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Older and loose skin? More wrinkles? (Related reading: What to do if the skin is loose and wrinkles are many?) These 5 things work so well... ）
A large amount of melanin deposits, prone to age spots?
Above: Pigmentation forms stains
In the previous article, I have introduced this whitening artifact to you -
L-cysteine. (Related reading: Why does it turn black and yellow when I am old?) What can remove melanin, turn white... ）
It is a precursor of glutathione, which can help brighten skin tone, inhibit melanin deposition, and inhibit tyrosinase (TYR)-mediated dopamelanin formation, helping skin whitening and promoting skin metabolism.
Above: L-cysteine↑
When used in combination with other antioxidants (e.g. α lipoic acid, blood orange extract, vitamin C, vitamin E, etc.), it is usually more effective.
As the human body ages, metabolism slows down, pigmentation in the body makes it easy to form spots on the surface of the skin.
So, when you are older, why do age spots appear? How do age spots form? How to reduce age spot formation?
After reading this article, you will find the answer.
What are age-spots and how they form
→ age spots/lipofuscin
Age spots generally refer to brown/brown spots that appear on the surface of the skin as the body ages. The technical term is also known as "lipofuscin" deposition.
Lipofuscin, is a fine yellow-brown pigment granule composed of lipid-containing residues digested by lysosomes. (1) It is an aging or "wearing" pigment, mainly found in the liver, kidneys, myocardium, retina, adrenal glands, nerve cells and ganglion cells.
Above: Lipofuscin↑
The main causes of age spots include melanin and lipofuscin accumulation, and melanin deposition is associated with factors such as inflammation, sunlight, and more.
→ the formation and composition of lipofuscin
In addition, lipofuscin is a polymeric substance in lysosomes, a product of oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly composed of cross-linked protein residues, formed due to iron-catalyzed oxidation processes. or may result from membrane damage or mitochondrial and lysosomal damage. In addition, periods of hypoxia in cells can lead to the formation of senile spots or lipofuscin.
In addition to a large amount of lipids, lipofuscin contains sugars and metals, including mercury, aluminum, iron, copper, and zinc, among others.
In general, aging is one of the main factors responsible for lipofuscin production, in addition to a variety of factors such as diet, lifestyle and other stressors, which may also contribute to the increased formation of age spots.
For example, vitamin E and B6 deficiency due to improper diet, as well as exposure to too much estrogen, among other things, can increase lipofuscin formation.
Lipofuscin cannot be degraded by lysosomes and cannot be removed by exocytosis.
In cell culture models, conditions of oxidative stress (e.g., exposure to 40% ambient oxygen or low molecular weight iron) promote lipofuscin accumulation, and growth at 8% oxygen and treatment with antioxidants or iron chelators appropriately reduce lipofuscin production.
→ the hazards of lipofuscin substances
Also known as "terminal toxins," lipofuscin increases with oxidative stress and aging.
The accumulation of lipofuscin-like substances generally causes skin lesions, and lipofuscin reduces proteasome activity in fibroblasts.
For example, lipofuscin accumulates in the eye, which can easily cause macular degeneration (a degenerative disease) and Stargardt disease.
In the peripheral nervous system, lipofuscin is deposited, leading to abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin, which predisposes to neurodegenerative diseases.
In addition, the pathological accumulation of lipofuscin has been associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, certain lysosomal diseases, acromegaly, denervicular atrophy, lipid myopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and central nuclear myopathy.
Above: The role of lipofuscin in neurodegenerative diseases↑
→ the effects of melanin/lipofuscin on the skin
Studies have found that melanin is the most abundant in endogenous skin photosensitization and participates in photoprotective mechanisms, and lipofuscin is a pigment that inadvertently accumulates during cell aging or oxidative stress.
Both pigments severely increase the phototoxicity of visible light (VL) to skin cells, and in the presence of these pigments, VL causes significant oxidative damage to nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, triggering regulated and unregulated cell death mechanisms.
In addition, skin cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines and metalloproteinases stimulated by VL due to light-induced oxidative damage, further promoting cell death and skin aging.
So, what can be done to reduce or reduce age spot formation?
First of all, it is recommended to consume an adequate amount of iron from food.
And at ordinary times it is recommended to supplement a large amount of vitamin C, eat beef and mutton, animal visceral animal blood, in addition, supplement zinc to reduce lipofuscin formation.
In addition, lipofuscin production can also be reduced↓ by the following methods
How to reduce age spot formation naturally
→ B supplementation, especially riboflavin and vitamin B6
Riboflavin/Vitamin B6 can properly delay human aging.
And, studies have found that vitamin B6 can improve the reproductive ability of fruit flies. In addition, riboflavin has been found to have an oxidative stress effect, which enhances the activity of powerful antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, thereby inhibiting the accumulation of lipofuscin.
Through the oxidative stress pathway, riboflavin enhances SOD1 (copper-zinc-containing superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) activities, inhibits the accumulation of LF (lipofuscin), prolongs the life of fruit flies, and promotes the reproduction of fruit flies.
More research is needed on riboflavin in slowing aging in humans.
→ stabilize estrogen levels
Excessive levels of estrogen, especially when combined with low concentrations of progesterone, produce all the pathological changes associated with the aging process; Especially skin aging.
This is a reason why many young people have bad skin, but as we age, estrogen will naturally decline and may naturally reduce spots.
At the cellular level, estrogen interferes with oxidative metabolism (energy production), steals oxygen from cells (leading to hypoxia), and increases the cell's affinity for water (leading to edema), which can cause great damage to cells.
and affects skin cell function.
Above: Hormone levels affect skin aging↑
With estrogen levels too high, skin cells may become brittle, tarnished and accelerate aging, causing lipofuscin formation.
Therefore, it is recommended to avoid long-term, heavy alcohol consumption, which can easily lead to increased estrogen levels.
In addition, most commercial plastics contain estrogen, and the commercial personal care products that most people use contain many estrogen-like substances. (For example, in care products, common estrogen-like substances are parabens, phthalates, stearates and so on.) ）
→ reduce polyunsaturated fat intake
Omega-6 polyunsaturated fats are harmful to the skin.
Studies have found that lipofuscin is directly related to the oxidation of polyunsaturated fats, which gradually reduce the adaptive capacity of cells by destroying their structural integrity.
For example, unsaturated fatty acids are known to increase the rate of lipid peroxidation, weaken skin cells, and cause tissue damage, which can lead to age spots.
Vitamin C and E supplementation →
These are two well-known antioxidants that can help scavenge free radicals and relieve age spots, vitamin C is recommended in large doses, vitamin E is water-soluble, and excess amounts are not recommended.
Studies have found that vitamin E, especially in combination with methylene blue, is another effective way to reduce skin pigmentation (age spots).
Both substances have antioxidant effects and also have the effect of reducing estrogen levels.
→ stimulate autophagy by fasting, etc
Fasting can stimulate autophagy, and spermidine and so on can stimulate autophagy, autophagy is a good anti-aging method, can remove senescent organelles and protein fragments, but also remove age spots.
The study found that after 6 months of autophagy in rats enhanced with rapamycin feed, lipofuscin accumulation and cardiomyocyte aging in elderly rats were improved.
Colocalization of autophagy structures and lipofuscin and electron micrographs indicate that some lipofuscin-laden lysosomes are isolated by autophagy structures.
Key Skinny Dragon said
Age spots are related to the concentration of lipofuscin in cells and are directly related to physiological age.
Moreover, the concentration varies from tissue to tissue and organ, everyone is different, and some people prefer spots on their skin, if you like spots.
It is recommended to supplement a large dose of vitamin C, increase antioxidant components, usually pay attention to sugar control, and increase other nutrients that are important for the skin.
With the aging of the human body, lipofuscin continues to deposition, pay attention to the daily diet to eat more antioxidant foods, reduce omega-6 saturated fat, more conducive to reduce lipofuscin deposition, reduce age spot formation.