About the author
Li Deyi, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, academician of the International Eurasian Academy of Sciences, honorary chairman of the Chinese Engineering Intelligence Society, researcher of the Academy of Military Sciences, doctoral supervisor of Tsinghua University; Ma Nan is a professor at Beijing University of Technology, deputy director of the Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Control of the Ministry of Education, deputy secretary-general of the Chinese Engineering Intelligence Society, and doctoral supervisor. Corresponding author: Ma Nan.
summary
Human intelligence begins with language, artificial intelligence begins with words, the greatest wisdom of mankind is the invention of education, intelligence is rooted in education, and education makes the development of human intelligence change from "present ongoing tense" to "present completion tense". The matter and energy in intelligent machines are real beings at the physical level, and structure and time are abstract thinking at the cognitive level. Structure and time parasitize on matter and energy, forming hard structures; The information in the machine is a large number of soft structures, reflecting that the spiritual world can parasitize on hard structures or other soft structures, there are virtual and real, virtual and real combinations, can be self-initiated and self-multiplexed, and always exist at least the next time cycle, so that the machine can "think" again, and its order shows the ability to maintain its own thinking and produce orderly events. The human mind and the machine mind are mathematically isomorphic, physically homologous, supported by energy, and live on negative entropy. The birth of intelligent machines impacts the all-round and all-round elements of education, from teaching "books", evolution to teaching "learning", and then further evolving to teaching "education", from how to have knowledge, evolution to how to use knowledge, and then evolution to how to create knowledge. The essence of education in the intelligent era is to cultivate the imagination and creativity of the mind, and the core of human thinking is abstraction, association and interaction, and the same is true of machines. The machine extends and expands human thinking with soft structures, and more importantly, the machine can think violently, man and machine teach each other, complement each other's advantages, and form iterative intelligence. The problem of education reform in the intelligent era has been urgently put in front of all mankind, reading changes a person, education changes all mankind, let us meet this learning revolution!
keyword
Soft Structures, Embodied Interactive Intelligence, Memory Intelligence, Brute Thinking, Iterative Intelligence
In recent years, many educators have embraced AI with great enthusiasm and discussed how AI can empower education, especially the use of machine learning results to improve teaching methods, increase learning efficiency, and reduce the burden on teachers. As a long-term worker in the field of artificial intelligence, the author wants to look at education from another angle, from the perspective of artificial intelligence, explain why and how machines can think, and how human beings promote education to keep pace with the times after having intelligent machines (people).
The greatest wisdom of mankind is the invention of education
1. Natural evolution lays the biological foundation for education
Natural evolution did not pay too much attention to human beings, so how did human beings suddenly stand in the global hegemony in such a short period of time [1]? Look at how ospreys fish, bees build nests, colonies dig burrows, spiders weave webs, tigers move and catch, chimpanzees create and use tools, and their intelligence amazees humans. Compared with other biological intelligence, the human eye can only see visible light, the human ear cannot hear ultrasound, the ability of pets to identify the owner may exceed the owner's ability to identify pets, the essence of natural evolution is the diversity of species, and the evolutionary law of survival of the fittest does not pay too much attention to humans. So, what is special about human evolution?
After millions of years, the special features of human evolution are reflected in three aspects: first, in the process of human evolution from early reptiles to upright walking ape-men, human beings have freed their hands, learned to make tools and worked, and compared with other creatures, humans have a pair of dexterous hands; Second, human vocal cord pronunciation and cochlear hearing are fine and magical, strong language ability, and can also use complex and exquisite speech to distinguish who is speaking; Third, humans have complex brains, first of all the brainstem part, which is the core of regulation throughout the body, and consciously. When it evolved to mammals, higher organisms had emotions, on the basis of consciousness and emotional areas, the cerebral cortex grew violently, with a volume of about 300cm3, and its surface area was 2200~2850cm2, containing nearly 100 billion active nerve cells and 900 billion colloidal mass cells, becoming a unique human cognitive trait, as shown in Figure 1. Natural evolution gave the biological basis of education. There are only 3 billion base pairs in human genes, genes determine the connection rules or patterns of neurons, and do not specify the connection strength of neurons, and the human brain has about 86 billion neurons, no neuron is an island, an average of about 1,000 connections per neuron, so genes cannot fully specify the connection mode and strength of each neuron, which leaves room for acquired remodeling. Education, especially early education, shapes a person's cognition. Compared with other creatures, natural selection, natural selection, and survival of the fittest[2] form a complex and delicate human brain, at the cost of taking a long time to evolve, using the generation of life and death for tens of millions of years, preserving any individuals that have undergone favorable mutations, and destroying individuals who have any inappropriate deviations in structure.
Figure 1 Biological Foundations of Education: Three Special Features of Human Evolution
2. Human intelligence begins with language, and words extend outside the body to become artificial intelligence
The history of human learning is almost as long as the history of life, from monkeys to humans has undergone tens of millions of years of evolution, and the structure of the human brain has constantly adapted to human language ability; Human intelligence, knowledge, culture and civilization are acquired and supported by the cerebral cortex, and the evolution and acquired learning of human brain tissue structure have achieved human intelligence, as shown in Figure 2. AI in the modern sense began with classical philosophers' attempts to explain human thought processes from the perspective of mechanical symbolic processing. AI was officially launched after the Dartmouth Conference in 1956, where the field of research of artificial intelligence was established [3]. In fact, the origin of artificial intelligence can be traced back to a long, long time ago, before the computer there were abacus, slide rules, etc., so that thoughts, thinking, intelligence left the living body and existed independently, starting from the invention of language and writing, using language and writing to carry human thinking and intelligence, in turn, artificial intelligence has promoted the evolution of human brain cognitive ability as a creature, and machines can be used to simulate human intelligence.
Figure 2 The formation of human intelligence
Human intelligence begins with language, and language is inseparable from context, pragmatics, semantics, and grammar. The invention of writing further gave rise to more human imagination, especially abstraction, association and interaction. Homo erectus in the zoonohominidae 2 million years ago created the stone culture, and after the long evolution of the birth of Homo sapiens 300,000 years ago and modern human writing 30,000 years ago, human communication from imitation, posture, gesture, colloquialism, drawings, to writing. The earliest cuneiform writing appeared in West Asia [4], and the earliest writing in ancient Egypt was hieroglyphics, which appeared about 6,000 years ago, and hieroglyphs were ideograms, which later evolved into phonetic hieroglyphs. Ancient Chinese originated from oracle bone script found 3,000 years ago on the site of Yin Wu in the Shang Dynasty in China, and has a rich pronunciation system, distinguishing between consonants and vowels.
The most essential difference between humans and animals is that humans invented writing. All species on Earth rely on naturally evolved biological instincts, coupled with limited practical experience over their own lifetimes [5]. After a person completes childbearing, his or her biological contribution to the intelligence of the human species is completed, but in fact, his or her intelligence in the later life, if extended to the formation of artificial intelligence in vitro, the contribution to the development of human intelligence still exists, and human beings inherit knowledge through language and writing. Linguists estimate that there are more than 6,900 written languages on Earth. The rheology of writing has a similar origin, which later forms different branches. Whether it is graphic text, cuneiform, hieroglyphics, pinyin script, oracle bone script, etc., it continues to evolve until the symbolic text of various disciplines (such as mathematics, physics, chemistry and music), and even develops to the language symbols of computer programming, expressing various abstract concepts in words, and expressing human thoughts, thinking, insights, skills, decision-making, problem solving, etc. in text symbols, independent of the human body, books in bamboo drapery, cut on gold stones, carved in pans, contained in paper, loaded into machines. Life has stopped, words still exist, the intelligence of specific people is still there, the intelligence of groups is still there, it has become artificial intelligence, it has become human civilization. Artificial intelligence is an extracorporeal extension of human intelligence that begins with words. Writing is a discrete carrier of continuous language, which is not written, not far away, and not long after. The most basic feature that distinguishes human beings from other creatures is to express human thoughts, thinking, emotions, intelligence, and become the interpreter of our souls with words, which can exist for a long time without living bodies, become part of the environment, become the ecology of human cultural civilization, and become the basis for the digitization of cognitive space.
3. Humans are the most learned species on Earth
Education began in prehistoric times, the world's earliest schools appeared in the ancient Babylonian civilization in the Two Rivers Valley, 3500 BC in the ancient city of Sumer in ancient Babylon, there are a large number of clay tablet student textbooks and homework, proving that the Two Rivers Valley has a "clay tablet library" for basic training such as reading, writing, and arithmetic, and in 2100 BC in the ruins of Mali City in the Two Rivers Valley, a school consisting of a passage and two rooms (seating 20 and 45 people respectively) uses cuneiform to teach. The first schools appeared in the four ancient civilizations (ancient Egypt, ancient Babylon, ancient India and China). Ancient Egypt in 2500 BC had a court school, and the mainland had special public schools such as "order", "school" and "xiang" in the Xia Dynasty more than 2000 BC, as well as the private school of Confucius in the Spring and Autumn period. A person's lifelong cognitive development, especially the ability to learn, is inseparable from the educational environment in which he or she is immersed. The transmission and inheritance of education can quickly spread human intelligence in time and space, which makes people's cognition and intelligence leap on the fast track. For the first time in the history of life on Earth, the only species that can use group intelligence and social civilization to transmit and pass on existing artificial intelligence to future generations through language, writing and education.
Human beings can not only use words and words to talk about concrete, real things, but also create abstract concepts in cognitive space that do not really exist in physical space. The remodeling ability of the complex neural tissue of the human extracortex to form memories lays the foundation for the secondary cognitive expansion based on human instincts, full of imagination and creativity, with the instinct to learn, and knowledge relies on acquired acquisition. Therefore, humans are the most learned species on Earth.
4. Education makes people's intelligent development from "present ongoing" to "now complete"
The science and technology formed by human intelligence have become the main content of school inheritance learning, not only supervised learning, but also guided learning and student collective learning, as well as reinforcement learning. Knowledge is the food for cognition, and learning fosters human inheritance, cognition and creativity. No species can spend a quarter of their lives on classroom education like humans, the advantage of education is that any new knowledge and intelligence obtained by any place, any nation, any country, can quickly become the common cognition of all mankind, the dissemination, exchange and indoctrination of knowledge is efficient, no need to practice personally, learn and use, quickly share. This knowledge is a social civilization formed by more than 100 billion people who have lived on the earth in tens of thousands of years, and the cumulative knowledge and spiritual wealth created by human beings are passed on across generations and generations through education, getting rid of the single channel of intelligence evolving from generation to generation simply through genes, and the "present progression" that originally relied on biological evolutionary intelligence has been added to a new and dominant cognitive channel, that is, the "present tense" that relies on education to develop intelligence.
Reading can change a person, while education can change all of humanity, and intelligence is rooted in education. The starting point of the revolution in human cognition was the invention of language, writing and symbols, the creation of culture and civilization, these cognitions are "imaginary realities" that allow intelligence to exist independently of living organisms, and thus invent education. The second cognitive revolution of mankind is to explore the objective world, explore matter and energy, and invent various power tools, sensing tools and intellectual tools. At present, human beings are entering the era of artificial intelligence, that is, the third cognitive revolution, by the middle of the 21st century, the use of brain science research results, research and development of unconscious brain-like intelligence, the formation of an interactive, learning, can evolve a new generation of artificial intelligence, in accordance with the intention given by human beings, consistent service to human beings, human beings invented machines that can think, machines can be educated, expand intelligence. In the future, intelligent humans and intelligent machines will develop iteratively, and they must change the environment and transform themselves. There may be a fourth cognitive revolution in the future, which will be cognitive life, involving bioethics, and reacting artificial intelligence to all kinds of life in nature, and then reshaping life, including human beings themselves.
The essence of education is to promote the imagination and creativity of the mind
1. Educational change that keeps pace with the times: cultivate and nurture students' endogenous motivation for innovation
What do humans think of as human beings? It should be said that the biggest difference from other species is that human beings have evolved in accordance with the natural human brain, formed the greatest invention - education, and reformed education with the times [6]. Text is the carrier of thinking activities, knowledge is the crystallization of group intelligence, education is the means of inheritance and learning, individual intelligence obtains group intelligence through education, repeatedly iterates individual and group intelligence through inheritance learning and independent learning, accumulates, so that human beings have entered the era of high-speed development of intelligence. Education includes transmission learning and self-directed learning, and the ability to think in natural language and various professional languages. Inheritance learning is to cultivate the ability to accept knowledge and apply knowledge, use explicit knowledge, adapt to ecological civilization, from the outside in, externally to the inside, with mandatory and guiding nature; Independent learning is the ability to generate experience, skills and knowledge through one's own practice, use hidden knowledge, practice repeatedly, become instinctive, from the inside out, conceived and born, form memory, and have strong subjectivity [6]. In education, inheritance learning plus independent learning, supervised learning plus unsupervised learning, individual learning plus collective learning have cultivated individual general intelligence, with the methods and abilities to think, analyze, explain and solve general problems, and cultivate human inheritance, imagination and creativity. Teaching is to make students possess knowledge, teaching is to use knowledge, and education is to create knowledge.
Biologically acquired intelligence is difficult to inherit. Human intelligence is continuously improved through education, learning new knowledge, and forming new cognition. Schools and teachers should expand from inheriting learning and imparting knowledge to cultivating human brain cognitive ability. Education in the intelligent era is the ability to cultivate students' ability to learn in school and even lifelong learning, improve human cognitive level, and control the "new human" of robots. In this process, teachers are also practicing lifelong learning. From teaching "books" to teaching "learning" to teaching "education", it is actually a process from possessing knowledge to using knowledge to creating knowledge, which is the change requirement put forward by the times for education. In addition, in the era of intelligence, lifelong learning will also be a characteristic to give machines made by humans, and machines will continue to learn and serve human beings like humans, which is the core of the new generation of artificial intelligence. The form of learning is interaction; The core of learning is understanding, that is, explainable and provable; The result of learning is memory, consolidation or micro-reconstruction of existing memory networks; Learning has become the basis for a new generation of artificial intelligence to explain and solve real-world problems. When virtual teacher robots and coaching robots participate in educational activities, the coordinated development of man and machine will effectively promote the progress of social civilization.
2. The core of thinking is abstraction, association and interaction
Education fosters our thinking, and at its core are abstraction, association, and interaction. In people's cognitive space, cultivating cognitive thinking ability through computational intelligence and memory intelligence is also what we often call "spirit"; In the physical space, embodied interaction capabilities are realized through perceptual intelligence and behavioral intelligence. There is a continuous cycle between physical space and cognitive space, as shown in Figure 3. It includes two important perceptions in physical space, space-time recognition and target (pattern) recognition, and space-time recognition represents location, navigation and time synchronization; Target (pattern) recognition includes target recognition, face recognition, etc., and is direct perception. Learning is the ability to interpret and solve preset problems. Presupposition problems are a subset of real-world problems that are recognized and when problems are solved, knowledge is formed and passed on to the next generation in school. Machines can accept guided learning, and at the same time learn independently, turning the unknown into knowable, which is the basis for explaining and solving new problems, explaining and solving real problems is the purpose of learning, and the two promote each other. Only after explaining and solving preset problems, the ability to solve and explain real problems will be enhanced, so to solve the four problems of where, how, why, and what, cognitive space is not only a warehouse for memory knowledge, but also a sky for unleashing imagination.
Figure 3 Relationship between cognitive space and physical space
3. Machines can be used as a carrier of thinking to enhance the imagination of human thinking and cognition
Schrödinger proposed the physical view of living cells[7], so if the machine is life, there is a machine view of life, which we call the physics of cognition. Correspondingly, the physical layer of life corresponds to the substance of the machine; The biochemical layer of life corresponds to the energy and clock of the machine; The physiological layer of life corresponds to the electronic circuits and machine instructions of the machine; The psychological layer of life corresponds to the operating system and middleware of the machine; The cognitive layer of life corresponds to the high-level software and data of the machine. Life depends on negative entropy for survival, there are matter, energy, structure and time in the machine, the clock depends on energy, time depends on the clock, order depends on time, and time is the cornerstone of machine cognition. Structure and time parasitize on matter and energy, forming a hard structure, filling the gap between matter, energy and information (structure and time), making information and matter inseparable; Structure and time are virtual existences in cognitive space, which we call soft structures, which are elements of thinking, supporting image thinking, logical (language) thinking and intuitive thinking, and reflecting human imagination and creativity. Machine bootstrapping realizes thinking automation, self-reuse realizes cognitive self-growth, machine operation relies on programs, programs rely on timing, software relies on interaction, timing and interaction produce negative entropy. The clock does not stop, the interaction with the outside world is constant, the thinking and cognition are endless. Human thinking and machine thinking are mathematically isomorphic and physically homologous, supported by energy, and live on negative entropy. Therefore, the machine can serve as a vehicle for thinking.
One of the most important strengths of intelligent machines is violent thinking. To take a simple example, in 200 BC, Archimedes improved the accuracy of pi from 3.1 to 3.14 1700 years ago, and in 500 AD, Zu Chongzhi obtained a π value of 3.141592, a total of 2400 years, using a computer designed by the Turing computable model to calculate and increase pi to 1012 decimal places, which took only 70 years, as shown in Figure 4. Machine violence replaces infinity with large enough, replaces infinitesimal with small enough, can use picoseconds (10-12 seconds) as time accuracy, control timing cycles, and recursive execution, while as a biological human brain, only milliseconds (10-3 seconds) physiological response accuracy, solving the complexity of exponential explosion is not reachable. If a piece of paper can write 60 lines, each line writes 17 bits, it takes 1 billion sheets of paper to write, and the paper is stacked together, and the height of the stack is 100,000 meters! Therefore, it is normal for the machine to have more computing power than people, whether it is protein folding prediction, AlphaGo program competition, ChatGPT super language understanding ability, there is no need to fuss. From this point of view, machine violent thinking can complement people, greatly helping human imagination to improve thinking and cognition.
Figure 4 Machine violent thinking helps humans improve their thinking and cognitive imagination
Third, artificial intelligence impacts the all-round and all-round elements of education
The impact of artificial intelligence on society is all-round, but the impact on the industry is the first education [8]. Artificial intelligence impacts prenatal education and early childhood education, primary and secondary education and vocational education, general education and general education of all majors [9], re-education after work, and all-round education, everywhere and all the time.
Artificial intelligence also impacts all elements of education, including the teacher, the teaching environment and means, and the teaching object. In the intelligent era, education has undergone great changes, for teachers, we can replace teachers with virtual famous teacher robots, teachers no longer need to run back and forth for class; For teaching environments and means, textbooks and classrooms can be transformed into virtual classrooms and personalized teaching platforms, where everyone can do different things; As for the teaching object, it has also changed, students can be robots, the addition of machine students - virtual digital humans and physical robots, how to train robots to keep pace with the times, we educate whether to train a bank machine teller or a certain position in customs. What if, 50 years later, 50% of the courses are taught by avatar virtual masters, 50% of the students and 50% of the robots in the classroom are listening to the class, and the remaining 50% of the students are listening to the lecture online? Therefore, artificial intelligence impact education is all-factor.
The history of human cognition does not develop in a straight line, but is a spiral and repeated evolutionary process. Human cognition and artificial intelligence are iteratively advanced, coordinated development, learning how to learn and learn how to think [10], and human society has been cast into what it is today. Education changes the destiny of all mankind, and science and technology are the first driving force of human activities. With the iterative development of human intelligence and artificial intelligence, education has a new connotation.
Language literacy, or thinking literacy, is transdisciplinary. Human beings use soft structures such as language, words, and symbols as thinking carriers, so that thinking is implanted into machines from living bodies, simulating simple but cumbersome recursive calculations of living bodies, and forming history, spirituality, science and technology, culture and civilization; Under the hammer of words, philosophy, religion, law and human rights, state and politics were also forged. Science and technology and humanities are the same origin, and it is really a misunderstanding to put language teaching in the liberal arts. Language carries thinking, language progress thinking is improved, everyone reads books for life, lifelong language, expands thinking, unleashes imagination, especially intellectuals.
Digital master robot lectures, teachers turn into coaches, counselors. Some disciplines, decades of cognitive progress is not much, tend to mature and stable; In some disciplines, the cognition of several outstanding figures has greatly enlivened the frontier and development of the discipline. Therefore, for hundreds of years, the school classroom education form of fixed time, place and personnel has been impacted, the knowledge points of various subject textbooks can be flexibly loaded into the machine, classroom lectures are standardized and modular, virtual robot teachers are separated into famous teachers, weakening the time and space walls of schools and disciplines, emerging "golden courses", popularizing "micro-courses", eliminating "water courses", virtual classrooms, virtual simulation experiments can be super large or ultra-small, virtual famous teacher lectures will show a rapid popularization trend, a rod to the end, save education costs. Promote the equalization of teaching resources, and students' interest in learning and independent choice greatly increase.
Teach machine learning and train machines to take over human jobs. Taking our research on unmanned driving as an example [11,12], there are the following three step-by-step steps, as shown in Figure 5. The first is driver operation, robot learning, which is guided learning; Then there is robotic operation, driver intervention, which is semi/weak guided learning; Then there is robot work, robot self-learning, which is self-learning, and the feedback from back to front is repeated many times, and the transition is uncertain, sometimes back to guided learning, sometimes back to half/weak guided learning. Guided learning includes preconceptions, tasking, guidance, clarification, puzzle solving, interactive cognition, supervision, etc.; Self-directed learning is an important part of turning the results of guided learning into long-term memory. It can be seen that training machines to take over the job of people is not an easy task. In previous years, unmanned driving was too concerned about the automation level of L0 to L5, and regarded automatic driving as automation engineering, but ignored the self-learning and self-growth of the machine driving brain, and only by continuous learning and iteration will it become a good machine driver.
Figure 5 Learning process of training machines to take over people's jobs: taking unmanned driving as an example
The Turing test of exams, assessments, and assessments [13] is normalized and personalized. Artificial intelligence has promoted the change of the mode of traditional examination, assessment and assessment, taking SenseTime's "Yuanradish" robot as an example, the Turing test, built-in 26 levels of difficulty chess power battle, with more than 100 endgame responses, independent observation of chess game changes, calculation of chess moves, take chess drops, with millimeter-level operation accuracy, second-level time response, "hand-eye" coordination, clean moves, tight rhythm, is a very good opponent and sparring, can be used to rate human chess players, has the State General Administration of Sport China Xiangqi Association authoritative certification, Support 16-13 levels of chess level assessment, and all kinds of professional qualification examinations in the future will change, including the college entrance examination that the whole people pay attention to.
Man and machine teach each other and innovate collaboratively. The core of thinking is abstraction, association and interaction, and more is the creation and connection of soft structures. Machines are increasingly replacing many of the intellectual and skillful jobs that humans once had. Teaching machine learning, homework, and learning and working with machines will become the norm in people's lives and work. The result of learning is to fine-tune the long-term memory in the machine, that is, fine-tune the network topology of artificial intelligence trace cells, independent learning is an important link to convert working memory into long-term memory, fortunately, the machine can be copied in large quantities, and the machine itself can continue to learn. Interacting with machines, people teaching machines, machines teaching people, collaborative innovation, one day there will be a large-scale emergence of machine masters digital human avatar human teachers, machine engineers create new material formulas, machine scientists put forward new hypotheses, drive new scientific discoveries.
IV. Conclusion
Reading changes a person, and education changes all of humanity. We have expanded "abstraction" from the symbolist school of artificial intelligence [14], "association" from the connectionist school, and "interaction" from the behaviorist school, creating machines that can think. Therefore, intelligent machines are to human intelligence, just as books are to thinkers, telescopes are to astronomers, microscopes are to biologists, machines use soft structures to extend and expand human thinking (memory intelligence and computational intelligence), not only free people from heavy repetitive labor, better meet the requirements of the standardization of the corresponding job position (embodied intelligence), more importantly, can think violently, man and machine teach and learn from each other, human-computer interaction collaborative innovation, machines and scientists, engineers can make inventions together, Discovery and creation, as to whether it is a machine creation, people no longer care. The issue of education reform in the intelligent era has been urgently placed in front of all mankind, let us meet this learning revolution!
(Acknowledgements: During the writing of this article, we have received the support and help of Academician Chen Jie, Vice Minister of Education, Academician Dai Qionghai, Chairman of the Chinese Engineering Intelligence Society, Professor Qiao Junfei, Vice President of Beijing University of Technology, Professor Bao Hong, former Vice President of Beijing Union University, Professor Zhang Dianen, Director of the Foreign Language Department of Beijing Union University, Professor Zhou Jianjian, former Vice President of Capital Normal University, and Yuan Zhongguo, Secretary-General of the Primary and Secondary School Working Committee of the Chinese Workers' Intelligence Society. Wang Cheng, Wu Zhixuan of Beijing Union University, Xu Genbao of Beijing University of Technology and others participated in the compilation of paper materials, and we would like to thank them together. ）
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Viewing Education from the Perspective of AI
Li Deyi, Ma Nan
Abstract: Human intelligence begins with language, and artificial intelligence begins with words. The greatest human intelligence is the invention of education. Intelligence is rooted in education. Education has changed the development of human intelligence from the "present continuous tense" to the "present perfect tense". The matter and energy in the intelligent machine are the real existence at the physical level, and the structure and time are the abstract thinking at the cognitive level. Structure and time are parasitic on matter and energy, forming a hard-structure ware. The information in the machine is a large number of soft-structured ware, reflecting the spiritual world, and it can be parasitized on the hard-structured ware or other soft-structured ware. There are both virtual and real, and the combination of virtual and real, and it can be bootstrapped and reused by itself. There is always at least the next time cycle, so that the machine can "think" again. Its order shows the ability to maintain its own thinking and produce orderly events. Human thinking and machine thinking are isomorphic in mathematics and homologous in physics, supported by energy and living on negative entropy. The birth of intelligent machines has impacted the all-round and all-around elements of education, from teaching "books" to teaching "learning", and then to teaching "education", from how to acquire knowledge, to how to use knowledge, and then to how to create knowledge. The essence of education in the era of intelligence is to cultivate the imagination and creativity of thinking. The core of human thinking is abstraction, association and interaction, and so is the machine. Machines use soft-structured ware to extend and expand human thinking. More importantly, machines can think with violence. People and machines can teach and learn from each other, complement each other, and form iterative intelligence. The problem of education reform in the era of intelligence has been put in front of all mankind urgently. Reading changes one person and education changes all mankind. Let us welcome the revolution of learning!
Key words: soft-structured ware; embodied interactive intelligence; memory intelligence; violent thinking; iterative intelligence