A Brief History of Mongolia: The Broken Tatar Monarchs; the Juxtaposition of East and West Mongolia; Zhu Di's Two Conquests

In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, most of the time chosen for the northern expedition was in early February. One rare time was the Northern Expedition led by Qiu Fu, which went out in early July. However, that time, it was because the Mongol headquarters killed the northern envoy Guo Ji, causing Ming Chengzu to be furious, and the stress response was made.

Under normal circumstances, when the Ming Dynasty army arrived, it was the time when the grassland was green and yellow, and the livestock and horses were the thinnest. Because Qiu Fu's 100,000 troops were completely destroyed, Ming Chengzu's first expedition increased the number of troops to 500,000.

In early February of the eighth year of Yongle, Ming Chengzu Zhu Di personally led an army of 500,000 people to march.

In early March, the main force of the Ming army was from Xinghe (興和; present-day Zhangbei County, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei).

On April 16, he crossed mount Huhu (along the present-day border between China and Mongolia), and on the 19th, he was stationed in the town of Guangwu (south of present-day Hebato Province, Mongolia).

At the beginning of May, after crossing the desert, we arrived at the Krullen River, and Ming Chengzu gave him the name Ofema River.

In two months, half a million troops penetrated the grasslands and deserts like a moving city. Such a huge momentum immediately triggered a shock in the Mongolian headquarters.

What was particularly serious was that the Mongol headquarters had successively fought against the Walla and the Ming army's Qiufu department in the previous year, and had also been depleted. If you confront the army led by Ming Chengzu, it is tantamount to hitting a stone with an egg.

Running is the first reaction of Benjamin and Arutai. It's like a story about human evolution: Why does modern humans see that the first reaction of beasts of prey is to run? Because the primitive people who saw that the beast did not run and were still thinking about what monster was opposite were eaten by the beast. Perhaps, Arutai, who was born and raised in the war, immediately moved his DNA after receiving the news of the Ming army.

But in the direction of escape, Benjamin ri and Arutai had a huge disagreement.

Benjamin means westward. Originally, he had been brought back by Arutai from the Eastern Chagatai Khanate in the west. Perhaps, Benjamin could also make a comeback with the help of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate and the Timurid Empire. This is his path dependency.

Another inconvenience is that when Benjamin reaches the west, Arutai cannot cover the sky with one hand.

Arutai also has its own path dependence, determined to run to the east. In the past, after Arutai and Golichi were defeated by the Wara, they ran to the Hailar River area, which is the traditional refuge of Arutai.

In the end, the two sides quarreled, and their respective subordinates actually fought fiercely. "The crowds are in turmoil, and thieves kill each other." Before the Ming army could move, let's kill each other first.

At the beginning of June, Benjamini and Arutai led their men and horses to run east and west.

In this way, the question facing Zhu Di is no longer how to fight, but who to chase first?

If you compare the ancient and modern place names, you will find that the famous fishing sea in history is the current Bell Lake (not Lake Baikal). To the north of Lake Bell is its sister lake, Hulun Lake, which is also the origin of the name of the Hulunbuir area.

The name of the Krullen River has not changed, originating in the Kent Mountains of Mongolia (east of Ulaanbaatar) and flowing westward into Hulun Lake in Inner Mongolia. The Hunan River, on the other hand, is now the Onnen River, and flows parallel to it north of the Krullen River.

The area of activity of the Mongolian headquarters is probably between the Onen River and the Krullen River, and the east reaches Hulun Lake - it can be seen that the Arutai Headquarters has always been near the Khan's court (Fishing Erhai) of the Northern Yuan Emperor.

The Ming army came from the southwest. The specific direction of Benjauri's escape was again to the northwest, closer to the Ming army.

Therefore, Ming Chengzu Zhu Di personally led the elite horse and pursued Ben Ya Lost Li. The large forces remained where they were and continued to monitor Arutai's movements.

Zhu Di caught up with Ben Yauri at the Nan River and defeated him. Benjamin fled on only seven horses. Subsequently, Zhu Di's division continued to pursue Arutai and defeated it at the Erguna River.

Although the Ming army was victorious, it did not capture Ben ya and Arutai. However, the previous rupture between Benjarri and Arutai monarchs also caused the Tatar Arutai to lose its legitimacy.

Although Benjamin was the Great Khan of the Mongols, he was a guest commander of the Light Pole. In his early years, when he took refuge in the Timurid Empire, he only took a hundred or so horses with him. Arutai took it back from the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, and it is unlikely that there will be many people.

However, when Benjamin broke with Arutai, there was a big fight between the two sides. It can be seen that the appeal of Ben Ya Losing Li as a Yuan descendant is still very strong. And these people who took the initiative to follow Benjamin were obviously under the command of Arutai before.

Another problem is that Benjamin's break with Arutai is also passive in terms of fame. After all, Arutai was called upon to embrace the authentic descendants of the Yuan Dynasty and bring people and horses together. Since the descendants of the Yuan Dynasty, Ben Ya lost their lives, Arutai also lost this name.

However, the centaurs who still followed Arutai became his staunch supporters. This also provided the basis for Arutai to defect to the Ming Dynasty.

The greater advantage was that Ben Ya Losingli was killed by Vala in the third year of Ming Chengzu's personal conquest (the tenth year of Yongle). The Walas habitually proclaimed Taripa as Khan among the descendants of AliBugo. Arutai also established Adai Khan (the son of Ghost Lichi and a descendant of Genghis Khan's younger brother) on the grounds that the Yuan lineage had ceased. The Mongolian steppe abruptly appeared in a situation where two great khans stood side by side.

It is said that Benjamin's sister, Princess Samur, married Mahmu, who was Mahamu's brother-in-law. Even if the Wala people did not recognize the status of the Mongol Khan, they would not be able to kill the killer.

Mahmu made such a resolute effort, but instead gave Arutai the excuse for the crusade.

Immediately, Arutai sent emissaries to pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty, and said, "Mahamu and others killed their lords, reclaimed the national seal, and arbitrarily set up Tariba as the lord, please send troops to ask for it." May the leader be the vanguard".

In July of the eleventh year of Yongle, Arutai was given the title of Grand Master of Guanglu, Taishi, and King hening. Arutai, who had not long ago been beaten by the Ming Dynasty army with his buttocks, sat on a bench with the Ming Dynasty with a wipe of his face.

During the four years, the three kings of The Wallachia (Mahmu, Taiping, and Tuoba Polo) and the Tatar Arutai all accepted the ming canonization. At this point, the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia changed from hostility to clan domain.

However, because of the annexation of Arutai, Wala Maham no longer paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty, and it also became the fuse that led to Ming Chengzu's second personal conquest of Mobei.

At the beginning of Arutai's annexation, he asked the Ming Dynasty to attack Vala, but the Ming Dynasty did not respond. However, in the second half of the year, the Ming Dynasty Kaiping defender Guo Liang and the Tatar Taishi Arutai successively reported: Mahamu soldiers went to the Drinking Ma River (Krulun River), claimed to attack Arutai, and really wanted to attack Koubian (attacking Kaiping, Xinghe, Datong).

In the twelfth year of Yongle, Ming Chengzu Zhu Di personally marched for the second time, and his goal was directly aimed at Walla. Unlike the Tatars, Wala had little experience in confronting the Ming Dynasty. Unlike the Tatars, they were repeatedly rubbed on the ground by the Ming army for forty years. In other words, Vala has not suffered much.

Therefore, unlike the Tatars, they fled from the Ming Dynasty army. Wallachia opened up and confronted the Ming army head-on.

This battle took place in Kulan, a suburb of Ulaanbaatar, the capital of mongolia. The Battle of Kulan and Suddenly Lost Temperature is known as the first coordinated operation of infantry, cavalry and artillery in Chinese history. The Ming army defeated Vala and once again made it submit.

However, although Vala was defeated, he still had the ability to organize an attack on Arutai. Because Wala was worried that Arutai would make peace with the Ming Dynasty and threaten his own security. Therefore, Vala must be the first to attack and sneak up on Arutai in the winter. Before sneaking into Arutai, Vala sent an envoy to the Ming Dynasty to apologize for the crime and informed the Ming Dynasty of the plan.

As a result, Vara was again defeated by the Tatars. In June of the same year, the Ming Dynasty learned that Mahmu was dead and his people were scattered. In the fifteenth year of Yongle, ming emissaries also confirmed the death of Mahamu, and Tariba Khan had also been killed.

Valarlian was severely damaged and his strength was greatly reduced. Arutai took advantage of the situation to turn upside down, so that the Mongolian steppe once again transformed into a situation of strong east and weak west.

However, Arutai thus became the focus of the last three Chengzu Northern Expeditions.

Ming Chengzu's first two northern expeditions, and the struggle between tatars and valar during the period, looked a bit chaotic. The general context is as follows:

1. Ming Chengzu's first northern expedition defeated the Tatars. Wallachian cooperated with the Ming Dynasty to mend the sword. The Tatars confessed to the annexation.

2. Because the Ming Dynasty was reconciled with the Tatars, Vala began not to pay tribute. Subsequently, he challenged the Ming Dynasty.

3. Ming Chengzu's second northern expedition defeated Walla. Vala was worried that the Tartars would come to mend the knife, so he made a sneak attack first. As a result, Vara was again defeated by the Tatars.

And after Mahamu's death, the various departments of Wala, which had always been united, seemed to have a power struggle...