#历史开讲 #
The transition from a nomadic state to a Western European society is a hallmark of the origins of the Hungarian state, and this chapter describes the social and economic state of the Hungarian state at the time of its founding. Explore the differentiation of its national classes, especially the rise and history of the great aristocratic group.
This process, which began with King Stephen's conversion to Christianity in 1000 AD and formed its basic form before the promulgation of the agreement in 1222, is a process of gradual consolidation of the large aristocratic family system, and later it is also the process of the formation of small aristocratic groups27.
The aristocracy when the country was first founded
The history of the Kingdom of Hungary begins with the coronation of the first king, Stephen, by the Pope, an event that was a symbol of the will for Hungary. This meant that the country had since become a member of the European Christian state, and the significance of religion in the structure and influence of the state system was too great for us to ignore. In the books published on the history of Hungary, the historical fact of "transformation to the West" is mentioned in the early Middle Ages.
The main reason is that from the first millennium when Hungary officially became a kingdom, the state form continued to move closer to that of the Carolingian Empire. This phenomenon is closely linked to the establishment of Christianity in the kingdom. This extremely aggressive religion destroys the faith of its followers and keeps them out of the house.
Moreover, in addition, the whole set of secular institutions of European Christianity at that time was simply tailor-made for the newly created state. The king used religion as a tool to strengthen his power and transform the country according to its consolidation. Stephen obtained from the Pope the power to establish church institutions in his kingdom. He has 2 archbishops under him and 12 bishoprics under the archbishop. These parishes correspond to the provincial division system established later. In this way, the original chieftains and tribal system were broken, and the king, his favorites, and priests gained great power and wealth, including land and property, by depriving the tribal property.
In fact, the result was that the king, the clergy and the henchmen who followed the king became the first real nobles of the country, and these people would evolve into the royal bloc, the grand aristocracy and the ecclesiastical bloc in the coming history, and they were one of the most important players in the development of Hungary. In particular, the great aristocracy, commonly known as the great nobles (barons), remained haunted in the structure of the state until modern times, when communism was introduced to Hungary. Their struggle against the small aristocratic clique was also the main reason for the formation of the Hungarian structure.
That is to say, when the kingdom was first established, the king was the large landowner who owned the most land in the country. Thus, starting with King Stephen, the traditional royal castle system began to take shape. The royal castle system refers to the division of the country into more than 40 counties, each with a county in charge of the county as the judicial adjudicator and tax collector of the county. Unlike the Western European countries, the counts of Hungary did not establish a relationship of vassals and vassals with the king.
The land was not divided among vassals as a canonization, as in France and other typical Western European countries. This leads to the consequence that there is no contractual connection between the king and the count, thus breaking the traditional European perspective of the contract as the basic form, Karl. The "feudal society" described by Marx is an exception in Hungary in Europe, which does not exist.
The financial power that the earl had was simply to collect the appreciation and taxes of the royal land cultivated by the peasants in the territory and the royal property in custody, and to extract 1/3 of it as his own income. It is difficult to say that the Count will be conscientious and strictly abide by this rule. But at least, the king did not give him more power, and the count existed as if he were a slave of the king.
It can be seen that in the early days of the country, the king had almost unlimited power. This is partly the result of the Christianization of the state, and partly as a consequence of the collapse of tribalism, which in turn are interdependent and together develop an incomparably powerful royal power. For a long time around the new millennium, Hungary was not threatened by external enemies. The security of such a structure makes the road to nationalization of Hungary unusually smooth.
31 In this case, the king's power over the whole country, though theoretically incomparable, is ultimately an illusory imagination. The so-called "under Putian, it is not the royal land", in fact, that is to say, the king cannot directly govern a large number of territories. Relying on the local hereditary aristocracy, without war, it is impossible to trigger the implementation of an impersonal bureaucratic system throughout the country. Unlike the nobility of Western Europe, the nobility of this country, they did not own the land as in the quayi, but directly owned it, in other words, they did not have any specific vassal ties of legal obligation. Now, in the 11th century, they are crawling at the feet of royal power.
When royal power declined in the 13th century, their high aristocracy would quickly become the largest de facto holders of state power. The structure of the start-up period is very important, and it indicates the future direction of the country. History is a choice result under the circumstances of the time, and this result, limited by specific historical conditions, is an inevitable choice, and this inevitable choice over time forms historical inertia, so that people cannot get rid of it.
The rise of the great nobility
The death of Béla III in 1196 was of extraordinary significance for Hungary. From here, the Hungarian nobility began to play an increasingly important role. It all began with the struggle for succession after the death of Béla III, which began with his two sons and thus granted the nobles a large number of gifts, including land and various finances.
Taking advantage of this opportunity, the counts of the kingdom demanded wealth and privileges, and tried to transform their privileges, positions and status into hereditary private property. The royal castle system, which had lasted for nearly 200 years, was about to collapse, the counts tried to privatize the country, and the crisis of the family system swept through the ambitions of the great nobility.