White Mountains, Black Water, Changbai Mountains
Ruins of the new Kailiu of Xingkai Lake in Mishan
The first period was the ancestors of the various branches of the Manchus, the Sushen people of the Shang Zhou Dynasty thousands of years ago, the Rulou people of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Sushen people and the Beji people of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the Jurchens of the Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties.
Manchu Eight Banners
The second period was in 1635, when Emperor Taiji incorporated the various ethnic groups living in northeast China under the Eight Banners, and the prototype of the Manchu people was formed, and the Manchus at that time, formerly known as the Manchus, were formerly known as the Qiren.
The third period was after the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, when the Manchus were renamed Manchus.
(The manchu titles are uniformly used in the different periods described below)
Territory of the Jin Dynasty
The Manchus have a long history, in thousands of years, nearly 10,000 years, the place of origin has been determined, that is, in the great northeast of China, but because the place of origin is not only remote (now a large part has been occupied by the former Soviet Union), but also very cold, sparsely populated, the trajectory of the ancestors' activities is unclear, so the historical record is very small.
After the rise and prosperity of the Manchus, the first fusion with the interior was the Jin Wushu's southern destruction of the Liao in 1125 and the destruction of the Northern Song Dynasty the following year. He then marched south, hitting the city of Hangzhou, then moving the capital to Zhongdu (present-day Beijing), and then to Fenjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan).
Qing Taizu Nurhaci
During this period, the Manchus were the most powerful people in China.
Although the Jin Dynasty accounted for a small part of the interior, its heyday ruled from the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk, and Kamchatka, including Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands; the northwest to the Hetao region; the western border with Western Xia; and the southern border with the Southern Song Dynasty from the Qinling Mountains to the Huai River in the south, an area comparable to that of all of China.
After being stationed in Beijing in 1644, the Manchu nobility united with the Han landlord class to rule the country. In addition to defending the capital, the officers and men of the Eight Banners were also sent to garrison various places, and the Manchu people have since been distributed throughout the country, as far as Xinjiang.
By the beginning of the 17th century, in view of the poverty of the eight banners of the capital, and in order to resist the increasing number of inland displaced people to cultivate privately in the Songhua River Valley, the Qing Dynasty sent the Jilin general Fu Jun to lead his personnel back to shuangchengzi (now shuangcheng) 80 miles northwest of Lalin, northeast of the Manchu old base area.
Double Castle Early Quetzalcoat Building
General Fujun detailed the wasteland 80 miles northwest of Tharalin, selected the fertile fields that were 70 miles long from north to south and 100 miles wide from east to west, built a city and set up a rule, and named it Double Castle in the name of the second ancient city of the Jin Dynasty (Hada and Buda). This is a secondary development around the Twin Castles.
General Fujun planned to take the double castle as the middle tun, and the east and west 25 miles as the left and right tun (east and west official offices) to perform large divisions, and return to the cattle according to four dings. The number (one for four people, one shack) is calculated as tun, with eight flags of positive, red, yellow, blue and white, each flag is set up with five tuns, the head tun is centered, the northwest is two tuns, the southwest is three tuns, the southeast is four tuns, the northeast is five tuns, and the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth tuns are four and a half miles apart, forming a plum-shaped pattern. Later, it was moved to Jingqiding 1000 and lived in each banner.
Each of the yellow and yellow flags is stationed in 128 households, of which 24 households are stationed in three tuns, 28 households are stationed in two tuns, the red, blue and white six flags are stationed in 24 households for those who are inlaid with red, blue and white flags, and 28 are stationed in the first tun.
Toutun is in the center, the northwest is Ertun, the southwest is Santun, the southeast is Situn, the northeast is Wutun, and the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth tuns are equally spaced.
Now look at the "Tunzi" developed by the Manchus for the second time hundreds of years ago, the planning is very scientific, unified and orderly, and the internal and external fire prevention, theft prevention, and enemy prevention of the Tunzi are complete. It's a pity there are no photos.
In modern times, the Manchu-Han coalition firmly consolidated its political power in the interior centered on Beijing, and mixed and staggered among the people of all ethnic groups with the Han nationality as the mainstay, producing together and developing together.
Manchu culture was also integrated into the mainstream of society at that time, such as the popular qipao of the Qing Dynasty, that is, Manchu costumes, and for example, the emperor's daily imperial meals or court banquets have a Manchu Han full seat, and Manchu Chinese cuisine is passed down in this way.
The Manchus of yesteryear were all seated
After the Xinhai Revolution, the "National Flag of the Republic of China" was also designated as a five-color flag in the early days, representing the Han nationality (red), the Manchu (yellow), the Mongolian (blue), the Hui (white), and the Tibetan (black) representing the unity of the five ethnic groups of Han, Manchu, Mongolian Hui and Tibetan.
Revolutionaries close in response
Dream of the Red Chamber author Cao Xueqin
In the past 100 years, many famous politicians, military experts, scientists, writers and artists have appeared among the Manchus, such as the anti-Japanese heroes Guan Xiangying, Li Zhaolin, Chen Hanzhang, the writers Guan Monan, Jin Jianxiao, Duanmu Hongliang (wife Xiao Hong), the cross-talk master Hou Baolin, the author of the Dream of the Red Chamber Cao Xueqin, the Qing Dynasty female poet Gu Taiqing, Shu Sheyu and his wife Hu Xianqing, and the famous calligrapher and painter Qi Gong, all of whom have made outstanding contributions in various fields, and China will always remember them.
In the decades after the Xinhai Revolution, under the guidance of Han chauvinist ideology, the Kuomintang reactionaries and some reactionary or literati scholars who had deep prejudices against the Manchus made incomplete evaluations of the history of the Qing Dynasty and their understanding and evaluation of the Manchus.
After liberation, New China put an end to the chaos and successively established more than 200 Manchu cities, Manchu autonomous counties, and Manchu townships (Union Townships), and the Manchu population reached more than 10 million last year, making it the second largest ethnic minority in China.
Nowadays, Manchu food has occupied half of the Chinese food culture, the Manchu costume "qipao" is also a legacy of China, and The Manchu architecture is all over the capital and the north and south of the river.
Shenyang Imperial Palace
Taihe Hall of the Forbidden City, Beijing