xiong Heng then declared Chengyang the temporary capital of the revived Chu state, and posterity therefore also called Chengyang Chengyin. Someone in the hall immediately participated in the construction of the construction of the royal palace, and was reprimanded by the King of Xiang. Is it strong or not? The Qin army only took it in three days. Only when the people's hearts are solid can the country be indestructible. King Xiang said: Wen did not have Qu Ping and Zhuang Xin, and Wu did not have Zuo Sima And Zhuang, so how can we save the country! Many ministers suggested that King Xiang of Xiang welcome back Zhuang Xin to assist him. Therefore, king Xiang sent a knight, with his handwritten letter, to the Zhao kingdom to welcome back Zhuang Xin.
This time, King Xiong of Chu lowered his body, Corporal LiXian, and personally went outside Chengyang City to greet Zhuang Xin. As soon as the master and servant met, Xiong Heng said humbly, "A widow can't use mr. Words, so why bother with this matter?" Zhuang Xin saw that Xiong Heng was so sincere, and said to Him: "The minister hears the contemptuous words: See the rabbit and take care of the dog, not for the late, the dead sheep and make up for the prison, not for the late." Zhuang Xin carefully analyzed the situation in various countries, and then told King Xiang of Chu that although the State of Qin had occupied the capital of the State of Chu, the State of Chu still had land spanning hundreds of miles, and as long as it was cheered up and corrected the wrong practices of the past, the State of Qin would not be able to destroy the State of Chu. Xiong Heng then ordered the Chu army stationed at the three passes of WushengGuan (WushengGuan, Jiuliguan, and Pingjingguan) to reflexively defend the north and the south and guard Chengyang, allowing the Chu royal family to be in a quiet corner of Chengyang.
King Xiang of Chu was determined to cheer up, and he reformed his ways, reusing people who were upright and good at planning, and using Chengyang as a base for the revival of the Chu state to recover the lost land. First of all, with Shen Shizhi's division as the main force, and successively mobilized the existing troops in the east and the troops of the vassal states to gather in Chengyang, at the same time, the young and strong men among the fleeing Chu people, counting more than 100,000, stepped up the reorganization training at Paomaling. Secondly, He made Zhuang Xin the Prince of Yangling, conferred on him a large area of land in Northern Huaibei in recognition of his direct advice and merits in saving Chu. Third, send someone to welcome Zhuang Yi's daughter Zhuang and her nephew as Lady Xiang.
King Xiang of Chu was in Chengyang, rebelling against sexual pleasure and diligent administration, and it is said that Xiong Heng established the precept of the Chu state not to be happy and not to eat meat at that time. He also wanted to learn from Yue Wang's practice of lying down to taste the guts, and then under the persuasion of the ministers, he moved the dragon chair and changed it to a salary. Out of kindness, XiangGong sent a bundle of soft grass wrapped in silk cloth, which was sternly dismissed by Xiong Heng. He personally arranged for people to cut down a bundle of branches, and sat on it every day to work, always reminding himself to bear the burden of humiliation, Zhongxing Chuguo. Xiong Heng worked for half a day every day, and sat on the Running Horse Ridge for half a day to watch the training situation and encourage the soldiers participating in the training.
In the following year, that is, in 277 BC, the newly formed Chu army first tried its way and regained the lost land of Wu County and Qianzhong County in the first battle. The State of Qin had no choice but to send Shu Shou Zhang Ruo to "cut down Chu and take Wu County and Jiangnan as Qianzhong County" (Shi Ji Qin Benji). The "History of the Chu Shijia" also records: "Qin Fu plucked me Wu and Qianzhong County". Although Wu County and Qianzhong County were gained and lost, the initial victory still broke the myth of the invincibility of the Qin army and reversed the decadent morale of the Chu army after the Battle of Yanying.
In 276 BC (the twenty-third year of King Xiang of Chu), Xiong Heng took advantage of the Opportunity of the Qin general Bai Qi to attack Wei and once again organized a counterattack by the Chu army. In this counter-offensive, Xiong Heng, the king of Chu Xiang, made full preparations and held a very powerful oath-taking meeting. Before the operation, he sent people to Dianchi to contact General Zhuang Ji, asking him to launch an attack on Qin from the south and respond to the Chu army, forming a situation of attack between the north and the south. The Chu army was victorious and once again recaptured Wu County and Qianzhong County. Soon, seizing the opportunity of qin's main force moving north to attack the Three Jins, the 100,000 Chu army attacked again, recapturing in one fell swoop the fifteen yi (eastern Hubei and northern Gan) swept by the Qin state in the Battle of Yanying, setting up counties and counties to resist the Qin state.
For about three years, King Xiong xiong of Chu made great efforts to govern the Chu state and save the Chu state from collapse; he sat on the salary and tried to regain a large area of lost land, and made the merits of the Chu state last for fifty-five years. Xiong Heng was in Chengyang City for three years, and there was a legacy of the former king Xiong Couple who "did not shed in three years, and the dragon will soar to the sky; three years without sound, and the sound will be amazing", which was praised by later generations.
After the situation stabilized, the Chu monarchs took into account that Chen (present-day Huaiyang) was rumored to be the "Ruins of Taihao", which had a long history; the ancestors of The King of Chuzhuang, Shi Renfu Chen, the King of Chu Mourning, and Chen, attacked Chen three times and destroyed Chen, and painstakingly managed it, and Chuhua was already deep. At the same time, Chen is located in the Central Plains, which has always been a place of contention for soldiers and families: in the northwest there are barriers between Han and Wei, and Han and Wei have feuds with Qin; in the southwest, there are military strongholds such as Chu ZhizhaoLing and Shangcai, and Rushui is circuitous, forming a natural defense line; and the countries of the Central Plains are close to each other in the north, relying on each other, so soon after recovering the fifteen yi by the river, Xiong Heng, the king of Xiang of Chu, led the minister of culture and military affairs to officially migrate north and move the capital to Chen, known in history as "Chen Yin".
King Xiang of Chu reigned for thirty-six years, with mixed reputations, and the first twenty-one years, except for resignation, were lackluster; all achievements were concentrated in the last fifteen years. And the fifteen years of achievement began with the Chengyang City of Xinyang.
At the critical juncture of life and death in the Chu Kingdom, Xiong Heng repented, sat on the city and worked hard, and eventually became one of the kings of the 800-year history of the Chu State and the achievements of the twenty-six kings. He reformed himself, and the historical achievements of PUBG influenced many kings in later generations, so they called Chengyang Zun "Chu King City".
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