Wen | Shi Jixin said
Edit | Shi Jixin said
introduction
As the largest landlocked country in Africa, Ethiopia has a rich and diverse culture, history and ethnic groups.
Tigray is one of the largest ethnic groups after the Amharic people, and they have a growing voice and influence in Ethiopian politics today.
International attention to the situation in Ethiopia has increased, but Tigrayan nationalism and solutions to the current crisis have become hot topics. Therefore, it is necessary to delve into the history and influence of the evolution and influence of Tigrayan nationalism.
The evolution of Tigrayan nationalism
Judaism existed in Ethiopia for hundreds of years before the establishment of the State of Israel. The area is inhabited by Beta Israel (i.e. Erta Israel or Son of Israel), who claim to be citizens of Israel and descendants of the Israeli people.
However, in Ethiopia's political and social environment, Beta Israel has suffered discrimination and persecution. Since the establishment of the state of Israel, Beta Israel has had a tendency to migrate to Israel over the past few decades.
Finally, between 1984 and 1991, the Israeli government carried out two large-scale operations to transport tens of thousands of Ethiopian Jews to Israel.
This process is known as Operation Moses. Beta Israel is a national group of Jews who believe their ancestors descended from tribes in northern Israel.
This group lives in Ethiopia and Eritrea and came into contact with modern Israeli society in the early 60s of the 20th century.
After decades of refugee status and displacement, the Israeli government decided to accept them as refugees and treat them as "lost brothers and sisters".
However, this group faces challenges such as lifestyle, cultural values, occupational discrimination, etc. after joining Israel.
In its plan to immigrate Beta Israel to Israel, the Israeli investigative department that implemented the policy had measured its statistics.
The results show that the Ethiopian Jewish community is a relatively small, poor and underdeveloped group. At the time of departure, only a few of these migrants had paper documents.
Thus, during Operation Airlift, which was carried out in 1991, Israel arranged for military aircraft to transport Ethiopian Jews from that country to Israel.
Since the Jewish community from Ethiopia is a relatively closed society, they have different customs, traditions, and beliefs than other Jewish communities.
For example, male members of Beta Israel usually perform circumcision ceremonies at the age of thirteen and participate in special ceremonies similar to baptismal ceremonies.
They also have many unique food, clothing, and music traditions. When this group began migrating to Israel, they faced a huge problem of cultural differences.
In addition, the Government of Israel and other Jewish organizations are working to help this group adapt to the new social and cultural environment.
Tigrayan nationalism dates back to around 1969, when Ethiopia was undergoing constitutional reforms and political adjustments.
In the process, the people of Tigray have joined forces to expand their influence in local politics, strengthen their cultural identity, and combine it with nationalism.
In the 80s of the 20th century, the Tigray People's Party was founded, whose members were almost all from the Tigrayan nation and had obvious federalist overtones. The party supports the establishment of a federal system that increases the autonomy, financial resources and resources of all ethnic groups.
In 1991, after years of struggle and political change, an unprecedented historic coup d'état took place in Ethiopia, and the Malawian government was overthrown, hence the name "Dargo Revolution".
The Tigray People's Party became part of the ruling coalition and gained relatively more rights in the negotiations.
However, the law on the election of ethnic and local councils adopted in 1995 did not establish the principles of federalism as the Tigray People's Party had hoped.
On the contrary, the decree is considered to be a nominal reform that has not been effectively implemented.
This, coupled with the problems and obstacles to the implementation of the law, has led to growing dissatisfaction among the people of Tigray and calls for greater autonomy and independence.
After 2001, Ethiopia gradually lost control of the Tigray region, leading to increased tensions between the two sides.
In 2018, the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) declared Nigos Mesfina its new president, once again accelerating the rise of nationalist sentiment and demanding a truly federal system based on "freedom, equality and justice", while strengthening national identity, cultural protection, etc.
The Oromo are a diverse ethnic group with a long and complex history in East Africa.
As early as the 12th century, they formed into natural communities. The position of the Oromo people has been changed since the Ethiopian Empire began to form at the end of the 19th century.
At this time, the area began to be invaded and colonized by external forces, and the Oromo people began to lose their rights and autonomy.
It was not until the 70s of the 20th century that Oromo began to unite and seek ways to govern, and collective action and political resistance became hallmarks of Oromo nationalism.
Oromo nationalism originated in the late 19th century, when the Ethiopian Empire reunited and expanded its territory.
According to tradition, the Oromos are descendants of the sons of ibn Battutah, who were originally Christians, then forced to become Muslims, and were completely controlled by the Islamic community by the 16th century.
In the 80s and 90s of the 20th century, as the political situation and environment changed, Oromo nationalism further developed into a united political movement.
Oromo nationalism originated in the late 19th century, when the Ethiopian Empire reunited and expanded its territory.
According to tradition, the Oromos are descendants of the sons of ibn Battutah, who were originally Christians, then forced to become Muslims, and were completely controlled by the Islamic community by the 16th century.
In the 80s and 90s of the 20th century, as the political situation and environment changed, Oromo nationalism further developed into a united political movement.
Because of Ethiopia's history and political changes, Oromo nationalism has taken different forms and faces in different historical stages.
In the 70s and early 80s of the 20th century, Oromo nationalism concentrated its resistance to imperialism and colonial rule.
However, the Oromo movement at the time lacked real organization and strong leadership. By the mid-80s, due to changes in the political situation and circumstances, the Oromo movement re-emerged and developed into a truly organized political movement.
During this period, the central demands of Oromo nationalism were autonomy and territorial issues.
At the same time, the movement is committed to upholding Oromo cultural and traditional values and seeks to recognize and oppose historical portrayals of the injustices suffered by Oromo people.
Impact on today's situation
At present, Ethiopian society is facing many challenges, such as corruption, poverty, economic backwardness and contradictions between ethnic groups.
Tigrayan nationalism further exacerbates these problems and leads to a more complex and dangerous political situation. In November 2020, the Ethiopian government announced military operations in the Tigray region, causing widespread concern in the international community.
Tigrayan nationalism has been trying to gain autonomy and greater resource allocation by strengthening their cultural identity, but have been resented and suppressed by the Ethiopian government.
However, in the current crisis, they seriously increased the weight of their own interests, exacerbating the contradictions and struggles between peoples. Therefore, how to solve the legitimate rights and interests of the people of Tigray has become the most urgent issue at present.
suggestion
In order to alleviate the current situation and effectively address the legitimate rights and interests of the people of Tigray and other minority groups, we make the following recommendations:
1 Establish a truly federal system, giving different ethnic groups greater autonomy and financial disposition;
To strengthen education and cultural inheritance, schools should include cultural, historical knowledge and language education of various ethnic groups in their curricula;
Combat racism, increase penalties for racial discrimination and hate crimes, and encourage exchanges and cooperation among ethnic groups;
Promote a better representative and democratic environment, revisit electoral and citizen participation mechanisms, and establish mechanisms for dialogue between Governments and civil society so that policies truly reflect the will of the people.
summary
Tigrayan nationalism has grown rapidly over the past half-century and has become an important part of Ethiopia's political scene. However, its pursuit of autonomy and independence has also caused many controversies and challenges.
Focusing on Tigray and developing solutions can help alleviate the deep-seated problems facing Ethiopia today.
Achieving a federal system and strengthening education, cultural heritage, and other areas contribute to a more inclusive society, protecting ethnic minority groups while maintaining national stability and social harmony.
Israel's reception of Jewish immigrants from Ethiopia was an event of historic significance.
It shows the efforts of a diverse and inclusive country and shows how a progressive country is dealing with population migration from other countries and diverse communities.
While these immigrants face enormous cultural differences, the Israeli government and other organizations work to coordinate so that they can integrate into the new cultural environment and ultimately build a better future with other Israelis.
The influence of the Oromo nationalist movement on Ethiopia's politics, economy and society was enormous. First of all, since the beginning of the new century, anti-government demonstrations and demonstrations have been held throughout Ethiopia, and Oromo nationalism has become one of the core demands.
Second, negotiations and agreements between Ethiopia's different ethnic groups are inseparable from this movement, because Oromo nationalism is full of political forces that can influence and change political decisions.
Finally, Oromo nationalism proved to the world that when different groups are treated unfairly, lose their freedom, and face the need for a better social order, they will come together and express their will in the form of political action.
Oromo nationalism is a movement made up of rich and diverse histories, cultures, and traditions. It reflects the need for Ethiopian identity and autonomy, as well as the emphasis on the history and story of the region.
The origins and evolution of Oromo nationalism highlight Ethiopia's complex historical background and multicultural realities, and we should better seek solutions based on consensus.