According to the current sowing and management process in various potato producing areas, as well as the problems of low proportion of high-quality varieties and low yield levels in production, comprehensively studying and judging the soil moisture, climatic conditions and disease occurrence trends last winter and this spring, the potato expert guidance group of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, together with the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, compiled technical opinions on potato production in 2021. This article only extracts the content related to "Northeast Yizuo District".
The northeast region includes Heilongjiang, Jilin, eastern Inner Mongolia and northern Liaoning. Optimizing varieties, using machinery well, and improving the efficiency of water and fertilizer utilization are the keys to production management.
Prepare for ploughing and sowing
Purchase production materials, prepare for spring ploughing agricultural materials, and carry out maintenance and commissioning of special agricultural machinery for potato spring ploughing as soon as possible to achieve the state of waiting for ploughing and sowing, and provide conditions for high-quality sowing.
Preferably good seeds
At present, the potato varieties on the market are basically divided into three categories, fresh food varieties, high-starch processing varieties and fried processing varieties. Combined with local ecological conditions and market needs, product uses, local major pests and other factors for comprehensive measurement, the selection of marketable varieties. The quality of the purchased potato seed potatoes should meet the GB18133-2012 national standard for potato seed potatoes, and the seed potatoes of the required level should be selected according to the production needs.
Trapped seeds germinate
15-20 days before sowing out of the cellar (library), germinate at room temperature 15-18 ° C, bud length 0.5-1 cm, scatter light to strengthen the bud. The cut should be cut into a body shape, and the knife should be sterilized by soaking it in 75% alcohol or 0.3%-0.5% potassium permanganate aqueous solution. Each cut should weigh 30-45 grams, leaving 1-2 intact bud eyes. Cut the pieces with fungicides, bacteriaicides and insecticides.
Fine land preparation
Select plots with deep soil layers, fertile soil, good aggregate structure, good drainage and water retention properties, good ventilation, and rotation of stubble for more than three years without planting potatoes and other solanaceous crops, or apply anti-stubble agents in the stubble of solanaceous family, which has not used herbicides such as imidazoleacetinic acid, flusulfasal ether, chlorosulfuron, methanesulfuron, and isospermone. It is recommended to carry out autumn ploughing and land preparation, ploughing depth of more than 35-40 cm, so that the rake is leveled and fine, and the state to be sown is reached. In areas with conditions, apply 1.5 tons of fully decomposed farmhouse fertilizer or an appropriate amount of commercial organic fertilizer as the base fertilizer with the ploughing and preparation of the land, and cooperate with the application of microbial fungal agents.
Drip irrigation watering
Drip irrigation technology is recommended, the drip pipe spacing is 80-90 cm, the same distance as the ridge, the drip tube length is less than 145 m, the dripper distance is 25-30 cm, and the dripper water output is 1.5 l / h. In the process of potato topdressing, water-soluble fertilizers should be selected and various fertilizers applied separately.
Efficient fertilization
According to the yield target, combined with the local potato growth and development water and fertilizer demand law, the fertilizer application is carried out in the form of bottom fertilizer, seed fertilizer and topdressing.
Sow seeds at the right time
When the temperature of the 10 cm soil layer reaches more than 7 °C for three consecutive days and is sown within 30 days before the late frost, Heilongjiang Province generally has late April to mid-May. Sowing depth 10 cm-12 cm, it is recommended to ditch, fertilize, sow, combine, ridge, suppress once completed.
Large ridge cultivation
The use of large ridge cultivation and planting, the requirements: ridge spacing 80-90 cm, ridge width 40-45 cm, ridge height 20-25 cm, ridge side width 30-35 cm, ridge ridge requires ridge groove straight, ridge groove depth is consistent.
Reasonable dense planting
The planting density is determined according to the variety, soil fertility and planting purpose. Generally, 4000-4500 plants per mu of early maturing varieties and 3000-3500 late maturing varieties are appropriate, and the planting density of fertile soil is appropriately smaller, and the planting density of poor soil is appropriately increased. The planting density of starch processed products is appropriately larger, and it is appropriate to have 4000-4500 plants per mu; it is appropriate for potato chip processing varieties to control the diameter of potato blocks by 5-9 cm, and the general density is 4500 plants per mu; the processing varieties of French fries require a high rate of large potatoes, and the general density is 3500-3700 plants per mu.
Pest control
For diseases, disease-resistant varieties are selected with cultivation measures and spraying chemical agents to prevent and control potato late blight. Generally, after the emergence of the central disease plant in the field, the number of prevention and control is determined according to the rainfall, and the control is sprayed every 7-10 days, and different types of agents are used in turn, and one agent should not be used continuously. Select a suitable seed mixing agent for seed potato block seed mixing to prevent scab disease. For insect pests, through the control of underground pests through medicated seed mixing, ditch application or mixed with fertilizer, high-efficiency cypermethrin, imidacloprid, etc. can be used to control potato twenty-eight star ladybirds, aphids and other aboveground pests. When pests are serious and need to be controlled multiple times, it is necessary to pay attention to the rotation of different agents.
Harvest at the right time
Mechanical killing is performed 7-10 days before mechanical harvest after the potatoes are ripe. Avoid mechanical damage, wind and rain, exposure and freezing during harvesting, and eliminate diseases and rotten potatoes to facilitate storage and transportation.
Scientific storage and transportation
Spray the surface fungicide in the cellar in time before entering the cellar, and ventilate after a week of airtighting. Potatoes should be stored in advance for about 10 days before entering the cellar to eliminate diseased potatoes and rotten potatoes. The storage capacity should be controlled at 2/3 of the cellar (warehouse) capacity. At the beginning of the cellar, the temperature in the cellar should be quickly reduced to 10-13 ° C, and maintained for 15-20 days, after which the cellar temperature should be gradually reduced to 2-4 ° C, and the relative humidity should be maintained at 85-93%. During the storage process, it is necessary to adjust the concentration of carbon dioxide and temperature and humidity in the library, and pay attention to the prevention of crushing and frostbite and other damage during transportation.
Source: Potato Expert Guidance Group of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center
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