Wen|Hua Jue historical circle
Editor|Hua Jue History Circle
01
Amarnia dynasty
The Amarna Period was a special period in ancient Egyptian history, from approximately 1360 BC to 1332 BC, at the end of the New Kingdom period, founded by Akhenaten IV. The main feature of this period was the rise of monotheism marked by the "Sun Disk" and the relocation of the capital to the city of Amarnia, named after Akhenaten IV. This article will focus on the last years of the Amallia period.
The end of the Amarnia period is associated with the son of Akhenaten IV. According to archaeologists, after the death of Akhenaten IV, his eldest son succeeded to the throne, but died after less than two years on the throne. He was succeeded by his younger brother, but only for less than four years. Finally became king.
After Thutmose III came to the throne, he tried to restore the traditional polytheistic beliefs and abolish the worship of the sun god Aten. He closed the city of Amarnia and relocated the capital back to Thebes. At the same time, he rebuilt palaces and temples that had previously been abandoned under Akhenaten IV and dedicated them to other gods.
However, these actions did not win the support of the people. The followers of the sun god Aten were forced into hiding and experienced many misfortunes under the reign of Thutmose III. According to historians, during the reign of Thutmose III, Egypt was mired in political turmoil and economic crisis. In addition, he tried to expand his territory to the south, but the cost of the war was high.
After the death of Thutmose III, he was succeeded by his son Amoshi I. He was also a polytheist, but he did not attempt to abolish the worship of the sun god Aten as his father did. Instead, he pushed for political and economic reforms under his rule that made Egypt a strong country again.
Overall, the Amanian period was a controversial and transformative period in ancient Egyptian history. Although in the last years of the Amanya period, the political and social landscape of Egypt underwent major changes. Nichols Grant Hamilton, in his book The End of Ancient Egypt, noted that the period was characterized by external pressures and internal upheaval.
External pressures came mainly from the invasions of Assyria and Babylon. The Assyrian king Ashurbanipal made a massive invasion of Egypt and eventually incorporated Egypt into the Assyrian Empire. However, after his death, the Assyrian Empire soon fell into chaos and Egypt was able to regain its independence.
The Assyrian king Ashur was a famous king in the 14th century BC who ruled the Assyrian Empire, making great strides politically, economically, and culturally.
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Assyrian Empire Ashe
Ashe was a very capable ruler who was committed to expanding and consolidating the Assyrian Empire and successfully conquering many surrounding countries, including Babylon, Chaldeans, and Mesopotamia.
During his reign, Ashe also promoted many important cultural and technological projects, such as the construction of large-scale water projects, the construction of new cities and roads, the construction of magnificent palaces and temples, and so on. In addition, he actively developed commercial trade and handicrafts, contributing to the prosperity of the Assyrian economy.
In addition to his political and economic achievements, Ashe has a keen interest in culture and art. He collected a wide range of literary works, collected a large number of historical books and myths and legends, and made important contributions to the development and prosperity of Assyrian culture.
The power and influence of the Assyrian Empire reached its peak during Ashe's reign, and he is hailed as one of the greatest kings in Assyrian history. However, after Ashe's death, the Assyrian Empire began to decline, eventually being destroyed by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in the 7th century BC.
In short, Ashe was an outstanding ruler and cultural figure who made outstanding contributions to the development and prosperity of the Assyrian Empire, leaving an indelible mark on Assyrian history.
Ashe was king of the Assyrian Empire and ruled in the early 7th century BC. He was the third king of the Assyrian Empire and reigned for about 23 years. Ashe was a visionary and powerful monarch who achieved a lot politically, economically and militarily.
The Assyrian Empire was an important kingdom in ancient Western Asia, founded around 2025 BC and one of the most powerful political entities in the region's history. It once controlled most of what is now Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Iran, and Jordan, and was one of the most advanced civilizations of its time.
The political system of the Assyrian Empire was a centralized monarchy with great power over the king. At the time of Ashurbanipal (668 BC – 627 BC), the Assyrian Empire reached its peak, with a territory larger than any political entity before or after. The period was also the peak of Assyrian culture, with many outstanding cultural and artistic achievements such as stone carvings, murals, sculptures and literary works, centered on Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrian Empire.
The Assyrian Empire was also known for its military prowess, with its armies being well-equipped, well-organized, and powerful in combat. Assyrian armies often used siege tools such as siege ladders and siege vehicles, innovative weapons such as rockets and poison gas, and were also known for their elite troops such as archers and chariots.
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The Assyrian Empire achieved great political, cultural, and military achievements
Despite its great political, cultural, and military achievements, the Assyrian Empire eventually perished under the pressure of internal corruption, external pressure, and military defeat. In 612 BC, the armies of the Babylonian and Mesopotamian alliance attacked Nineveh, destroying the capital of the Assyrian Empire and ending Assyrian rule. The fall of the Assyrian Empire was an important turning point in the history of Western Asia, setting the stage for the subsequent rise of the Neo-Babylonian and Persian empires.
In short, the Assyrian Empire was one of the most powerful political entities in the history of Western Asia, and its political, cultural, and military achievements had a profound impact on the ancient world. Although the Assyrian Empire has disappeared for nearly 3,000 years, its cultural and historical heritage is still known to the world and occupies an important place in today's society.
Politically, Ashe took a series of measures to strengthen his kingdom. He centralized the provinces and strictly supervised local officials to ensure the stability and unity of the kingdom. He also established a well-established postal system for the rapid delivery of messages and instructions. In addition, Ashe established an Assyrian royal guard consisting of an elite army to protect the security of the country.
On the economic front, Ashe introduced a series of reforms that promoted agriculture and commerce. He encouraged people to grow cotton, flax and grapes and promoted export trade. He also established a regulated monetary system to make trade easier and safer.
On the military front, Ashe has adopted an active foreign policy and great military power. He attacked Babylon and Egypt several times in order to expand his territory. In addition, he adopted some innovative tactics, such as the construction of siege vehicles and the use of crossbows, etc., to improve the combat effectiveness of the Assyrian army.
In general, Ashe was an outstanding ruler who made a significant contribution to the development and prosperity of the Assyrian Empire. His political, economic, and military reforms made the Assyrian Empire one of the most powerful states of its time and established the Assyrian Empire's dominance in the Middle East.
However, the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II launched an invasion of Egypt in 605 BC and turned Egypt into a province of the Babylonian Empire. During this period, the political and social life of Egypt was greatly affected. Nebuchadnezzar II overthrew the Amarnia dynasty and established a new regime with strict rule and taxation over Egypt.
Internally, Egypt has also experienced a series of upheavals. Nichols Grant Hamilton pointed out that Egypt at the end of the Amallanian period faced a wide range of social problems, including crime, social injustice, and civil unrest. These problems have led to a loss of government control over society and a destabilization effort.
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The End of Ancient Egypt
In general, the last years of the Amarnia period were an important period in Egyptian history. External pressures and internal turmoil have had a profound impact on Egypt's political, social and cultural life. The study of this period is crucial to our understanding of the development of ancient Egyptian society and culture.
The End of Ancient Egypt is a novel set at the end of Egyptian history by the British writer William Kipling. The novel features Richard Lepton, an Englishman in the late 19th century, and describes the political, cultural and religious situation in Egypt at the end of the 4th century BC through his perspective. This article will explore the historical background, cultural heritage, and revelations of the modern world in ancient Egypt from the perspective depicted in the novel.
The novel is set in Egypt at the end of the 4th century BC, a period of grey time in Egyptian history. After a period of glory that lasted for three thousand years, Egypt suffered various crises and challenges at this time. Politically, Egypt was invaded by foreign tribes, wars for the throne continued, and the royal family declined. Culturally, with the influence of Hellenism and the penetration of foreign cultures, traditional Egyptian culture began to decline. Religiously, Egyptian mythology and beliefs have ceased to satisfy people's search for the soul and death.
The protagonist of the novel, Richard Lepton, is an explorer and archaeologist who meets the Egyptian priestess Isabella during his archaeological activities in Egypt, and the two fall in love. But as the political turmoil intensifies, the lives and love of the two also face a huge test.
Through Richard's perspective, the novel shows the unique charm of ancient Egyptian culture and the ruthless cruelty of historical changes. Although Egypt has declined, its former glory and cultural heritage still live on in the land. The description of Egyptian religion and mythology is also wonderful, showing the exploration and worship of death and souls by the Egyptians.
Although The End of Ancient Egypt is a fictional novel, it can still give us some revelations about history and culture. It makes us realize that the rise and fall of a country or civilization does not happen overnight, but is a long historical process. At the same time, it also makes us reflect on the challenges facing modern society and the series of internal and external threats that Egypt suffered during the reign of the last pharaoh, Cleopatra IV, according to The End of Ancient Egypt, which led to the decline of the civilization. First, Cleopatra IV lacked leadership, his governance was unstable, and he lacked experience and ability to effectively control Egypt. Second, Egypt faced external threats from other countries, including powerful states such as Assyria and Babylon. These countries attempted to invade and conquer Egypt, further weakening Egypt's power.
Moreover, Egypt's internal contradictions and discord have made it even more vulnerable. Rivalries between the nobility, religious rifts and working-class uprisings continued to destabilize the country. For example, during the reign of Cleopatra IV, a large-scale uprising of the working class in the city of Deir el-Medina led to the destruction of the city.
Climate change has also played a role in Egypt's decline. During the reign of Cleopatra IV, Egypt experienced decades of drought and famine. This has led to food shortages and social instability, making Egypt even more vulnerable.
In short, The End of Ancient Egypt depicts the collapse of a complex civilization caused by a variety of factors. These factors include a lack of political leadership, external threats, internal contradictions and climate change. Although Egypt's civilization has disappeared for thousands of years, there are still many valuable historical lessons to be learned from it.
Bibliography:
Kemp, B.J. (2006). Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. Psychology Press.
Hornon, E. (2006). New Kingdom. Chronology of Ancient Egypt (pp. 234-289). Brill.
Kitchen, K.A. (1996). The Third Intermediate Period of Egypt (1100-650 BC). Aris and Phillips.
Klein, E.H. (2014). 1177 BC: The year of the collapse of civilization. Princeton University Press.
Wilkinson, T. (2011). The rise and fall of ancient Egypt. Random House.