When it comes to wine, wine itself is naturally the first. Two equally important items are the way of drinking and the vessel. The name of the wine vessel, the shape and ornamentation of the wine vessel under the influence of the times, and the use of the wine vessel on different occasions are closely related to the first two, thus constituting the "wine culture" of an era.
1. The name, shape and use of wine vessels
In the Yuan Dynasty, distilled wine came from the Western Regions, and it was called Haraji at the time, but in the Ming Dynasty, rice wine still appeared in the banquets of the north and south. Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica" volume 25 "Shochu" article says: "Shochu is not an ancient method, and its method has been created since the Yuan Dynasty... It is as clear as water, the flavor is extremely strong, and the wine is also covered. He also described its pros and cons, saying that "soju, pure yang poison, is also the same", "It is the same nature as fire, and it ignites when it is fired, and it is the same as flame extinguished." Northerners drink at four o'clock, and southerners drink from summer and month. Its taste is bitter and sweet, rising and divergent; Its breath is hot and dry, better than humidity and cold", "excessive drinking, killing people in an instant".
In contrast, rice wine is naturally much milder. The ninth volume of Gu Qiyuan's "Guest Speech" "Wine" article is called "only Jinhua wine used by Shi Dafu", which was the situation in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Written in the Kangxi Dynasty, Liu Tingji's "Zaiyuan Magazine" volume 4 "Zhujiu" article Shangyun "Jingshi gives legacy, must open the south wine as precious". Until the late Qing Dynasty, Liang Zhangju's "Continuation of the Waves" volume 4 "Shaoxing Wine" section still said that "today's Shaoxing wine passes through the sea, which can be described as the authenticity of wine", "There is really no other wine enough to resist".
(Ming) Anon. Han Palace Chunxiaotu (partial) ink pen on paper
Height 33.8 cm Width 562 cm Collection of Liaoning Provincial Museum
Although Qinghe, Shandong, where the story of "Golden Bottle Mei Words" takes place, is the name, the material selected by the author should be mainly northern, and the wine mentioned in the book, such as Jinhua wine, Zhejiang wine, Magu wine, Nanlai bean wine, are all southern wine, even soju, it is also "southern soju", although this is a very low-grade category. The home-brewed Muxi lotus wine given to Ximen Qing by Liu Gonggong is also a prepared wine based on rice wine, which is consistent with historical records.
For this reason, drinking in the Ming Dynasty was usually still customary to drink hot. It's just that the wine note has no longer been popular since the Yuan Dynasty and the warm bowl is combined into one, the wine in the vessel is cold, and the fire can be hot at any time, and the Ming people are used to call it "盪", and sometimes the so-called "sieve" is also the same meaning, such as the fifty-seventh time of the "Words", Ximen Qing shouted again: "Open the Magu wine and come here." The thirty-fifth time, "Divide the Jinhua wine and open it next to An'er, and sift it with copper and bring it." The forty-sixth time the scholar said, "The little brazier sifted the wine, and poured the wine from the tin bottle." ”
Ming Lu Huoyun's "Shishi Tongkao Wine Ware Class" lists "both ji furnaces", and his bet clouds: "That is, water and fire furnaces." The first episode of the late Ming Dynasty novel "Applause and Dust" describes the situation of several people watching drinking, saying that Xu Taoist priest "called Daotong to exchange the cold wine in the pot for a hotter pot", and Daotong "quickly went to a small stove, placed it next to the plum tree, added charcoal, faced the wind, and rolled the wine in an instant."
In the Liaoning Provincial Museum's "Spring Xiaotu of the Han Palace", three women set up a small table on the side of the mountain stone to throw a pot and drink, the maid next to them held the wine note, the high table behind the mountain stone side was placed on one side of the wine altar and charcoal basket, the wine bottle sat on the stove, and the maid in front of the stove held a fan, "adding charcoal, facing the wind, and the wine rolled over in an instant", which is exactly such a scene. The commonly used small stove is the wind stove that is also used to cook tea, and it appears in Ming Dynasty paintings.
However, in real life, hot wine is often not directly placed on the stove to heat, but placed in a container filled with soup, that is, hot water, and the direct contact with the furnace is the soup vessel, so that there is no damage to the wine during the heating process. And look at Li Shida's axis of flowers, a brazier at the bottom left of the frame, the burning charcoal in the basin surrounds a beam jug, and the open mouth of the pot reveals a neck inserted diagonally inside, which is the scene of hot wine without doubt.
Gold-encrusted flying fish pattern holding pot
The Ming Wantong Tomb in Nanyuan, outside the Yongding Gate in Beijing, was unearthed
Capital Museum Collection
Wine note, also known as wine jug, holding jug, or bottle in the Ming Dynasty. One of the typical styles of gold and silver wine is the thin body, trimmed neck, thin stream, hook handle, and the outer mouth has a lid, and the top of the lid is usually a jewel button, and each climbing rope under the button is tied to the hook handle. Mingren or according to its shape called gold and silver; Vegetarian, also as a chicken, also as a chicken. The "Tuan Target Hook Head Chicken Neck Pot" (the 21st time) in the "Words and Words" is this thing, and the 49th "Tuan Target Hook Head Chicken Neck Pot" is a more expressive name. Another typical style is the short neck and round ampulla, which is listed in the famous work "Dunzi Pot" in Yan Xiangfu Fucai in the "Tianshui Iceberg Record".
There is also a kind of short, tall and thin in between, and the common name is the holding pot, such as a gold-encrusted treasure flying fish pattern holding pot unearthed from the Ming Wantong Tomb in Nanyuan, outside the Yongding Gate in Beijing. Whether tall, thin or short, the ampulla makes an apricot leaf opening. The so-called "golden vegetarian apricot leaf pot", "flying fish apricot leaf pot" and "golden unicorn apricot leaf pot", there are sixteen Yanfu family wealth gold pots registered in the "Tianshui Iceberg Record". "Flying fish apricot leaves" and "Kirin apricot leaves" are decorations of flying fish or unicorns in the light of apricot leaves. According to the name here, a gold pot unearthed from the Ming Wangui Tomb outside Beijing's You'an Gate is a gold apricot leaf pot, and the golden pot from the tomb of King Liangzhuang of Zhongxiang Ming, Hubei Province, is a golden dunzi pot; The Ming Dynasty pot in the Philadelphia Museum in the United States is a gold-encrusted apricot leaf pot; An enamel pot from the Ming Dynasty in the British Museum is a unicorn apricot leaf pot.
A silver hexagonal flower and bird pot was unearthed from the tomb of Li Wei and his wife in Balidian, Beijing, and a six-sided flower and bird pot with a copper gilt lion button cover in the Capital Museum, which can be compared with the "Golden Liuleng Grass Beast Pot" in "Tianshui Iceberg Record". The lid button is naturally different from the usual jewel button, and the name of the product registered in "Tianshui Iceberg Record" should be specially marked, such as the golden lion top pot. A lion button cover gold pot unearthed from the tomb of King Mingjing Gong in Hengche Town, Huchun, Hubei Province, is also of this category. As for the white jade shouji apricot leaf pot unearthed in Dingling, Beijing, the grade is unique among the vessels.
Gold vegetarian apricot leaf pot
The tomb of Ming Wangui outside You'anmen Gate in Beijing was unearthed
Silver hexagonal flower and bird pot
The tombs of Zhuangming and Li Wei in Haidian, Beijing, were unearthed
Golden apricot leaf lion's top pot
The tomb of King Mingjing Gong in Hengche Town, Xiaochun, Hubei Province was unearthed
Collection of the Shechun County Museum
Compared with the previous dynasty, the most significant difference between the Ming Dynasty wine ware is the size and shape of the wine cup, one side is the size is smaller, and the other side is from the Song and Yuan era of the shallow belly and easy to collect the deep belly, of course, the depth and shallow here are comparative. The "盏" diagram in the "Supplement to the Complete Book of Miscellaneous Characters of Easy Knowledge" compiled by Akito is its general style, and the "Cijiu Stone Gate" in the text section in the lower column of the same book has a "bell lamp" that combines one entry. In fact, the Ming people called "Cup" called "Cup" called "Ou" called "Bell", which is not very certain, the "Ou" diagram in the "Three Cai Tuhui" has four styles, and this "Ou" can also be regarded as the elegant name of "Zhong". From the practical point of view, the name of the bell is more common, and it has a wide range of application in the Ming Dynasty, not only the drinking vessel can be known as the wine bell, but also the tea eating vessel can also be known as the tea bell - the "Zhu's Shunshui Talks" volume under the "Instrument Use" item lists "bell", Shi Yun: "tea bell, wine bell". In addition, the style of the bell is not consistent: large or small, flat-bottomed or high-footed, or sessile or stalked, can be called "bell". A small silver cup with a lingzhi handle embedded treasure was unearthed from the tomb of Liu Niangjing, the second concubine of King Mingjing, in Huchun, Hubei, with an inscription on the bottom: "A silver bell weighs one, two, four, and eight cents." It seems to be the standard style of Ming Dynasty wine bells, but as mentioned earlier, the name of the silver bell is not actually specific to this formula.
The popular platform in the Song and Yuan dynasties, that is, the center of the bearing pan towered out a high platform, and the high platform carried the wine lamp, and by the Ming Dynasty, it had almost retired, although the name still exists. At this time, it is known as "panzhan", "taizhen", or "a pair of taipan", in fact, all the clouds are the kind called "panzhan" by Song Yuan, and the panzhan diagram in the "Three Cai Tuhui" is almost the same as the style of the self-inscribed "taizhan" unearthed in the Ming tomb, which is proof of this. In terms of shape, the bearing plate in a pair of Ming dynasty discs is not very much changed compared with the Yuan dynasty style, and the shallow platform with a raised center is mostly decorated with lotus petal patterns, and its style tends to be regular. A pair of gold daizhan was unearthed from the tomb of Zhu Zai and his wife in Yuhu Village, Mingdu Chang, Xiaozhou Town, Hubei Province, the style of the marigold is the same as the silver bell unearthed from the tomb of Liu Niangjing in the previous lift, and the center of the bearing plate is a low lotus seat, and the inscription along the pan is: "Jiajing made a pair of gold platform lamps in February of the nineteenth year, weighing a total of two two eight cents and two cents." "There are also those who are similar to the Panzhan diagram of the "Sancai Tuhui", that is, the lamp is double-eared, and they are all counted as the general style of the Ming Dynasty panzhan that is, the table lamp.
The size of the wine bell in each hand at the banquet was small—in the view of Matteo Ricci, a Westerner, "their cup was no more wine than a hard husk", but after a few rounds, it was often exchanged for a large bell, which was always unique in style, so it was used to "persuade" and "pass on the drink", or "Yu wine". On the volume of Ming Jiang Shao's "Yunshi Zhai Pen Talk", there is a story in "Jade Inkstone": Chongzhen Ding ugly early spring, with He Qingqiu, Yang Xianke, Hao Dongxing to watch Meiling Valley, "Jinling Jiang Sheng as a landlord, bringing flowers and jasper to drink." In the same book, "Xuanhe Jade Record", it is said that the family of Wenshi Gong Dashao has two pieces of jade in the ancestral Song Xuan and the imperial palace, which are regarded as cherished, "Wenshi Juping rises in the morning, that is, the head of the branch sits on the fast pavilion, criticizes the ancient books with five-color pens and counts the leaves, and after the towel, he plays with the ancient Yiding, displays the famous painting books, and Bo Twilight sets up a banquet to entertain guests, making the song and the song du song, out of the treasured double jade, accompanied by the lords of the Wen Xi Qi kiln, dazzling, and the guests are always full."
In the second play of Li Yu's "A Handful of Snow", Mo Huaigu set up a discussion in Shuzhai before leaving home and went to Beijing, saying goodbye to his son Mo Hao and Mr. Xi Xifang, and Mo Huaigu said during the banquet: "Mr. Hong Liang, why do you need to use this small cup." Because the servant Mo Cheng "took the ancient jade cup". When the coiled dragon and the jade cup were taken from it, that is, "a handful of snow", the guest and host enjoyed it once, sighed as the most precious treasure, and then used it to "pour wine" and "pass on the drink". The jade cups in the three cases are special vessels outside the permanent banquet, and are specially used to play and persuade drinking during the banquet to help enjoy. Moreover, when the banquet is first opened, the guests and hosts salute, and the wine glass used as a "handle" must always choose a beautiful vessel. Antiques are naturally the rarest, and jade is everywhere on top of the pieces, as well as inlaid jewelry and intricately crafted gold. A gold-encrusted peach cup was unearthed from the Ming Wantong Tomb outside the Yongding Gate in Beijing, the golden cup is made of the old stem as the handle, and the gold branch and gold leaf are extended on the handle, and the gold leaf and the heart of the cup are set with red sapphires. Wan Tong is the royal prince, and her sister is the unfailing favored Wan Guifei of Xianzong, and it is only normal to have such a golden cup to drink at the banquet.
Tin apricot leaf teapot excavated in Dingling, Beijing
Second, the tea set that is indispensable in the food utensil
The same as in the previous dynasty, there were few tea utensils in a table, but the tea soup in the two Song Dynasties was mostly after drinking, and the description in the "Golden Bottle Mei Words" always drank tea first, and fruit tea was common, so it was always accompanied by a teaspoon to take fruit. Gao Lian's "Eight Notes of Zunsheng" volume 14 "Food and Clothing Notes on Top" on tea matters: "Tea has real fragrance, good taste, and positive color. When cooking, it is not advisable to mix with rare fruits and herbs. "If you want to use it, walnuts, hazelnuts, melon kernels, almonds, olive seeds, chestnuts, chicken heads, ginkgo biloba, etc., or you can use them." The following "Sixteen Vessels of Tea Sets" lists "Stirring Clouds", which reads: "Bamboo teaspoons are also used to take fruits." And look at the scene in Matteo Ricci's eyes: "After the guests had taken their seats, the most trained servants in the house, dressed in a robe that dragged down to the ankle, set up a richly decorated table, on which cups and saucers were placed according to the number of attendees, filled with the drink called tea that we have already had the opportunity to mention, and some small pieces of sweet fruit, which were considered a kind of snack, and were eaten with a silver spoon. "Hubei Zhongxiang Ming Liangzhuang King tomb unearthed a golden teaspoon, the slender spoon handle made a bamboo pattern, the spoon leaf is light and thin like an apricot leaf, the leaf heart pattern is a cluster of flowers, the flower center is a small cluster of flowers hollowed out, the length is 15.5 cm, weighing 11.8 grams. The silver gilt teaspoon unearthed in Dingling, the spoon leaf pattern is shaped as a fashionable butterfly chrysanthemum, and the characteristics of the chrysanthemum are expressed by the stamen, but the five fine holes are regularly cut between the petals; At the end of the spoon handle is a ruyi cloud head, 17.7 cm long and weighing 12 grams. So light and elegant, originally inherited the shape and craftsmanship of the Song Yuan gold and silver teaspoon, and the style of the previous example is the "golden apricot leaf teaspoon" mentioned in "Words".
Titti beam pot
Ming Dynasty porcelain cellar in Wanjia Town, Chongzhou, Sichuan
The teapot may have a lifting beam, and a self-proclaimed "tin apricot leaf teapot" in the Ming ware unearthed in Dingling, Beijing, is one of the styles. The stalk and flow of the kind is roughly different from the shape of the wine note in that the former is short and the latter is thin and tall. In the Ming Dynasty mural of the Fenyang Temple in Shanxi, the palace maid holding a golden wine pot and a golden teapot is in the ranks of the palace mural, which shows this difference between the tea wine vessel. A silver pot from Beijing's Dingling Tomb is a 13.8-centimeter-tall teapot style. The teapot is also known as a soup bottle. In the twentieth episode of "Words and Words", "I saw Li Pinger dressed up", "Yingchun held the silver soup bottle, Xiuchun took the tea box, came to the room, and handed tea to everyone in the moon mother". This silver soup bottle is the silver teapot. The difference between early wine notes and soup bottles is very small, and wine notes were originally differentiated from soup bottles, and the shape of these two types of utensils unearthed at the Changsha kiln site is almost the same, so some wine notes especially on the body indicate that "this is a drinking bottle and must not be used". In fact, in daily life, the use of utensils was originally very flexible, and the section "On the Use of Bronze Appliances" mentioned in the section "On the Use of Bronze Appliances" in volume 11 of the "Eight Notes of Zunsheng", and the inkstone stove "placed a teapot on the right, which can be tea and wine, for long night guests to talk".
3. Other dining utensils
Naturally, there are also large plates and small plates, vegetable bowls, soup bowls, rice bowls and spoons, and various boxes are indispensable. The Forbidden City's "Zhu Zhanji Xingle Map" depicts the emperor's dining table and tableware alone in the pot-throwing scene: fruit plates, dishes, four golden bowls, a pair of rice bowls, golden apricot leaf pots, golden table lamps and storage boxes, from which the temporary preparation of wine and snacks shows one of the court utensils. A group of silverware unearthed from the tomb of the Shangshu Zhuen family of the Ming and Nanjing officials in Minhang District, Shanghai: one wine note and one goblet; one teapot and one tea clock; 1 spoon and 1 dish. These are the most basic meals in the House of Eunuchs.
(Ming) Zhu Zhanji Xingle diagram (partial) silk coloring
Height 36.7 cm Width 690 cm Collection of the Palace Museum
Fourth, pay attention to the luxury feast
The texture of the wine ware is still mostly ceramics, in addition to lacquered wood, copper tin, gold and silver, rhino jade. The method of adding gold and silver to bowls and cups used before the Ming Dynasty was rarely used in the Ming Dynasty. In addition to the rhino and incense, there are also walnut and fragrant wood, such as "12 golden sandalwood wines" and "ten golden fragrant wood wine cups" registered in the "Tianshui Iceberg Record". One of the two rhinoceros silver cups in the British Museum is a goblet, and the other is similar to the "silver-encrusted bell" mentioned in the "Words". The use of gold and silver wine ware was still limited in the early Ming Dynasty, and the article on the "Taste Official Wine Ware" of the wisdom collection of "Zaolin Miscellaneous Tricks" said: "The first and second grade official wine ware is gold, the third to fifth grade silver pot is golden, the sixth to ninth grade is silver, and the rest use porcelain, lacquer, and wood." Press: Taizu started the army, accustomed to thrift, but also deeply punished greedy ink, determined official equipment, not for cold beggars, the so-called polite and depressed. "But when extravagance rises, the system becomes a dead letter. The banquet in Ming Chenghua's rap lyrics "New Journal Quanxiang Rap Zhang Wengui Biography" is extremely pompous: "Parents can't keep their children, arrange to dress up as little officials." The banquet was arranged in front of the hall, and it was very manageable to lay out the exhibition. Fairy paintings are hung in the east, and phoenix returns to the forest are hung in the west. Black lacquer Zhuozi arranger, rhino leather chair on both sides. Marigold platform gold tray, gold spoon gold jar. The delicacies are as delicious as ever, and the fruits are new at four o'clock. "Although it is not a documentary work, it is not far from the actual situation. Ming He Liangjun's "Four Friends Zhai Cong Said" volume 34 records, "Visiting a friend in Jiaxing, seeing that his family set up guests, with silver water stoves and gold drops, there were more than 20 Japanese guests, each of whom was a pair of gold plates, and a double tiger large gold cup, each pair of about fifteen or six taels"; He also washed the silver basin and burned the incense and gold stove, "extremely extravagant, almost inferior." The so-called "silver water stove", that is, the "ji furnace" in the "Shishi Tongkao Wine Ware" quoted above, that is, the warm wine vessel that combines water and fire into one, and there is a tin water stove in the Ming Dynasty porcelain cellar in Wanjia Town, Chongzhou, Sichuan. The "golden drop" mentioned here should be the golden vegetarian pot. Excavated from the Ming Wangui Tomb outside You'anmen Gate in Beijing and the white jade cup of the tiger in the Henan Museum, the style of the "Double Tiger Big Golden Cup" can be inferred. Since it is known as "a pair of golden plates", then when there is a bearing plate that is consistent with or echoes the pattern of the tiger cup, this is the traditional style evolved from the popular "godson ascending to heaven" in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. There are more than 20 guests at a table, and each person has a pair of golden plates, so extravagant, the Ximen official of the rich Qinghe county in "The Words of the Golden Bottle Mei" cannot be compared to him, but this example is a circumstantial evidence of the novel's narrative.
Rhinoceros Silver Bell Collection of the British Museum
(Ming) Green jade open-cut double ear cup
Collection of Henan Museum
The wine affairs in "Word and Words" are mostly the wine affairs of the Ximen Qing family, then it can also be said that the wine affairs of the rich families in the Ming Dynasty. It certainly cannot be compared with a court banquet—it cannot be on the scale of the other, nor can it be pompous, such as the pomp and circumstance of a person's dinner table depicted in the Zhu Zhanji Xingle Tu. An upstart without ink in his chest is even less likely to have the grace and grace of a talented man in the wine affair, and the more vulgar and strange as proposed by Wen Zhenheng's "Chronicle of Long Things", Ximen officials can dream of. Yuan Hongdao's "Zhengzheng", with the Wine Classics and Wine Recipes of the Past Dynasties as internal classics, Zhuangzi's text, Quzi's Fu, "Shiji", "Book of Han", Tao Ji, Bai Shi and other people who have wine affairs and wine fun and wine rhyme as external classics, and specially cited "Water Margin" and "Jin Ping Mei" as Yi classics. "Golden Bottle Mei Words" is naturally not a "wine talk", but Ximen Qing has never left wine in 77 of the 79 times he has been alive, and every stone and three birds that the author drives away hides cloth calculations, or grass snake gray lines bury clues, all kinds of physical human feelings can be seen in the world in the Ming Dynasty wine affairs, supplemented by "Zhengzheng" as "Yidian", Yuan Zhonglang read "Jin" well. However, this is not a discussion of novels, but a realistic pen to understand the wine culture of the Ming Dynasty, because no previous book on wine has such a detailed depiction.
Silver
The tomb of Zhu Zai and his wife of King Zhu Zai of Mingduchang in Yuhu Village, Xiaozhou Town, Xiaochun, Hubei Province was unearthed
Wine and food utensils, seeking elegance, are still jade as the most, but spreading luxury, gold and silver are still important. On the wine table in "Words", the pots and spoons are mostly gold and silver. The small golden pot, silver vegetarian, silver holding pot, and tuanxian hook-headed chicken neck pot that appears in the book; Silver inlaid bell, silver stilt sunflower clock, small golden lotus bell, small golden chrysanthemum cup, large golden peach cup; a pair of gold plates, small gold handle bells and silver plates; Most of the golden teeth are visible in the Ming Dynasty. A pair of gold platform plates, the former unearthed in the tomb of Zhu Zai, King of Chunming, Duchang, is also the one. A gold cup from the Sanlitunming Tomb in Beijing's Chaoyang District, the so-called "Little Golden Bell", it can be an example. The British Museum has a silver plate, a low lotus seat protruding from the center, a Ganoderma lucidum in the center of the seat, and seasonal flowers engraved on the ground around the caviar, which is also the silver plate. The big golden peach cup also has a gold-encrusted peach cup unearthed from the Ming Wantong tomb mentioned earlier, but it is so inlaid with treasures, which is not yet within the reach of Ximen Qing's household items. In the sixteenth episode of "Words and Words", Li Ping'er had already prepared a table of neat wine and food for Ximen Qing, "personally washed his hands and nails, made some flat food with green onions and mutton, and held a silver bell with southern wine." The dark eight immortal birthday character silver inlaid wooden clock from the tomb of the Ming Jing Domain in the Loess Ridge in Huzhou Town, Xiaochun County, Hubei Province, is 3.1 cm high and 4.7 cm in diameter, and the silver parquet clocks in the collection of Changzhou Museum are all silver inlaid clocks. The "silver stilt sunflower clock" in the thirty-fourth round, a pair of golden stilted chrysanthemum clocks in the collection of the Quzhou Museum may be referenced. The silver holding pot is not far from the artifact unearthed from the Ming Zhuen family cemetery in Zhuhang Town, Minhang District, Shanghai. The thirty-first "Qin Tong Hidden Pot, Yuxiao Ximen Qing Feast and Happy Wine" caused a lot of lively silver holding pots, which is such a thing. On the thirty-fourth time, the book boy bought wine and food into Li Ping'er's room, and "taught Yingchun to take the silver vegetarian sieve, poured the wine in the bell, and handed it over with both hands." Yinsu, a handful unearthed from the tomb of King Zhu Zai and his wife in Hubei's Chunming capital, is a very standard style. And the "Red Gold Flower Cup that Ximen Qing gave to Mrs. Cai" can be deserved as a golden cup unearthed from the tomb of King Liangzhuang of Zhongxiangming, Hubei. As for the fruit boxes and boxes that must be set up for the banquet, such as square boxes, covered lacquer square boxes, painted square boxes, small gold square boxes, and Luodian large fruit boxes, they were common in the Ming Dynasty. The "various gold-tracing lacquerware" shops opened on the street and the "delicate tea" often packed in boxes are also the customs pictures in Qiu Ying's "Qingming Shanghe Map".
(Ming) Qiu Ying Qingming upper river map (partial) silk coloring
Height 30.5 cm Width 987 cm Collection of Liaoning Provincial Museum
In the Ming Dynasty, the dining table was only temporarily placed when it was time to eat tea and snacks and use wine and rice, and could be placed anywhere according to the needs of the owner. For example, the thirty-fourth episode of "Words": Ximen Qingying accompanied Count Ying to sit down in Jade Xuan, because Ling Ling placed the table. On the thirty-sixth time, Ximen Qing accompanied An Jin Shi to tour the garden, "playing chess in the roll shed, and making the small house take two tables of boxes, thirty things, all of which are delicate fruits and vegetables and fresh things to drink."
In Qiu Ying's "Qingming Shanghe Tu", a terrace rises in the courtyard of a deep house, with a cloth canopy on top, a wine table below, a box in the middle, and four gentlemen sitting around, two children standing on one side, one of whom holds a wine jug, and the boy next to the railing fanning the stove to cook tea, is a similar scene. What style and size of table should also be selected temporarily according to the number of characters, the dignity and humility of the characters, and even the place to eat.
The section "Blessed Guests" in the third volume of the Song Family Rules Department of the Ming and Song Dynasties says: "Whoever comes with He Xie Duoyi shall stay, and Liezhuo will pay special respects." "Whoever comes with a clinging to it shall stay, and he shall pay tribute to him, or give it to him, or give it with money, and honor the virtue of the tooth and honor with special courtesy." "Whoever first knows, leave a drink will be listed, and where it is common, leave a drink and sit together." "Liezhuo Yifeng (with Guan Zhuo), the regiment sits and kills (with a banquet, Ni Yunlin has seven long, medium and short zhuo, and there are seven rules in total seventy and horizontal)." "Kill" and "abundance" are the opposite words, minus also.
Guan Zhuo is the big table, and the butler of Dao Zhai in the 55th time of the "Word and Words" washed the dust for Ximen Qing, "After a while, I saw dozens of large dishes and dozens of small dishes listed on the table of the rhino official, all of which were delicious and delicious", which is the so-called "Column Zhuo Yifeng". In the same book, Ximen Qing invited Song and Cai Erxun to press it, "I saw that the five halls had high curtains on the Xiang curtain, a list of brocade screens, two tables on the front of the table, high top sugar cubes, and a winning cluster plate, very neat", but it was extremely rich in the table list. At the end of the day, Ximen Qingling's subordinates packed two table seats, even plates, pots and other gold and silver utensils in food boxes, a total of twenty carries, and sent them to the ship of the second patrol. Decent bribery and bribery are actually a great use for drinking. On that day, Cai Yushi stayed for drinking, and during the banquet, Ximen Qingyang and Cai Zhilianghuai Salt Inspector released him a few days earlier, and Cai Sui was full of promises. Previously, Ximen Qing said that he used the same official Xia Ti to punish and commit corruption and bend the law to release Miao Qing, who killed the lord and seized wealth, and also used the kung fu on the wine table first.
On the forty-seventh occasion, Ximen Qing invited Xia Ti to his home, "The head of the door dismounted together, entered the hall to salute, invited him into the roll shed, loosened his clothes, and brought tea left and right to eat." The book boy and Tortoise came up and set up the table." "Xu Yu, the two small houses took the small dishes in a square box, and placed them next to them, all kinds of chickens, hooves, geese, ducks, fresh fish, and the next rice was sixteen bowls. After eating, I collected the house fire, and all kinds of vegetables and vegetables came out of the wine, small gold bells, silver plates, gold inlaid ivory baskets. In the middle of drinking, Ximen Qing slowly mentioned Miao Qing's matter." The "little golden bell, silver plate" here was originally a pair of marigold silver platforms, and in the seventy-second episode of the same book, Ximen Qing went to Wang Zhaoxuan's mansion to attend the banquet, and after meeting with the Lin family, "because he saw that Sister-in-law Wen was in the evening, he said: 'Old Wen, you take Fu Tai'er, and wait for me and my wife to deliver a glass of birthday wine.'" ’...... Sister-in-law Wen then held the marigold silver platform", that's it. Compared with the golden platform plate that was given to the inspector Yushi together with the table table, although it was inferior, it was not a common use, just as the forty-ninth Ximen Qing accompanied Cai Yushi to drink, "So Han Jinchuan took a large golden peach cup and poured a cup and handed it over with a slender hand", - the use of wine ware was always thoughtful.
The twenty-fifth time, Ximen Qing prepared the "two golden birthday character pots" in the birthday burden for Mrs. Cai, that is, they were not seen at the dinner table at home, although a breakfast was also served with silver wine and dishes: the twenty-second time, on the eighth day of the first lunar month, Ximen Qing got up early, made an appointment with Count Ying, and sent the funeral to the official house of Shangtui on the street. After waiting for the count to come, Ximen Qing said, "Teach me to wait for you." Let's eat porridge and go. Then he instructed the porridge to come and eat it. It is four salty foods, ten small dishes, and four bowls of stew: a bowl of hooves, a bowl of pigeon chicks, a bowl of steamed milk cakes for spring immortality, a bowl of wonton chicken, and glutinous rice in Yinxian Ou'er with all kinds of hazelnut, chestnut, nut, plum, and cinnamon white sugar porridge." "Little silver bell sieve Jinhua wine, each person ate three glasses".
(Ming) Qiu Ying Qingming upper river map (partial) silk coloring
Height 30.5 cm Width 987 cm Collection of Liaoning Provincial Museum
Before wine, tea first, the use of wine utensils is not arbitrary, and the choice of tea ware can not be left unparticular. The "Words" eats fruit tea, so in addition to the tea clock, a teaspoon cannot be less. The seventh time, Ximen Qing and Meng Yulou were talking, "I saw the little maid take three candied golden oranges to make tea, silver inlaid carved lacquered tea bells, and ginkgo biloba teaspoons." The woman got up, took the first lamp, wiped the water stains on the edge of the lamp with her slender hand, and handed it to Ximen Qing." The twelfth time wrote that Ximen Qing was in the fireworks courtyard, "Shaoyuan, the bright red lacquered dan plate brought seven bells of tea. Snow-like teapots, apricot leaf teaspoons, salt shoots and sesame wood to make tea, fragrant and fragrant." The fifteenth time is the same venue, but the tea is changed, but it is also "colorful lacquer square plate with seven to snow bloom plate, ginkgo leaf teaspoon, plum laurel poured brine melon kernel to make tea". And the visit of the thirty-fifth Xia Ti Punishment was different, "the chess boy Yunnan agate carved lacquer square plate took two teas, silver inlaid bamboo silk tea bell, golden apricot leaf teaspoon, Muxi green beans made tea and ate." It can be seen that the bright color lacquer plate, fine white porcelain lamp, gold and silver teaspoon, is a very delicate set of tea serving equipment, and a teaspoon is not only not ignored in the novel, but also borrowed gold and silver textures to see the identity of the guest is different. As for the "golden apricot leaf teaspoon" used to entertain Xia Ti's torture, the person who came from the tomb of King Liangzhuang was also the one who came out of the tomb of King Liangzhuang.