At the end of 1944, there were insurgents in both Gurza and Ashan, both of which received strong soviet support, at least in terms of air strikes, and in the process of bombing nationalist airfields, it was repeatedly reported that Soviet markings were found on the wings of bombers. There were also many Soviet troops wearing sheepskin robes and hats, like the naturalized army that supported Sheng Shicai in those years, there were two so-called naturalized armies, one called the "Talbahatai Army" and the other called the "Altai Army", which were the backbone of Sheng Jinyong's defeat of Ma Zhongying and other opponents, and the White Russia exiled in the western region at that time was pardoned by Moscow, so that there was a phenomenon that the two russians of the white and red tribes jointly served a regime. In the Ili River Valley, Ali Khan-Toore-Shashirhan Khojayev took the lead in rebellion; In the north, Kazakh horse bandits led by Ospan swept through the entire Chenghua Temple and quickly occupied the area.
The situation is different in the two regions. The bandits in the Ashan area have long been affected by the Influence of Outer Mongolia factors in the early years, and the teaching materials used in the local Mongolian schools are all printed by the Outer Mongolian side, which can be imagined to be infiltrated into the sieve eye, and the teaching materials can be printed and used by neighboring countries while the local institutions are indifferent, allowing them to go unchecked, and the depth of decay is evident. The Gurza side tried to unite with Ospan. Battle fought together against Dihua, but Ospan ostensibly echoed it only in order to deal with Soviet advisers. He wanted to establish himself as Khan and dominate Ashan alone. He paid special attention to the connection with Outer Mongolia, hoping to use Outer Mongolia to bring in Soviet aid and help him divide the territory. The response to Ili was very reluctant. The Soviet Union also sent only some of its own soldiers and Kazakhs from the Outer Mongolian Army into the territory to "volunteer" combat. As early as October 5, 1943, Choba Mountain was on the Mongolian border with Ospan. Battelle met and promised to provide Bartle with 40-50 military advisers in addition to providing food, clothing and ammunition. In January 1944, Chobbasan went to Moscow to meet with Dzhugashvili and explained to him his determination to support the Kazakh rebels, and although Chobashan knew that these people had committed "outright banditry", he was still willing to support Ospan as long as he opposed H. Their meeting made it clear that they were not disgusted by the existence of a Kazakh state on the ground. Therefore, it can be seen that the events at the end of 1944 were premised and "traditional". Chobasan said that the Kazakh horse bandits who had been rebelling since 1939 had been "fighting", but by now (early 1944) all the leaders had been killed or arrested, leaving only Ospan (so they had to come to Ospan's aid).
In the summer of 1944, in the village of Yesiko Ata, 78 kilometers from Frunze (Bishkek), the Soviet Union trained two special forces, named "Buyikü" and "Battle", and sent them to the western region to carry out "guerrilla warfare" against the Nationalist army. In October, the Kuomintang provincial government decided to expropriate 10,000 cattle from the local area for military needs, which caused serious dissatisfaction in the pastoral areas, in addition to the fact that in the case of the confiscated horses could not be delivered, the expropriated households needed to pay a deduction of 700 yuan, the protests initially took place in Nilka, and later spread to the entire Ili River Valley on November 7, turning into complete chaos and the situation was out of control. The centers of the rebellion were in Khorgos and Arma atta, while the coordination dispatch (command) center was at the Soviet consulate in Gurza. The local White Russian accepted the invitation to the consulate for a meeting, and then gladly accepted the appointment as the military leader leading the rebels in battle. It was also on this day that the rebels agreed on the establishment of a puppet regime, a day of irony for reasons that twenty-seven years ago was the day of the birth of Soviet Russia, when they called for the withdrawal from the imperialist war and demanded the restoration of peace throughout Europe, but now they were the object of their own criticism. Similar incidents broke out in Tacheng and Ashan in November, which were undoubtedly supported by Moscow. A week later, the Ili side announced the so-called provisional republic of the puppet regime they had established. The Soviet Union provided the regime with a number of technicians and other facilities. On November 16, Ali Khan. Tow ray. Shashir Khan Khojayev was declared head of government by the so-called Gömin Military Command.
Ali Khan. Tow ray. Shashirhan Khojayev, born in 1887 in Balakgun (later Tokmak), although the area belongs to Kyrgyzstan, their family is the Uzbek brother Boiled, and his father Shashirhan. An imam who attached great importance to education, he sent both of his sons to Arabia for theological education, and after returning to China, he continued to study at the Bukhara Theological Seminary, and at the same time became a local famous person with the help of arabic, Turkish, and Persian translations of the teachings. In 1916, he took part in the revolt that arose in the Seven Rivers Province and Kyrgyzstan, and later took refuge in Kashgar to escape the repression of the Tsarist government. Ali Khan. Tore returned to Turkestan in 1918. In 1920, as civil war swept through Russia, he wanted to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca via Xinjiang, so he went to Gurza (Ili). However, due to the chaos in the Middle East, he was unable to make the trip. On April 25, 1945, Lavelenti. Beria and Andrea. Vyjingsky submitted to Stalin a copy of the ali khan they had written about. "In 1931, [this person] was arrested for anti-Soviet activities and sentenced to 10 years in prison, but he fled and crossed the border into Xinjiang," Tuolei's report said. In Xinjiang, Ali Khan. As an excellent translator of the Quran, Toure soon became the chief mullah of the city of Gurza in his authority among devout Muslims." In 1937, Tore could not escape the anti-trust movement launched by Sheng Shicai: he was arrested and confiscated of all his property. After his release in 1941, Tore returned to Gurza from Ulumuzi and began to promote his politically charged religious activities. In his mosque sermons and scholastic speeches, he criticized Kuomintang rule and called on people to rise up against Sino rule. Tore was one of the founders of the Gurza Freedom Association and the focus of soviet authorities' attention in Xinjiang in 1944.
This person was given isaac, who is also a separatist. Yusuf. Alp's special service was greatly praised, and he did not hesitate to praise, even after many years of exile, he still highly praised it in his cult, which shows that the influence of this person was indeed not low. The above content reveals the key information of the highlights, the first is the infiltrative military sabotage organization sent by the Soviet Union, mixed with the local nomads, and even tried to agitate when there was social discontent, resulting in irreversible destruction and riots; Second, the dispatch or use of local clergy to carry out politically charged evangelism to cultivate and build strength for "wartime" is mutually reinforcing. In addition, during the prosperous period, the warlords invited the Soviet army to enter Talbahatai and Altai to participate in the counterinsurgency, and collected local conditions and specific terrain information, so they played an important role in directly or indirectly supporting the rebels. Moreover, it should be noted that at that time, Sheng Shicai not only opened the northwest border, but also vigorously relinquished the power of profit to the Soviet side in the process of developing the Dushanzi oil field and the development of rare minerals such as turquoise in the Irtysh River Basin, and even required the Soviet army to be stationed in Hami to prevent the central army from entering the west of the Xingxing Gorge. All these have provided good conditions for the Soviet side to be familiar with the local situation and arrange eyeliner and spies in advance, after all, it is a big swing, and the collection of intelligence will naturally not be ambiguous. In fact, without looking at these, the inaction of the Ashan officials on the matter of the Outer Mongolian teaching materials can be seen that the local situation has been worn into a sieve eye, and the Soviets who are the emperor of Ulaanbaatar will not be left without a trace here.
In order to highlight the cooking, Ali Khan tow ray also organized a tripartite committee with the three parties of wuer, Kazakh and White Russia to hold important positions, and invited a representative of the Kalmyks (Mongols) to participate in the formation of the cabinet, which may be what they perceive as a "republic".
In addition, during the period of the existence of the pseudo-Provisional Republic government, the Soviet Union also held many special politburo meetings to discuss this matter, and Stalin, who served as the nominal head of state Molotov and the chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister), gave direct instructions on this matter, because this matter was related to the bilateral negotiations at that time, Chiang Ching-kuo flew to Moscow in a few days, and it can be predicted that he will be able to make certain compromises when he learns of Munich in the Far East, and if there is no restriction on allowing the rebels to expand the results of the battle, then it will inevitably be bad, stealing chickens will not be a rotten rice. It is therefore necessary to restrain its pace in order to obtain the most favourable outcome of the negotiations. Spanjanovich. Lieutenant GeneralSayer Egnarov and Lieutenant General Lang Fang sit behind the scenes, collecting and analyzing information, commanding soviet forces assisting the rebels, and regularly relaying intelligence to Stalin and Molotov. Beria was also responsible for following up on the incident, reporting "results" to the UCPB Central Committee, as mentioned above, in 1945, when he and Vysensky reported to Stalin about Ali Khan. Toure's resume (April 25) and April 29 again reported to Stalin that his anti-H movement had spread to Aksu and Kashgar in southern Xinjiang.
Beria's hostility was released very early, and at the end of May 1943 he held a secret conference in the Western Regions, the main members of which were the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Security, as well as the leaders of the Central Asian republics and the intelligence chiefs of the Altai region, and invited some Soviet expatriates from the main cities in the Western Regions, at which Beria said that Sheng Shicai had ruled the region for ten years with the help of the Soviet Union, and that his ascension to the throne would have been unimaginable without our (Soviet) assistance. Yet he adopted an attitude of pandering to Nanking against Moscow, a hostility that has been tolerated, but which we will not tolerate any longer, and the oppressed groups on the ground will not agree, many of whom have been asking for assistance, which we have ignored in the past and have not produced the slightest sympathy or help. This meeting was actually for later Lavrenti. Beria presided over the events of 1944. Alexei of the Council of People's Commissars. Kosygin, Mikhail of the United Communist Central Committee. Suslov, Nikolai of the Trade Union. Shvelnik and he were jointly responsible for the mess of Sheng Shicai's confrontation with the Soviet Union "in order to safeguard the political and economic interests of the Soviet Union in Eastern Turkistan".
As the situation deteriorated, the Chongqing side had to send Chiang Ching-kuo and the Moscow side to negotiate, because the events in the northern three districts had a tendency to spread to the southwest, and in Artish, whether it was Hotan, Moyu and Yarkand, or Kashgar, Aksu and Ush, the population was more dense than in the north, and there were many incidents of Kokand invasion and mutiny of local soldiers in history. The Soviet Union's security demands were very simple, the first demanding assurance that its borders were pro-Soviet regimes or local governments, and the second being the opportunity to obtain certain practical benefits there, such as trade, garrisons, and other terms, of course, they sometimes tried to establish controlling power, such as the "South Azerbaijan Republic" in northern Iran and the so-called "Gilan Republic" in the early 20s, all of which served the first purpose, and of course they inherited the bad traditions of the Tsarist Period. I have to say that in this goal, the United States and Russia have a striking similarity, such as the same routines and methods emerge in an endless stream, "Hawaii Republic" and "Lone Star Republic" are implemented in accordance with the same routine, repeatedly tried and tested. In some respects kennan's telegram was not wrong, the Soviet Union did, and the opportunist path of expansion brought disaster to its neighbors.