I. 1925-1926 Former Northern ExpeditionAry Army (Formation of the National Revolutionary Army and Establishment of the Northern Expeditionary Army)
On August 18, 1925, the Military Commission of the National Government abolished the names of the local armies under its jurisdiction and renamed them the National Revolutionary Army. The Whampoa Military Academy, composed of students from the Whampoa Military Academy, was the First Army, and its commander, Chiang Kai-shek, was the commander of the army. The "Jianguo Xiang Army" is the Second Army, the "Jianguo Dian Army" is changed to the Third Army, the "Jianguo Guangdong Army" is the Fourth Army, and the Fu Army is the Fifth Army. In the early days, the National Revolutionary Army set up party representatives and political departments at the army and divisional levels.
The commander-in-chief of the Nationalist army, Chiang Kai-shek
In January 1926, the "Attacking E'e Army" in Hunan was reorganized into the Sixth Army, and the army was long-range submarine. In March, the Guangxi army was reorganized into the Seventh Army, and the commander was Li Zongren. In June, Tang Shengzhi of Hunan joined the revolution, and the troops were reorganized into the Eighth Army. In July, the National Revolutionary Army was eight armies of about 100,000 people. Chiang Kai-shek was appointed commander-in-chief, Li Jishen was chief of staff, Bai Chongxi was appointed deputy chief of staff, Deng Yanda was made director of the Political Department, and Guo Moruo was made deputy director of the Political Department.
The commanders and party representatives of the 1st to 8th Armies were: He Yingqin/Miao Bin of the (1st Army); Tan Yanmin/Li Fuchun of the (2nd Army); Zhu Peide/Zhu Kejing of the (3rd Army); Li Jishen/Liao Qianwu of the (4th Army); Li Fulin/Li Langru of the (5th Army); Cheng Qian/Lin Boqu of the (6th Army); Li Zongren/Huang Shaohu of the 7th Army; Tang Shengzhi/Liu Wendao (before August 1926).
II. 1928-1929 Conference on the Reorganization of the Four Major Armies, the Northeast Border Defense Army and the All-Army Formation Conference (Military Readjustment and Post-War Disarmament during the Northern Expedition)
Early National Army
(1) Four major army groups: On February 6, 1928, the Fourth Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee of the Kuomintang passed the "Case of Concentrating Revolutionary Forces to Complete the Northern Expedition within a Time Limit". On the 11th, the Nationalist government ordered the Military Commission to complete the Northern Expedition within a time limit. After that, Chiang Kai-shek reorganized He Yingqin's 1st Route Army into the 1st Group Army, and made himself commander-in-chief; he also organized the armies of Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan, and Li Zong^ into the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Group Armies, with Feng, Yan, and Li as commanders-in-chief.
The combat unit of the First Army consisted of eighteen corps, two independent divisions, three special regiments and two ironclad vehicles, with about 290,000 men.
The combat unit of the Second Army counted twenty-five corps and about 310,000 people.
The combat unit of the Third Army counted eleven corps, about 150,000 people.
The combat units of the Fourth Army totaled sixteen corps and nine independent divisions, with about 240,000 men.
(2) Reorganization of the Northeast Border Defense Army: In November 1928, with the help of the Military Expert Group of the National Government in Nanjing, the security forces of the three eastern provinces were reorganized. A total of 30 infantry brigades, 6 cavalry brigades, 10 artillery regiments, 5 air force squadrons, three naval fleets, and three marine brigades were completed; 7 regiments of the Liaoning Provincial Defense Army, 7 brigades of the Heilongjiang Provincial Defense Army, two brigades of the Rehe Provincial Defense Army were stationed; and three regiments of the Tunken Army were added.
The Northeast Security Command has also added special branches: engineers, heavy weights, communications, ironclads and other services, with a total strength of 300,000.
On December 19, 1928, Zhang Xueliang announced the "Northeast Yizhi". Subsequently, the Nanjing government sent a large number of officials to Shenyang in the northeast to officially announce the appointment of Zhang Xueliang as the commander-in-chief of the Northeast Border Defense Army, and Zhang Zuoxiang and Wan Fulin as deputies.
(3) 1929 Dispatch Conference [In mid-July 1928, Chiang Kai-shek, Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan, Li Zongren, and others held a military examination and decided to set up a "dispatch committee" to "marshal" the national army. In August, the Fifth Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee was held, and the "Sorting Out military cases" was adopted, proposing that "military orders and government orders must be unified" and "reducing troops is the first priority of the whole army's financial management." In December, the Political Conference of the Kuomintang Central Committee passed the Regulations on the National Establishment and Dispatch Conference, which limited the completion of the deployment work to six months.
In January 1929, the National Assembly Conference was officially held in Nanjing. The meeting formally established the "Organization Committee" of the armed forces, with Chiang Kai-shek as its chairman. The meeting adopted the "Outline of Procedures for the Establishment and Dispatch Committee of the National Army," which stipulates that the existing armed forces throughout the country shall be divided into various military deployment areas directly under the central government, the naval deployment area, the 1st deployment area, and 5 deployment areas divided according to the region.
The Central, Naval and 1st Detachment Offices are located in Nanjing; The 2nd Fabrication District belonged to Feng Yuyan's 2nd Army, with an office in Kaifeng; The 3rd Formation District belonged to Yan Xishan's 3rd Army, with offices in Taiyuan; The 4th Detachment Area belonged to the 4th Army group and had offices in Hankou; The 5th Detachment Area belonged to Zhang Xueliang's Northeast Army, and its office was located in Shenyang; In addition, a 6th dispatch area was set up for the four provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Qian, and Kham. The downsizing of the national army infantry shall not exceed 65 divisions, 8 brigades of cavalry, 16 regiments of artillery, 8 regiments of engineers, with a total strength of 800,000 troops, and military expenditure shall be limited to 40% of the total income of the state.
Each army group retains 11 divisions, and the central government can control 3 fabrication areas. According to the provisions of the "Outline of Procedures for the Organization and Dispatch of the National Revolutionary Army," on the date of the establishment of the National Organization committee, all powers of the national army will be transferred to the central authorities, and the National Government will order the abolition of the General Headquarters of the National Revolutionary Army, the General Headquarters of the Group Armies, the General Headquarters of the Navy, etc. The units can only be stationed in place and waiting for the points, and the group armies have no right to move and appoint and dismiss the military palace on their own. In the end, the deployment work was not completed due to obstruction by various parties. 】
III. Reorganizing the Army aftermath of the 1931 Central Plains War (after the Central Plains War, the Northeast Army and the Central Army were reorganized into the remnants of the Jin Sui Army and the Northwest Army)
1. Jin Sui Army System: In June 1931, Zhang Xueliang reorganized the Jin Army into 4 infantry corps (32, 33, 34, 35 corps), 1 Zhengtai Protection Road Army, 3 independent brigades, 1 cavalry corps and 10 artillery regiments. Each army has jurisdiction over 2 divisions, each division has 2 brigades, and each brigade has 2 regiments.
2. Northwest Army System: (1.) Song Zheyuanbu - The Third Army of the Northeast Border Defense Army, later changed to the 29th Army. (2.) Sun Lianzhong 26th Route Army. (3.) Ji Hongchang 22nd Route Army. (3.) Liang Guanying 25th Route Army.
4. From 1935 to 1937, the Chuankang Reorganized Army, the Northeast Army Guannei Troops were reorganized, and 60 finishing divisions were planned
(1.) Chuan kang reorganized the army: For the first time, on June 5, 1935, Chiang Kai-shek convened a meeting of the generals of the Sichuan Army in Chengdu and decided to bring the Sichuan Army -- the 21st Army of Liu Xiangbu, the 24th Army of Liu Wenhui, the 20th Army of Yang Senbu, the 28th Army of Deng Xihou, the 29th Army of Tian Songyao, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Border Defense Army of Liu Cunhou, and the Li Jiayu and Luo Zezhou, plus about 500,000 people in the militia regiments throughout the province. To be cut. After the reorganization, the Sichuan Army was: the 20th Army, the commander Yang Sen, organized into the 133rd, 134th, 135th three divisions, counting 6 brigades and 14 regiments.
The 21st Army was divided into 21st, 23rd, and 44th armies, with Tang Shizun, Pan Wenhua, and Wang Yixu as commanders, all under the direct administration of Liu Xiang. A total of 83 regiments. The 24th Army, commander Liu Wenhui, was organized into three divisions of 136, 137 and 138, with a total of 16 regiments.
The 28th Army was reorganized into the 45th Army, with Deng Xihou as its commander, and was organized into five divisions of 125, 126, 127, 128, and 131, with a total of 24 regiments.
The 29th Army, changed to the 41st Army, was organized into the 122nd, 123rd, and 124th Divisions, with a total of 19 regiments.
The new 6th Division was changed to the 104th Division, with Li Jiayu as the division commander, organized into 3 brigades and 9 regiments, and another independent regiment.
After the reorganization, the Sichuan Army was reduced to less than 170 regiments.
The second time, on July 6, 1937, the Chuankang Army Reorganization Conference was held in the Chongqing Xingying Auditorium. The eight corps of the Sichuan Army, which had been reorganized for the first time in 1935, had jurisdiction over twenty-six divisions, nine independent brigades, and a total of 171 regiments, and a total of 171 regiments were reorganized into Liu Xiangbu, director of the Sichuan Kang Appeasement Office, with a total of 60 regiments, organized into three corps, two independent divisions, and seven independent brigades; Liu Wenhui's department of the 24th Army, with a total of 9 regiments, organized into two divisions and one independent regiment; Sun Zhenbu of the 41st Army, with a total of 13 regiments, organized into three divisions and one independent regiment; and Deng Xihou's department of the 45th Army, a total of 16 regiments, organized into three divisions and two independent brigades Li Jiayu Division of the 47th Army, organized into two divisions.
(2.) On April 27, 1937, Chiang Kai-shek approved the establishment of the Yuwan-Suzhou Military Consolidation Committee to reorganize the Northeast Army, from the A-type army of the four divisions of each army to the second division of each army and the second brigade of each division, and only the 2nd Cavalry Army retained three divisions. The reorganized Northeast Army had 6 corps: the 49th Army, the 51st Army, the 53rd Army, the 57th Army, the 67th Army, and the 2nd Cavalry Army.
(3) At the end of 1934, the "Plan for the Reorganization of Sixty Divisions of the Nationalist Army" was proposed, and 60 German Armament Defense Divisions were prepared to be equipped and trained, which was expected to be completed in 1938. The specific plan is: in 1935, 6 to 10 divisions will be trained first, 16 to 20 divisions will be organized and trained in 1936, 20 to 30 divisions will be trained in 1937, and the remaining units will be completed by the end of 1938, and the construction of special forces (including artillery, cavalry, engineers, chemical troops, communication troops, transportation troops, and mechanized units) will be strengthened. By the time of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, a total of 30 adjustment divisions and 17 finishing divisions had been completed.
Five. At the beginning of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Army was reorganized
In the early 16 months of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Nationalist army continued to replenish and sort out the field army and divisions while fighting against Japan, gradually forming a set of relatively mature standards for the whole army, and began to adopt the method of rotation training to reorganize the existing troops. In order to meet the needs of the war, the Nationalist army also focused on expanding the number of troops and adding new troops and divisions.
In February and July 1938, the Nationalist Army tried to reorganize and reorganize some of the armies and divisions on a trial basis, and abolished the tradition of using divisions as strategic units in the past and replacing the army with the army as a strategic unit. After several months of discussion, in December after the First Nanyue Military Conference, the twenty-seven-year new establishment was established.
6. Disarmament at the end of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression 1944-1945
Since the fiasco in the Battle of Yuxianggui, the war of resistance that lasted for many years caused China to suffer too much loss, and the defeat of Japan was only a matter of time, the Nationalist government must begin to prepare for various affairs after the War of Resistance.
At the beginning of 1945, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Chen Cheng to be mainly responsible for disarmament work, and Chen Cheng completed this disarmament work after two months of hard work. Among them, the combat troops have reduced a total of 520,000 people, including 14 armies and 40 divisions, and these troops are not strong in combat effectiveness and have been unable to complete combat tasks. More than 50,000 people were dismissed from the military academies, and those who failed to pass the exam were dismissed in large numbers. More than 1,100 useless military establishments were dismantled, bringing the total number to 430,000. All personnel to be eliminated will be summed up, and the number of disarmament will be 1 million.
In the winter of 1944, the Military Commission of the Nationalist Government reorganized the Kuomintang army, and in addition to the ten theaters and five battalions that were originally under the direct jurisdiction of the Military Commission, the General Headquarters of the Chinese Army was established, stationed in Kunming, with He Yingqin, chief of staff, as commander-in-chief, and Long Yun and Wei Lihuang as deputy commanders-in-chief. It has jurisdiction over four fronts, the Kunming Defensive Command and the East Section of the China-India Highway Garrison Command, with a total of 28 armies, 86 divisions, and other special forces.
7. 1945.9-1946.6 After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the army was reorganized
After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression in 1945, the Nationalist government held peace talks between the Kuomintang and the Communists, and on October 10, the two sides signed the "Double Tenth Agreement". In January 1946, the kuomintang representative Zhang Zhizhong, the Communist party representative Zhou Enlai, and the American marshall participated in the army reorganization negotiations. After many controversies and mediations, the "Basic Plan for the Reorganization of the Armed Forces and the Unified Organization of the Chinese Communist Forces as the National Army" was determined, and the Kuomintang reached a 5:1 ratio of army distribution. In February of the same year, the three parties jointly signed and announced the plan for the reorganization of the army. After the plan was released, both the Kuomintang army and the Chinese communist army made a posture of reorganizing the army.
On the Kuomintang side, according to the statistics of the Military and Political Department of the Nationalist Government in July 1945, the Kuomintang army had 280 infantry (cavalry) divisions, 32 artillery regiments, and 81 regiments and 50 battalions of special forces such as gendarmerie, engineers, heavy troops, and signal troops, including the advancing columns of various theaters, with a strength of 4.22 million troops. If we add 850,000 people in various military institutions and 160,000 people in military schools, the total strength of the army alone will reach an unprecedented 5.24 million. In addition, Chiang Kai-shek also ordered Chen Cheng, minister of military affairs, to recruit hundreds of thousands of puppet troops for his own use. Reorganize the headquarters of the commander-in-chief of the theater into an appeasement office, and reorganize the group army into an appeasement zone or an integrated army. In June 1946, after reorganizing the command structure and reorganizing the field forces, the Kuomintang army reduced 1.7 million people and set up an officer corps to organize the remaining officers. According to the Ministry of Defense at the time, the remaining strength was 4.3 million. Among them, there are about 2 million people in 86 integrated divisions (armies), 248 integrated brigades (divisions), 360,000 special forces, 160,000 air forces, 30,000 navy troops, 1.01 million people in joint logistics and military organs and academies, and about 740,000 people in the irregular army.
In the Army, 22 orthopedic or semi-American ordnance integrated divisions were formed. By October 1946, the Navy had 326 ships of various types. The Air Force has 8 brigades and 1 squadron, counting more than 900 aircraft of various types, including 2 bombing groups, 4 expulsion groups, 2 airlift brigades, and 1 reconnaissance squadron.
In July 1946, the Ministry of National Defense was established, replacing the Army General Command as the supreme command and commander-in-chief of the whole army. There are 4 general offices under its jurisdiction.
Viii. Reorganization of the army at the end of the Liberation War of 1948-1949
(1)Reorganize the corps and reorganize the reorganized army and the reorganized division.
In August 1948, the Nationalist Military Command held a military conference in Nanjing, decided to restore the original military and divisional positions, and formally decided to make the corps a formal field command structure at the first level, in coordination with the Suijing District. It has been successively reorganized into garrison corps, mobile corps, a total of 1-22 corps, and three regional corps in the northwest. It was also decided that the reorganized divisions and brigades would be restored to the ranks of the corps and divisions.
(2) Establishment of the Army Training Command and the formation of the New Army
From August 1948 to the spring of 1949, the Kuomintang decided to expand its army by 3 million to 5 million, and established 14 training headquarters in the southeast and southwest to train the new army. After 1949, the units under the command of each training command were organized into new regiments or supplemented into the original corps.
9. Taiwan reorganized its army after 1950
In 1950, the Kuomintang withdrew from Songhu, Guangdong, Fujian, and Hainan Islands to Taiwan, with a total of 20 corps and 57 divisions (16 corps and 39 divisions were formed. ）。 Air Force units - 400 aircraft, 3,000 pilots and ground crew, Air Force guard units, 10 brigades, 82,000 people. The Nationalist Navy has 50 ships of various types and 35,000 soldiers (ship combatants: 10,000 people, Marine Corps, 5 brigades and 25,000 people. A total of 600,000 officers and men of the three armies of the Nationalist Army withdrew to Taiwan.
From 1950 to 1952, the United States provided Taiwan with $500 million in military aid and 20 divisions of weapons, and Chiang Kai-shek let Chen Cheng and Chiang Ching-kuo preside over it, and at the end of 1952, it was reorganized twice in a row, reducing the whole army to 12 corps and 28 infantry divisions. In 1954, the third reorganization was carried out into 2 corps headquarters, 8 military departments, 24 infantry divisions and 2 armored divisions. The fourth reorganization in 1955 abolished 2 more military headquarters and 3 infantry divisions. After frequent reorganization, the original historical and traditional military numbers of the Kuomintang army were canceled, and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 8th, 9th, 10th and other 6 armies were named in a simple sequence.
Master of the whole army - Chen Cheng
The policy for reorganizing the army is to rebuild the system of military and government, military orders, and political work.
The "military and political system" is the "Ministry of National Defense", which has 4 rooms, 5 bureaus and 5 committees, such as personnel, manpower, material resources, military law, regulations, strategic plan research, and military engineering, which are in charge of military administration. The "military order system" is the "general staff headquarters", which has jurisdiction over the "Army", "Navy", "Air Force", "Joint Logistics", "General Garrison Headquarters" and "Gendarmerie Command", and also directly administers the Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu Defense Headquarters, mainly implementing the "President's" military orders and commanding the "three services". The "Political Work System" is the "General Political Operations Department", which has set up 9 departments, 4 rooms, 1 committee and 5 headquarters such as personnel, party affairs, and defense, and is subordinate to the "Ministry of National Defense". The functions of the Ministry are: to be in charge of the "national army" political and operational policies, military news, psychological operations, organizational training, political education, cultural propaganda, recreation, supervision, "secrecy and anti-espionage", management of military dependents, welfare of officers and soldiers, and field administration.