Leaf fig finishing
When it comes to the impressive flowers of summer, in addition to lotus flowers and jasmine, there are also leisurely and fragrant gardenias. The white of the gardenia, the incense of the gardenia, although it has not moved the world, has come and gone, but it has its own praise.
The flower buds of gardenia are fresh and slender, first green with a little yellowish, slowly expanding, turning into light green, and then blooming and becoming snow white, its six-petaled flower holder is similar to the large snowflake, so the ancients often compared the gardenia of the six-petal flower with the six snowflakes. For example, the Southern Song Dynasty poet Yang Wanli yin had "trees are short, flowers will be snow-like years." Lonely posture Yan outer purity, yufu summer cold" sentence; The Ming Dynasty calligrapher Wu Kuan wrote a poem praising "petals of incense are six out, but they are like snowflakes"; Shen Zhou, a master of calligraphy and painting in the Ming Dynasty, wrote in the "Gardenia Flower Poem": "The snow and ice flowers are cool and clear, and the spirit of the song column is deep." A crescent moon wind leads the shadow, secretly sending delicate incense into the painting court. ”
In addition to poetry, there are also many famous works with gardenia as the theme in the calligraphy and painting and arts and crafts of the past, such as the gardenia in the Volume of the Song Dynasty's "Hundred Flowers" with simple ink instead of gorgeous color, showing a light and elegant taste; Yuan "Zhang Chengzao" red gardenia pattern disc in a realistic way to carve a large blooming double-petal gardenia flower in the plate, with four budding buds in between, the branches and leaves are freely curled, fat and rounded, and covered with the whole instrument; The thick and light ink color of the gardenia in Ming Chen Chun's "Sketching" volume is very varied and the pen is fast, showing a bold and relaxed tone.
On the occasion of the summer heat, the "Forbidden City Flower Letter" column launched by The Paper News ancient art specially combs the famous works of gardenia paintings and crafts collected by the National Palace Museum and the National Palace Museum in Taipei, and wishes readers and friends a cool summer.
Gardenia Picture from Shanghai Zuibaichi Park
(Biography) Five generations Xu Xi Sketch gardenia
(Biography) Five Generations Xu Xi Sketch Gardenia Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Xu Xi (early 10th century), a native of Zhongling, Jiangxi. The cold reeds, wild grasses, water birds, and wild skeletons can capture the natural scenery of the water birds on the riverside. Paintings are often dyed with ink first, and then slightly colored, which is called the "boneless method".
(Biography) Five Generations Xu Xi Sketch Gardenia Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
This snow-white gardenia and emerald green leaves complement each other, and the sparrows stand on the branches, trying to prey on the wasps attracted by the fragrance of the flowers. The pronunciation of the bee is the same as "feng", and the sparrow is similar to "jue", which expresses the meaning of congratulations through the harmonic sound of "fengjue", which is a court painting with auspicious meaning. This painting is selected from the fifth opening of the "Song and Yuan Collection Paintings".
Song Ren Hundred Flowers Picture Volume
Song Ren Hundred Flowers Scroll (Partial Gardenia) Collection of the Palace Museum
The Tang Dynasty poet Wu Rong's poem "Folding Branches" wrote: "It is not that there is no root, and the painting work takes the momentum to teach the fold." "What is said is the beauty of the folded branches. The composition of this volume of "Hundred Flowers" is taken in the form of "folded branches and flowers", and the most characteristic parts of natural flowers are taken into the painting, which is more delicate and moving than the overall depiction.
Song Ren Hundred Flowers Scroll (Partial Gardenia) Collection of the Palace Museum
The flowers and birds on the screen are interspersed with nature, and there is no far-fetched patchwork. It is also dotted with bees, mosquitoes, dragonflies, butterflies, swimming fish, frogs and the like, which seems to be full of business. The whole volume is pure ink, but also white painting flowers, in addition to the plum blossom at the beginning of the volume is similar to Yang Wuwei's painting method with a slight freehand brush, the others are all written with ink penman, using ink instead of color, and outlining ink dyeing and white painting, and integrating the boneless painting method, reflecting the precise and meticulous painting style of Song Gong pen flowers and birds. It also replaces the gorgeous color with simple ink, showing a light and elegant interest. The end of the courtyard body breaks through the time and space limitations of traditional flower and bird painting and presents a new look. This technique had a certain influence on the ink pen flowers of Qian Xuan, Wang Yuan, and Zhao Zheng in the Yuan Dynasty, as well as the ink flowers of later literati.
This painting has about 60 kinds of flowers in all seasons, and is nearly 17 meters long, which is a brilliant masterpiece. The tail paper is printed in the collection of "Tang Village", "The Seal of The Painting and Calligraphy of the Liang Clan of The Banana Forest", etc., and there are many seals of Qianlong, Jiaqing, Xuantong Appreciation and Qingnei Province. It was once written in the "Stone Canal Baodi".
Yuan Qianxuan Eight Flowers Chart Volume
Yuan Qianxuan Eight Flowers Scroll (Partial Gardenia) Collection of the Palace Museum
This volume depicts eight kinds of flowers, including gardenia, begonia, pear blossom, apricot blossom, daffodil, peach blossom, and peony, each of which is relatively independent and becomes a whole. The 8 kinds of flowers have their own postures, leaning back to the back without any similarity, the pen is soft and vigorous, meticulous, the color is elegant, the thickness and lightness are appropriate, the whole painting is fine and not lagging on the board, delicate and not delicate. In the lower right corner of this painting, the "Shunju" is printed on the side, and at the end of the drag there is an inscription of Zhao Mengfu of the Yuan Dynasty: "Right Wu Xingqian chose the eight flowers painted by Shunju, although the style is similar to that of the body, and Fu Sezi is particularly unattainable." Er came here to drink heavily, and his fingers trembled and it was difficult to do this again. And the township descendants imitate it, and there are drawbacks of the owner's heart, then this volume can be cherished. By September 4 of the 26th year of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu of the same county. ”
Yuan "Zhang Chengzao" red gardenia pattern disc
Yuan "Zhang Chengzao" red gardenia pattern disc Collection of the Palace Museum
The plate is made of yellow lacquer, and a large and blooming double-petal gardenia flower is carved in a realistic way, with four budding buds in between, the branches and leaves are freely curled, the fat and rounded, and the whole vessel is covered. The back of the disc is carved with vanilla patterns, and the lines are deep and rounded. Near the foot, there is a three-character needle stroke of "Zhang Chengzao".
Yuan "Zhang Chengzao" red gardenia pattern disc Collection of the Palace Museum
"Zhang Chengzao" red gardenia pattern plate, thick paint, thick knife method. It is not only a fine product of carved lacquer in the Yuan Dynasty, but also represents the highest level of carving lacquer technology at that time.
Ming Wen Zheng Ming Flower Book Southern Lianfen
Ming Wen Zhengming Flower Album Southern National Union Fen Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Yinghe Xingshu Bao: Hua Fen Yu Zhu Tu Tu, Xue Rui Po Shu Xue Bu Shu. The Seven Treasures condensed into emptiness and color, and the smell of incense and nose was originally illusory.
Ming Chen Chun color floral shaft
Ming Chen Chun Colored Flowers Axis Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
This painting is extremely delicate with pen and color, and the self-titled poem cloud: "The summer lavender steaming bitter day is long." Kudzu Aoi fan bamboo kuang bed. Flowers and yin water vapor are stirred. There can be a white jade hall on earth. Daofu". The painting is a beautiful scenery in the summer season. There are five kinds of flowers after the lake stone, including gardenia, rose, lily, caryophyllus, and red dan.
Ming Chen Chun Colored Flowers Axis Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Flowers are depicted in a boneless brushwork, while white flowers such as gardenias and lilies are represented by the method of rubbing the hooked flowers and dotting leaves. The scenery arrangement is troublesome, the color is gentle and elegant, different from the habit of writing in the later years, it should be a work before the age of fifty.
Chen Chun (1484-1544), a native of Changzhou, Jiangsu. Character Daofu, later known as Daofu, changed the word Fufu, the number of Baiyang Mountain people. The painter is talented and talented, and he is well versed in scripture, ancient chinese, poetry, and calligraphy. I tried to learn calligraphy and painting from Wen Zhengming, and I was greatly praised by Wen Shi. Painting is good at freehand flowers, especially wonderful sketching, posterity will be him and Xu Wei and called "Qingteng, Baiyang", representing the new style of ink freehand flower painting in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. He also painted landscapes and indulged his handwriting, which had a great influence on the ink freehand paintings of later generations.
Ming Chen Chun Sketch Volume
Ming Chen Chun Sketch Volume (Partial Gardenia) Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
This volume places several kinds of flowers in the four seasons, interspersed in the form of folded branches in hand scrolls, which is a common expression used by Ming Dynasty painters to depict flowers. Inscribed on the scale, this volume was written in 1538 at the age of 55. The folded branches of peony, orchid, bamboo, gardenia, lotus, daffodil and camellia are not placed on the same horizontal line, and the high and low and near and echo each other make the composition lively and vivid. Whether it is a stroke of the center line or a side-lying ink dot, it is a bold and relaxed tone due to the fullness of water, the change of thick and light ink color and the rapid stroke. In terms of floral modeling, the expression of the hook flower dot leaves, the frontal flattening of the leaves, the non-verted back, and the free and spontaneous line of the hook and the veins of the leaves are all expressions of the painter's personal style.
After the painting, a piece of the painter's cursive seven-word ancient poem was followed: "The east wind flutters endlessly, and the bees and butterflies follow each other." The water splashes are beautiful and sunny, and the pools of crimson and light white are scattered. The high hall is scattered in the feast, and the vermilion curtain hides the spring incomparable. The song was drunk in the ears, drunk in the flowers before the flowers. Life should be happy and timely, and time is limited and there is no flooding period. Flowers blossom thanks to ordinary things, rather make the flower god laugh and get drunk. Wu Shu (1538) Winter Baiyang Mountain Humanity Reply and Figure. "The pen is dashing, and there is a posture of flying ink and ink dancing." The poetry and picture can be regarded as one of the representatives of the painter's painting style in his later years.
Ming Zhou's crown Gardenia
Ming Zhou's Crown Gardenia This painting is selected from the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Zhou Zhimian (birth and death year unknown), "active and Jiajing, Wanli years" (according to the "Zhou Fuqing Xiaozhai Yazhi Tu" contained in volume 37 of the "Shigutang Calligraphy and Painting Examination", the year of "Wanli Jia shu (1574) August Shuo", the specific year of birth and death can be only Jiajing and Wanli. Zifu Qing,no. Shaogu, a native of Changzhou (present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu). Specializing in flower and bird painting, he raises birds at home in order to get its charm and form in the painting. The flowers are collected from Chen Chun and Lu Zhizhi, and the part-time work belt is written, and the color is bright and beautiful, and it becomes a family of its own. Zhou Zhimian and his contemporaries in Suzhou created the School of GouHua Dian Ye, which influenced the brush and ink styles of the late Ming and Qing dynasties in the flower and bird painting altar.
Ming Sun Kehong Ink Hui volume
Ming Sun Kehong Ink Hui Volume (Partial Gardenia) Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Sun Kehong (陳克弘), a chinese poet (1532-1610), was a native of Huating (present-day Songjiang, Shanghai). The official to the prefect of Hanyang. Highly talented and sensitive, he deliberately paints and calligraphy, and his calligraphy is exquisite in seals, subordinates, lines, and grasses. He is good at painting landscapes, flowers and birds, bamboo stones, and Buddha statues, especially famous for flowers and birds, teaching Xu Xi and Zhao Chang, near The Law Shen Zhou and Lu Zhi, and painting Ma Yuanshui and Mi's Yunshan in his later years. Teachers Shen Zhou and Lu Zhi, both able to work and freehand, the works have two kinds of thick and thin appearances, or ink, or color, the style is light and elegant, and it is a family of its own. The book imitates Song Zhongwen. The residence is called "Dongguo Caotang".
Ming Chen Li Four Hours Flower Book Gardenia
Ming Chen Li Four Hours Flower Album Gardenia Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Chen Li (born and died unknown), a ming jiajing shiren, zizheng, Tuojiang, also known as Tuojiangzi, a native of Wu County,Jiangsu (present-day Suzhou), son of Chen Daofu. Good at painting flowers, birds, landscapes, and painting heirloom methods. Chen Yu's "Four Flowers of The Four Hours" album uses ink painting nine kinds of seasonal flowers such as sunflowers, orchids, gardenias, lotuses, hydrangeas, okra, chrysanthemums, wood hibiscus, plums, etc., with pens resembling his father, wandering and interesting.
Ming Wanli style filigree enamel gardenia pattern wax table
Ming Wanli style filigree enamel gardenia pattern wax table Collection of the Palace Museum
Wax table disc type, the bottom of the copper gilded cloud foot three. A copper-gilt vase is placed in the center of the dish, and the wax on the bottle is removed. The plate is decorated with folded branches and floral patterns, and the edges are decorated with green folded branches gardenia patterns, with different colors. The outsole center is inscribed with the six characters of the vertical line of the letter "Daming Wanli Year System".
During the Ming Dynasty, the decorative colors of filigree enamelware became increasingly rich, and sometimes two or three colors were used for different decorations for the ground color, so that the overall sense was full of changes, and this wax table was one of the representative works.
Qing Qianlong Imperial Wing Flower "Gardenia" poetry ink
Rectangular ink with an edged border. On one side there is a Qianlong poem by Qianlong: "Imperial Gardenia." The color is pure, the wind and dew are satisfied with the coolness, the yellow butterfly does not know the hua tired, and when looking for incense, it returns to the horizontal wall. "On one side, two branches of gardenia are molded in the center, and the flowers are in full bloom. On the ink side, there is a "Qianlong Year system of the Great Qing Dynasty" in chinese style. It is a box of ink stored with forty-seven other pieces, which is a set of Qianlong imperial flower poems.
Qing Jiang Tingxi Sketch flower album Gardenia
Qing Dynasty Jiang Tingxi Sketch flower album Gardenia Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Jiang Tingxi (1669-1732), also known as Youjun and Yangsun, Nansha and Xigu, also known as Qingtong Jushi, was a native of Changshu, Jiangsu, an official, painter, philologist and bibliophile during the Kangxi and Yongzheng periods of the Qing Dynasty. Brother of Jiang Chenxi, governor of Yungui.
Jiang Tingxi is a man of erudition and sensitivity, and is especially good at poetry and painting. Good at flowers and birds, sketching with yi pen, odd positive rate work, applying color halo ink, both a painting, can be natural and harmonious, the wind god is vivid, and the charm of Yun Shou Ping is obtained. This painting has the imperial title of Qing Gaozong's letter to the line book: Pin Xiang Lin Orchid Snow, Color Fragrance True Pure Two No Esoteric. Because of the slight intention of chasing the heat, but the plum on the bank of the cold stream.
Qing Jiang Tingxi Painted Flowers Book Orchid Gardenia
Qing Jiang Tingxi Painted Flowers Album Orchid Gardenia Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Qing Zhang Ruoxiao Sketch flower and fruit album Gardenia
Qing Zhang Ruoyi Sketching Flowers and Fruits Book Gardenia Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei
Zhang Ruoyi (1713-1746), courtesy name Qinglan, room name Lotus Xiang Bookstore, a native of Tongcheng, Anhui. Zhang Ruoxiao had a family education, his grandfather was Zhang Ying, a scholar of Wenhuadian University in the Kangxi Dynasty, and his father was Yongzheng, Qianlong Chaobao, and Zhang Tingyu, a scholar of Dian University. In the eleventh year of Yongzheng (1733), the third place in the original first division of the examination list of the Decay Ugly Branch Hall, under the request of his father Zhang Tingyu to "give way to the cold soldiers of the world", he was demoted to a second-class jinshi, and the special editing of the unsanciated hall was specially awarded, and the later emperor personally awarded the cabinet bachelor and the ceremonial attendant, and entered the Zhinan Study, the official to the ceremonial department Shangshu, and the earl.
Zhang Ruoyi enshrined the inner court with books and paintings, and was good at painting landscapes, flowers and birds, and won the will of Wang Xiaoxiang and Zhou Zhimian. In the eleventh year of Qianlong (1746), he accompanied the emperor on his tour of the west, returned to Beijing due to illness, and died soon after.
(This article is compiled from the Palace Museum and the National Palace Museum in Taipei.) ）
Editor-in-Charge: Li Mei
Proofreader: Liu Wei