Shakya is a fruit tree widely planted in tropical and South Asian tropical regions, is also one of the world's five tropical fruits, because of its appearance like the headdress of Muni Shakya Buddha and named, and because of its similar appearance to lychee, and from the "Fan State", so also known as "Soursop", scientific name Annona squamosaL, English name Sugar Spple, Sop, native to tropical America land or the West Indies, is a tree species belonging to the cherimoya family. However, there are many genera in the Cherimoya family, as a fruit tree type, Shakya usually refers to the edible fruit species in the Cheroke family, mainly Cherimoya, Loulinguo, Afang, Squash, Ziyupan, Jialinghua, False Eagle Melon, Javanese Cherimothy, Andersonia. At present, the production as an economic cultivation is mainly 11 species in the genus Cherimoya, of which the four major species of ordinary cherimoya, Peruvian cherimoya, soursop and Atimoye cherimoya are the most important.
Sakya is most widely cultivated in tropical America, Peru, Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, the United States and other places, and the Asian region is mainly concentrated in India, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines and other places. The mainland Taiwan region was introduced by the Dutch before 1617 and has a history of more than 400 years. However, due to the backwardness of varieties and cultivation techniques, it has not been able to be promoted in production, and it is only cultivated as a small area of garden. Later, although some new varieties were introduced from the United States, Peru, Israel and other countries and regions, due to the ripening period coinciding with the typhoon season and the serious cracking of the fruit, it could not be widely promoted in production. It was not until 1993, when the eastern region of the backstage used the improvement of cultivation management technology and the development of shakya production period adjustment technology, which not only allowed the mature period to avoid the rainy season, but also allowed more than a year of harvest, that the cultivation of shakya was widely spread in Taiwan.
In the past two decades, due to the peculiar appearance of Taiwan's Shakya fruit, sugar content of up to 20-25 degrees, the flavor is particularly sweet, in the market has the reputation of the world's sweetest fruit, each price of up to 200 yuan NT$, the highest one can buy NT$60,000, thus prompting the eastern part of Taiwan to replace other fruit tree species with Sakya, especially Taitung as the most. According to the website of the Taitung Agricultural Test Institute, in 2008, the planting area of Shakya in Taiwan was 6290 hectares, and the output was 67749 metric tons, while the cultivation area of Taitung County was as high as 5421 hectares, accounting for about 85% of the whole Taiwan, with an output of 58792 metric tons, accounting for 88% of the whole Taiwan, and the rest were mostly distributed in Kaohsiung County (Alian Township, Tianliao Township), Tainan County (Guiren Township) and Pingtung County (Sandimen) and other places. Taiwan Shakya production technology, planting area and fruit quality, according to the Taitung Agricultural Test Institute, has now ranked among the world's top, export volume ranked first in the world, only Taitung 2008 pineapple Shakya a species of fruit, the export volume is as high as more than 2500 tons. Shakya thus became one of the two characteristic fruits of Taitung region with the same name as lotus fog.
The main species and varieties of Shakya in Taiwan
Taiwan is the mainland Sakya cultivation history of the longest area, tree species cover the four major species of cherimoya genus, varieties are also relatively many, some imported from foreign countries and domesticated, there are also local scientific research units for hybrid breeding, as well as fruit farmers themselves selected breeding, the famous hall dazzling, but the production of real scale planting is not much, according to the survey only Taitung No. 1, pineapple Shakya, Big Eye Shakya, soft branch species, coarse scale species and a few other varieties. The most important types and varieties of Shakya cultivation in Taiwan are introduced as follows:
1. Main types
(1) Ordinary cherimoya: semi-tropical semi-subtropical Shakya species, native to tropical America and the West Indies, is a semi-deciduous small tree or shrub, 2-7 meters high, the leaves are alternate, crushed and smelly, the flower is single or 2-4 apical or axillary, the fruit is a polymer fruit, the shape is diverse, round, heart-shaped, widely ovate and conical, the fruit order protrudes obviously, when ripe, it is light yellow-green, the flesh is tender like tofu after soft maturity, the soluble solid content is up to 20% or more, and the flavor is sweet and fragrant. The disadvantage is that there are more seeds, each fruit has 30-60 seeds, and the shape is not correct, and the fruit is uneven.
(2) Peruvian soursop: also known as alpine soursop, cold soursop, hairy soursop, South American soursop, belongs to the semi-subtropical and semi-tropical Shakya species, native to The Andes Mountains of Peru and Ecuador in South America, and is a deciduous small tree. The tree is erect or open, the height of the tree is mostly 3-6 meters, the highest can reach 7-8 meters, the branches are soft and dense, gray, the leaves are ovate to lanceolate, the leaf back has villi, the fruit is ovate, spherical or conical according to the variety, the flesh is tender and milky, like ice cream, the flavor is thick and sweet and slightly sour. However, due to its penchant for cold and cool climates, the growth results in tropical low altitude areas are not good. However, because it is more resistant to low temperatures than other soursop, it has more value for promotion and application in the southeast coast of the mainland and the high altitude areas of south China.
(3) Soursop: evergreen small tree or low shrub fruit tree, tree height 3-7 meters, cylindrical branches, fine cracks, coarse epidermis, reddish brown, leaves alternate, crushed with a strong odor, the fruit is extra large, the single fruit weight can reach 4 kg, there is a sour taste, is a pure tropical fruit tree, wintering in Taitung region are difficult, and there are many seeds, poor varieties, planting area is not much.
(4) Artimoye cherimoya: an interspecific hybrid obtained by hybridization of ordinary cherimoya and Peruvian cherimoya, the biological characteristics are between the two parents, vigorous growth, tree opening, dense branches, leaf lanceolate to oval, flowers single or 2-3 axillary, fruit shape similar to Peruvian cherimoya, smooth fruit surface, peel can be peeled off in whole, soluble solids are about 18-22, sweet and not greasy, and the quality of fresh food is the best. The adaptability is better than that of ordinary cherimoya, and the planting area in Taiwan is larger.
2. Main varieties
(1) Coarse scale species: ordinary cherimoya species, Early Shakya varieties in Taiwan, tall tree body, wide leaves, oval shape, rough epidermis, large and raised scales, the fruit is hard ripening period scale groove deep depression is milky yellow, scales are green, the fruit is medium size, the average single fruit weight is 280 grams, containing soluble solids 20-22%, high edible rate, fewer seeds, appearance maturity is still obvious, is an early representative variety, but susceptible to climate stress, the yield is unstable. The planting area has decreased year by year.
(2) Fine scale species: ordinary cherimoya species, early Shakya varieties in Taiwan, the tree body is small, the leaves lanceolate, small but dense. The fruit is small, the average single fruit weight is only about 200 grams, slightly flattened, the fruit surface is small, the scale groove is shallow and flat, the scales are yellow-white or yellow-green, smooth, the quality is better, the soluble solids can reach about 23%, and the flesh is fine and dense, and the yield is good. It is believed that due to the large number of seeds and less pulp, the edible rate is not high, and the commodity value is poor, it has been gradually eliminated and replaced by soft branch species.
(3) Soft branch species: ordinary cherimoya species, early Shakya variety in Taiwan, the fruit surface is dark green, large and protruding, low gloss; the leaves are as large as the palm of the hand, the branches are drooping, the long branches are soft, the fruit is large, the skin is thin, and the pulp ratio is high. The disadvantage is that the scale groove is not obvious at the appropriate harvesting period, it is difficult to determine the maturity by the appearance, and the post-ripening softens quickly, it is easy to split the fruit, and it is not resistant to storage and transportation. However, due to the early production period, high and stable yield, it is very popular with farmers, so the cultivation area has a tendency to increase year by year.
(4) Taitung No. 1 (Dulan species): The representative varieties selected and bred from Tusaka in the early days of Taiwan have a relatively stable yield, a large fruit ratio, a single fruit weight of about 350 grams, a large and protruding fruit surface, a bright and bright appearance, a high gloss of the fruit surface, a milky yellow appearance, an obvious appearance maturity, a good utilization rate of pulp and flesh quality, a high commodity value, and a long shelf life after harvest. The yield is stable and widely cultivated in Taitung. However, when the tolerance to low temperature adversity is poor, improper management or climate change is severe, it is easy to crack and fall fruit.
(5) Pineapple Shakya: Strictly speaking, Pineapple Sakya is not the name of a variety, but a collective name for the Atimoye cherimoya species, but it has become the largest and most famous "variety" in Taiwan, also known as "Wanglai Shakya", the central region fruit farmers called "Honey Shakya", kaohsiung region called "Chimei Shakya", mainly referring to The Israeli gefner, but some Taiwanese industry has pink's mammoth, HiIIary White, African, pride Bays, Booth, Pierce, Spain, etc. are also called pineapple Shakya. The earliest interspecific hybridization was carried out by Wester in Florida, USA, but gefner was bred in Israel in the 1960s, introduced in Taiwan in 1965, and now has a large area of commercial cultivation in Taiwan. This variety grows vigorously, the branches are thicker, the leaves are larger than the average variety, and the leaf surface is hairy.
The fruit is very large, generally a single fruit weighs 400-550 grams, soluble solids 25-27%, the flesh is white and tender, the flavor is rich and sweet, with a faint pineapple flavor, it has the reputation of the sweetest fruit in the world. High yield and good quality. At present, the planting area of pineapple Shakya in Taiwan has reached 2250 hectares, of which the cultivation area of Taitung County is 1600 hectares, accounting for 71.1%, and the main production areas are Beinan Township (850 hectares), Taimali Township (250 hectares), Taitung City (400 hectares), and Donghe Township (100 hectares). Pineapple Shakya only harvests winter fruits, and the production period is 12-4 months.
(6) Taitung No. 2 (Damu Shakya): Taitung Agricultural Improvement Farm selected from The Huang Zhenyan Shakya Orchard in Taitung City in 2000 and successfully bred after 9 years of product ratio testing and regional testing, and passed the naming review operation of the field on December 17, 2008. The surface of the large-scale saky fruit is very large, the gloss is high, the fruit is large, the average fruit weight is about 900 grams, the maximum can reach more than 1,200g, the seed is small and small, the proportion of the fruit grain is small, the taste is like a soft branch, but the flesh quality is better and the sugar content is low, about 20-24 ° Brix, the pulp rate is about 50%, the average number of fruit seeds is 71.8 grains, the number of fruit harvests to soft ripening days is about 4-6 days, and the main production period is between July and February. Since the market price of cherimoya takes the size and appearance of the fruit as the key factor, the heavier the fruit, the higher the price, and the new variety Taitung No. 2 cherimoya has the advantages of oversized fruit, high yield per unit area, obvious cracking of the scale groove, convenient ripeness judgment and favorable harvesting, which is of great promotion value and has become the most popular cultivar in Taiwan in recent years.
(7) African pride (African pride): also known as A.P. Shakya, Artimoya soursop species, is a variety of Taiwanese pineapple Sakya, bred in South Africa in the 1950s, is currently the world's most important commercially cultivated variety. This variety has open trees, vigorous growth, early fruiting and abundant yield, relatively tolerant to low temperatures, and no obvious frost damage at 0 °C. The average single fruit weighs 380 grams, soluble solids 25%, total sugar 18.3%, acid 0.37, sweet flavor, no artificial pollination, no size year, stable yield and high yield, is the preferred variety in southern Taiwan.
(8) Marooch Gold: The latest sakya variety introduced from Taiwan, bred by the Marooch Horticultural Research Institute in Australia, the parents were red-skinned ordinary soursop and Hilary White cherimoya. The tree grows vigorously, the male pistils are in the same flower, no artificial pollination is required, the natural fruit set rate is high, the appearance of the fruit is correct and smooth, the average single fruit weighs 450 grams, the flesh is soft, the color is like white jade, the seed is less, the quality is better than the African pride, it is a new variety with great development prospects, but there are not many cultivations at present.
Shakya Fruit Anniversary Management Calendar:
January, January (big cold to small cold): during this period the cold air continues to strengthen southward, the temperature is low, the average monthly temperature is about 15 degrees, the leaves quickly turn yellow, and a large number of leaves begin to fall. For orchards that only produce positive fruit, you can start pruning, and pick ripe fruits in time, and pay attention to cold protection for fruits that have not yet been picked.
February, February (spring to rain): The weather during this period is dominated by low temperature and rain, the temperature is low, the average monthly temperature is about 13 degrees, the leaves fall off rapidly, and in late February, new roots begin to germinate. Start winter pruning of fruit trees after harvesting, grasp the clearing of the garden after pruning, and apply base fertilizer to fruit trees at the end of February, and the base fertilizer is mainly decomposed farm manure.
March and March (sting to the vernal equinox): During this period, the temperature begins to rise, the average monthly temperature is about 18 degrees, new roots begin to grow, new shoots begin to sprout, and new shoots and buds begin to be drawn out in the middle and late years. It is recommended to harvest all the winter fruits; for example, the fruit trees that are not pruned in February need to be pruned this month; if the base fertilizer is not applied in late February, the base fertilizer should be applied in the first and middle of the year; for example, when fertilizing, the weather is dry, and it is necessary to irrigate and promote the shoots.
April and April (Qingming to Guyu): During this period, the temperature rises rapidly, the average monthly temperature is about 22 degrees, but there is still cold air moving south, and the branches pull out a large number of new shoots and buds. The first flowering period begins in the middle and late years. At the same time, pests and diseases began to be active. It is recommended to grasp the dynamics of thrips, in the first and middle, such as a small number, it is best not to use drugs, generally in the young shoots of 1 tree, 30 young shoots have more than 3 thrips to carry out drug control, with Aktai + Jiamei dividend 1000 times liquid leaching root irrigation, foliar alternate spraying imidacloprid, praymethone + jiamei point 1000 times liquid. Spray once in mid or late amyo - JIA MEI 1000 times liquid to prevent young fruit peduncle rot. Although the number of flowers in this period is small, it is also necessary to pay close attention to artificial pollination and strive to hang fruit early. Newly planted young orchard weeds began to grow, ready for cultivation and weeding.
May and May (Summer Solstice): The temperature is high during this period, the average monthly temperature is about 25 degrees, the rainfall gradually increases, and the cherimoya begins to enter the peak flowering period and the formation of young fruits. Pests and diseases begin to harm flowers, fruits, leaves, etc. It is recommended to do a good job of artificial pollination during this period; apply a strong fruit fertilizer in the second half of the year, drip irrigation Jiamei dividend 1 bag + Jiamei Hailibao 1-2 kg per acre, and spray 1000 times liquid Jiamei brain platinum 2-3 times; check in time whether there is a "weak flower phenomenon", if any, immediately fertilize, and do a good job of picking leaves and promoting flowers; every 7-19 days, spray a rice harvest, Baitai + Jiamei point to prevent and control fruit base rot and anthrax, and at the same time remove the diseased fruit in time; spray a worm in the second half of the year to control thrips and aphids; at the same time, Pay attention to the control of red spiders and mesozoans.
June and June (mango to summer solstice): The weather is hot during this period, the average monthly temperature is above 28 degrees, the rainfall is increasing, there are still a large number of flowers, and the young fruits continue to form and expand. It is recommended to spray a phenylethoconazole + Jiamei point in the first half of the year to prevent and control the pedicle rot, and at the same time remove the diseased fruit in time; check the occurrence of thrips in time, do a good job in the control of butterflies and borers; start fruit bagging; short-cut leaf picking of fruit trees, and carry out winter fruit promotion work.
July and July (small summer to summer): The weather is hot during this period, the average monthly temperature is more than 28 degrees, the sunshine is strong, the evaporation is large, the orchard is susceptible to drought, the fruit enters the expansion period, and the fruit begins to ripen at the end of the month. Do a good job of drought prevention in the orchard, keep the orchard moist; if the tree hangs too many fruits, there is a lack of fertilizer per mu should immediately supplement the Jiamei dividend 1 bag + Jiamei Hailibao 1-2 kg; in the late and early second half of the month, spray once Baitai + spring lymycin, Ami Miao harvest + Jiamei point to prevent and control fruit rot, soft rot and anthrax, and at the same time to remove the diseased fruit in time; with summer fruit thinning, short-cut leaf picking to promote winter fruit.
August and August (autumn to summer): The weather is extremely hot during this period, the average monthly temperature is more than 28 degrees, the sunshine is strong, the orchard is prone to drought, and the fruit is ripe in large quantities. Keep the orchard moist so that the fruit can grow normally; remove the diseased fruit in time to prevent the pathogen from infecting the healthy fruit; the newly planted orchard does a good job of weeding in the middle cultivation; the fruit is ripe for harvesting; the short spring shoots pick leaves to promote flowers and prune the winter fruit thinning between June and July.
September and September (white dew to autumn equinox): During this period, the temperature begins to drop, the average monthly temperature is still around 27 degrees, and the fruit harvest enters the final stage. Continue to keep the orchard moist; pick ripe fruits in time; apply a recovery fertilizer or strong fruit fertilizer at the end of the month, apply 1 bag of Jiamei dividends per mu + Jiamei profit to 2-3 kg; shorten the short branches that do not flower in June, and promote flowers.
October and October (cold dew to frost): During this period, the weather begins to cool, the average monthly temperature is about 26 degrees, the fruit harvest enters the end, and the young shoot leaves begin to turn green. Ripe fruit is picked in time; if the weather is dry, irrigation is carried out once to promote the recovery of the tree; and the tree that is fertilized at the end of September is applied this month, and the winter fruit is thinned at the same time.
November and November (winter solstice light snow): during this period, the weather drops, the average monthly temperature is about 21 degrees, the tree body resumes growth, and the fruit of the Atimoye variety enters a large number of ripening periods. Harvest ripe fruits in time, and bagging young fruits where conditions permit.
December and December (heavy snow to winter solstice): during this period the temperature drops, the average monthly temperature is about 17 degrees, the growth is slow or stops growing, and the fruit of the Atimoye variety enters the final harvest. Pick ripe fruits in time, plough in the orchard around the winter solstice, and apply pre-harvest fertilizer for winter fruits.
Bibliography:
"The Varieties of Senchi (Shakya)", all at once! Fruit Bang Farmer's House Matsukaze
"What is the annual management of the planting of cherimoya? Farming Gang