Marc Aurel Stein
1862-1943
The name Aurel Stein is no stranger to Chinese academia, and the idiom "mixed reputation" seems to be a coffin tailored for him.
Born in Hungary in 1862, Stein left his hometown at the age of ten to study in Dresden, where he studied Oriental studies at the University of Vienna, the University of Leipzig and the University of Tübingen in Germany, where he mastered Sanskrit and Persian. The talented Stein received his PhD in philosophy from the University of Tübingen at the age of twenty-one, then went to England with a Hungarian government scholarship and from 1884 to 1886 did postdoctoral research at the Universities of London, Oxford and Cambridge, specializing in oriental linguistics and archaeology.
In 1887, the Jewish who had grown up worshipping Marco Polo and Xuanzang had the privilege of coming to the East as dean of the Oriental College in Lahore, British India, where he studied the ancient culture and history of Kashmir with great interest and studied The art of Gandhara Buddhism. In 1899 Stein was transferred to the Ministry of Education of British India as Director of Education in the North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan.
During this period, his most pleasant things were to step out of the office door, run to the beautiful Kashmir Plateau, explore the alpine canyons, climb on the glaciers; enter and exit the ancient castle, examine the mysterious history of the "Kashmir King"; explore the hidden shadows, and look for the ancient road relics of the "Tang Dynasty Western Regions". In 1900, he obtained a visa issued by the Qing government and began his dream expedition to Central Asia.
Stein made four expeditions to Central Asia.
▲ Stein's Western Expedition Route
The first time, from 1900 to 1901, starting from Kashmir, along the Gilgit Ancient Road, from the Pamir into China, through Kashgar, Shache, Yecheng, Pishan, arrived in Khotan, excavated the Ruins of Toguya, Andeyue and Niya in the Khotanese region. On this trip, Stan returned to Lahore with 1,500 relics in tow, where they were later housed in the British Museum. In 1903, Stan wrote Sand-buried Ruins of Khotan as a result of this expedition. Personal narrative of a journey of archaeological & geographical exploration in Chinese, London: Unwin, 1903), published in 1907 as the official archaeological report Ancient and Khotanese.
▲ Stein's first expedition to Central Asia
"The Ruins of Khotan buried in the desert" book shadow
Detailed report of Stein's first expedition to Central Asia
"Ancient and Khotanese Examination" book shadow
The second time, from Peshawar in 1906 to 1908, he set out from Peshawar and marched to Lop Nur via Kashgar, Yarkand, Yecheng, and Khotan, excavating the ruins of Mi Nguyen and Loulan, and arriving in Dunhuang; at the Mogao Grottoes he bribed Wang Daoshi and spent forty horseshoe silver to buy a large number of scriptures; and continued to return to Khotan through Zhangye, Yumenguan, Hami, Turpan, Tiemenguan, Korla and Khotan, packing the "spoils of war" and packing ninety-three boxes. In 1912, Stein published the expedition "Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal Narrative of Explorationsin Central Asia and Westernmost China, London: Macmillan", and the official archaeological report was "Archaeology of the Western Regions".
▲ Stein's second expedition in Xinjiang
Stein on March 16, 1907
See the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes for the first time
▲ Stein was filmed in 1907,
Scrolls and artifacts placed in front of the cave
The third time, from 1913 to 1916, Stein's departure was still Peshawar, and he traveled through Hunza, Pamir, Kashgar, Khotan and Ruoqiang to Mi Nguyen and Loulan, southwest of Lop Nur Yanze, and then to Mogao Grottoes. This time, he spent five hundred taels of silver to buy more than five hundred and seventy manuscripts and paintings from Wang Daoshi. After leaving Dunhuang, Stein went to Turpan, where he obtained one hundred and forty-one boxes of cultural relics to be transported back to Kashgar, bringing back a total of one hundred and eighty-two boxes of cultural relics. He wrote Innermost Asia: detailed reportof explorations in Central Asia, Kan-Su and Eastern I ra n (Oxford: ClarendonPress, 1923-1928) after this expedition.
The fourth time, from 1930 to 1931, when Stein's "expedition" had caused great opposition in China, Stein's expedition stopped in Korla and returned without success. Returning to Kashmir to write a summary of the first three expeditions, On Ancient Central Asian Tracks: brief narrative of three expeditions ininnermost Asia and Northwestern China, London: Macmillan, 1933), the Chinese translation is titled "Archaeological Records of the Western Regions of Stein" (published by Zhonghua Bookstore in 1936).
A brief description of Stein's first three Expeditions to Central Asia
"On the Ancient Road of Central Asia" book shadow
A year after Stein's return from his second expedition to Central Asia (1909), he was unexpectedly informed by the jury of the Julian Prize that his "Ancient and Khotanese" won the award that year. Ancient and Khotanese was published in 1907 by the Clarendon Press in Oxford. "Ancient times and Khotanese Examinations" is divided into two volumes, the first volume is the text part and more than 70 accompanying pictures; the second volume is all pictures, site plans and maps. The first volume contains fifteen chapters.
The Ancient and Khotanese has seven appendices and is a study written by Stein in collaboration with other scholars. The first is Sha Qi's "Les Documents Chinois de Danan-Uiliq, de Niya, du fort d'Endere" ("Les Documents Chinois de Danan-Uiliq, de Niya, du fort d'Endere" by barnett and others in the British Museum, and the third is "Hebrew Persian Language Book Unearthed by Dandan Welik" by Dandan Weilik, and the third is "Hebrew Persian Language Book Unearthed by Dandan Weilik" by Dandan Weilik and others. The fourth is the "Catalogue of Ancient Money Discovered or Acquired" by The Sanskrit Professor of Cambridge University, Such as Bu Shili and others; the fifth is the "Excerpts from the Tibetan Literature of Khotan" by the Indian Thomas, the sixth is the "Examination Report on the Ancient Ash Specimens of the He Khotanese Ruins" by the Englishman Qiu Qi, and the seventh is the "Inspection Report on the Sand and Loess Specimens in the Khotanese Region" by Lochzi, a professor of geography at the University of Budapest.
▲ Dan Dan Wyrick Buddhist Temple site excavated,
Decorative fragments of clay sculpture relief walls ("Ancient and Khotanese")
The text and plates and seven appendices of the Ancient and Khotanese are one of the must-have books for our study of Cultural Relics in Middle East Asia today, and although they have been published for eighty years, their academic value is still irreplaceable. For example, the Khotanese and Han Chinese texts are generally mixed in the Dunhuang manuscript catalog, and the fragmentation is serious, and we can only identify and restore them to their original state one by one by relying on the texts, plates and interpretations of the "Ancient and Khotanese Examinations" and the commentaries of Sha qi.
▲ Dan Dan Wyrick Residential Ruins Unearthed,
Front of the no. 6 woodblock print ("Ancient and Khotanese")
Stein became a British citizen in 1904 and was knighted in England. In 1943, at the age of eighty-one, Stein suffered occasional bronchitis while archaeology in Afghanistan, suffered a stroke and died on the way to an expedition, where he was buried in a Nearby Christian Cemetery near Kabul.
Stein never married because he devoted himself to his career, and he froze his toes during expeditions. He was frugal all his life, with no houses, no private property, only books and boxes with labels such as "personal letters", "work records", "map materials", etc. His expeditions to Xinjiang, China, earned him great honors in the West and is known as the founding father of international Dunhuang studies. Rydermao called him the greatest of his generation of scholars, explorers, archaeologists, and geographers. However, he stole a large number of precious cultural relics from all over the mainland's Xinjiang, Gansu and Ningxia, including more than 10,000 volumes of ancient documents and hundreds of silk paintings in the Mogao Caves, as well as ancient murals, clay sculptures, wood carvings and ancient documents excavated from various sites in Xinjiang.
▲ Murals and inscriptions excavated from the ruins of DanDan Wyrick Buddhist Temple
(Picture of "Ancient and Khotanese")
During the same period, Stein did the same work, and even competed with several explorers, such as Rofolk, Le Kirk, Bochhe and others.
Bo Xihe was a representative of the Far Eastern Studies Group of Sinology, and his contribution to the archaeology of western China was not under Stein. However, the influence of Stein's research in Dunhuang at that time overshadowed Bo Xihe, and the crown of the Julian Prize was finally worn on Stein's head. Born in Paris in 1878, Paul Pelliot studied at the Stanis College and the National Institute of Contemporary Oriental Languages in Paris, and was one of the highest disciples under the Sacrament.
Paul Pelliot, 1878-1945
The French and the British were fighting in every way. At about the same time as Stein, Bo xihe, commissioned by the Académie de France in Inscriptions and American Literature, organized two Central Asian expeditions to China in 1901 and 1908, including Xinjiang and Gansu. In Xinjiang, he excavated sites such as "Kourgkan Tim", "Red Mountain" (Qyzyl-Debe), "Little Mountain" (Kichik-Debe), "Fortress Hill" (Mori Tim), Shashan (Topa Tim), Tong Kül ( Tong Kül), Aqqach ( Qyzrl-Tim ) and other sites , and collected sculptures , murals , pottery , miscellaneous objects , carvings or prints.
In 1908, When Bo Xihe arrived in Dunhuang, he spent 500 taels of silver to bribe Wang Daoshi, and obtained more than 6,000 kinds of documents written by the Jin and Tang Dynasties in the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang, more than 200 paintings of the Tang Dynasty, as well as precious cultural relics such as banners, fabrics, wood products, wooden movable type printing molds and other magic tools, all of which were transported back to Saigon, sorted out and stored in the French National Library and the Jimei Museum in Paris. Bo Xihe inspected all the caves in mogao caves in detail, describing each cave, especially the inscriptions on the frescoes in the caves. Bo Xihe was born in a science class, more professional than Stein, and the Dunhuang cultural relics he selected from Wang Daoshi were compared with those shipped back to Britain by Stein, although the number was slightly small, but most of them were exquisite.
▲ Bo Xihe flipped through the scripture scrolls in the Tibetan Scripture Cave
After returning from two expeditions to Central Asia, Berthi, who had achieved fame, left India in 1909 and returned to China, and in 1911 he joined the Collège de France as a professor of history and archaeology of Central Asian languages. During world war I, Berchthe served as military attaché of the French Embassy in Beijing; in 1921 he was elected a member of the Institut de France in 1921, he succeeded the deceased Sha Qi as co-editor of the Bulletin, and after The death of Caudier in 1925, Berchte and alone maintained the Bulletin for twenty years. "Without Bo Xihe, Sinology is like an abandoned orphan", and this evaluation of posterity refers to his contribution to the Bulletin. In 1939 he was also hired as a researcher at the Institute of History and Linguistics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1945 Berch died of cancer.
Knowledgeable and elaborate, this is where Berthi and Stein are stronger. Most of Stein's writings are collected records, researched and evidenced by scholars such as Sha Qi. Bo Xihe is proficient in thirteen oriental languages such as Chinese, Mongolian, Manchu, Sanskrit, and Tibetan, and his academic level is incomparable to that of Stein, who has never studied Chinese. Western academic circles call Bo Xihe "the highest peak of the world's Eastern academic circles", or may be overrated, but it also shows the degree of attention it is valued.
Bo Xihe was familiar with Luo Zhenyu, Wang Guowei, Chen Yinke, Ke Shaochen and many other Chinese scholars, and the Chinese academic community also attached great importance to The study of Bo Xihe, and his important works were all translated and printed in Chinese translations during this period: "Dunhuang Testament" (Shanghai East Asian Study Association, 1926), "Manichaean Popular Chinese Examination" (Commercial Press, 1931), "Bibliography of Dunhuang Writings in paris library" (National Beiping Library, 1933), "Two Examinations of Communications and Guangzhou India" (Commercial Press, 1933), " Zheng He's Journey to the West (Commercial Press, 1935), Examination of the History of the South China Sea in the Western Regions (Commercial Press, 1936), and the Tocharian Examination, The Cave of the Thousand Buddhas in Shazhou, Commentary on the History of Kalmyk, Mongolia and the Holy See, The Adventures of The Boshi and the Western Regions, and Highland Asia published after 1949.
Wen | Yao Peng
BY | Life Bookstore
Excerpt from the Sinologist and the Confucian Prize
Pictured| Life Bookstore online
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Edited | Shanxi Evening News All-Media Editor Nanlijiang
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