Take a cosmic journey with the world's largest model of the solar system.
Written by | Fan Ming
The Solar System is a system of motion bound together by the Sun's gravity and consisting of several planets, asteroids, and comets, including the Sun and celestial bodies that orbit the Sun directly or indirectly. The five planets visible to the naked eye in the solar system — Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn — have been discovered since prehistory. Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle and others proposed the "geocentric theory" based on astronomical observations at that time, and the Greek scholar Claudius Ptolemaeus developed it to perfect it, envisioning all celestial bodies rotating around the earth in circular orbits or circular orbits. In the second century AD, the "geocentric theory" was systematized and later became the official cosmology of medieval Europe.
The 16th-century Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus tried to replace the "geocentric theory" with the "heliocentric theory", although he still used and believed in the Ptolemaic circular orbit. The Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe was a legendary figure who made earthly observations of planets and other celestial phenomena with the naked eye before the invention of the (optical) telescope. The young German astronomer Johannes Kepler summed up the famous "Kepler Three Laws" from Tycho's planetary observations, which undoubtedly supported Copernicus's "heliocentric theory". More importantly, he was acutely aware that elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits should be used to describe the motion of several known planets around the Sun, thus leading humans to understand that the Earth itself was a planet in an elliptical orbit around the Sun.
In 1687, sir Isaac Newton's famous book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (hereinafter referred to as "the Principle") came out in Latin, based on Kepler's three laws, Newton proposed the famous law of universal gravitation in a beautiful mathematical form, and successfully applied it to the observation data of several known planets. He pointed out that all members of the solar system orbit in an elliptical orbit around the common center of gravity of the entire system, and this center of gravity must be near the most massive sun, thus completing the theoretical sublimation of the "heliocentric theory" for the first time from physics, and later based on Newton's theory of universal gravitation and the deviation of observational data on the orbital motion of known known planets, humans have successively searched for and discovered Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and other celestial bodies. This is a great monument in the history of the development of natural science, and at the same time establishes a paradigm for human beings to understand the laws of nature.
Swedish solar system model | imgur.com (left), SSS website (right)
The Swedish Solar System (SSS), the world's largest permanent solar system model, was a refreshing, brain-opening idea that was created in 1998 by Nils Brenning, a plasma physicist at Stockholm University, and astronomer G sta Gahm, at a symposium. In this model, the size of the major objects in the solar system and the distances between them are distributed on the Swedish soil from south to north for 1400 kilometers in a ratio of one to twenty million. To date, the model has included more than 20 solar system objects such as planets, moons, asteroids, dwarf planets, comets, etc., each of which has a custodian and is continuing to be expanded.
The Swedish solar system model provides a visual picture of the ratio of the size and distance of the celestial bodies in each system to the Sun, and closely links art, mythology, science, and architectural and cultural activities throughout Sweden. The model representing the Sun is the largest hemispherical building in the world today, the Globen Arena south of the Swedish capital Stockholm, built in 1989 with a diameter of 110 meters and a total volume of 605,000 cubic meters. On May 19, 2021, the stadium was officially named Avicii Arena after the stage name of the famous Swedish electronic musician Tim Bergling, who died in 2018. Above is a light show on the exterior of the stadium in 2009, marking the 400th anniversary of italian astronomer Galileo Galilei's first use of a telescope to make astronomical observations.
Avicii Arena and Baltic Sunrise | SSS official website (above), courtesy of the author (three below)
In the Stockholm area, there are four old and new planetariums closely related to this solar system model. Located on a hilltop in the city center, the Old Stockholm Observatory was the first observatory building of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (KVA), built in the mid-18th century and the Observatory Dome built in 1875. Once sweden's national zero-degree meridian, it is now 18 degrees 3 minutes 29.8 seconds east longitude in Greenwich. In the 1930s, the observatory was moved to a new site in Saltsj baden, a peninsula on the southeast coast of Stockholm. The Saltsj baden Observatory ordered a large number of optical telescopes from well-known manufacturers in Germany and other countries, such as the world's largest 40-inch astronomical reflecting telescope that year, so it has a unique position in Northern Europe, and the symposium on the proposed solar system model is also held at this observatory.
In 1991, the Saltsj baden Observatory moved back to the city and settled in Albanova, stockholm's Centre for Physics, Astronomy and Biotechnology, north of the city, which housed Sweden's largest optical telescope with a mirror diameter of 1 meter and a focal length of 11 meters. Cosmonova, an outbuilding to the Stockholm Museum of Nature (NRM), is an IMAX 3D cinema located within the NRM dome and one of the major planetariums in Europe. Both Albanova and Cosmonova end with Nova, meaning "nova," specifically referring to the intense nuclear explosion caused by the high temperature heating of hydrogen on the surface of a white dwarf, almost all of which occur within binary systems containing white dwarfs. In 1572, Tycho discovered the supernova SN 1572 (note: SN is an abbreviation for Supernova in English), and was first used as the name in his book De nova stella. (Note: Novae and supernovae are actually two completely different types of phenomena.) )
Top left: Stockholm Old Observatory, top right: Saltsj baden Observatory
Bottom left: Albanova, bottom right: Cosmonova | Courtesy of the author
The English word "planet" planet is derived from the ancient Greek πλαν τη, meaning "wanderer", corresponding to the Roman or Greek gods, and the ancient Chinese named the five classical planets after the five classical planets of the Five Elements Doctrine "Wood Green, Golden White, Fire Red, Water Black, and Earth Yellow". In 1859, the British sinologist and London Missionary Alexander Wylie and the Chinese mathematician Li Shanlan translated the famous British astronomer Sir John Frederick William Herschel's popular book "Outlines of Astronomy" (literal translation of "Outline of Astronomy"), which was the first introduction of heliocentric theory in Chinese literature and the first appearance of the word "planet" in Chinese. (Note: The European Space Agency launched a far-infrared and submillimeter-wave space astronomy satellite in 2009, named after Herschel.) ）
In 2006, at the 26th IAU (International Astronomical Union) in Prague, the Czech capital, astronomers defined exactly three conditions for planets: orbiting the planet directly, mass enough to ambassador itself shaped into a sphere, capable of emptying small objects in nearby orbits. It was also at this IAU congress that astronomers voted down the planetary status of Pluto in the solar system, and from this historical moment onwards, the solar system changed from the original nine planets to eight planets. This is mainly due to the discovery of Kuiper Belt objects in the solar system that are farther away from the Sun, many of which are larger than Pluto, so Pluto was unfortunately excluded from the ranks of planets.
According to the rockiness of the planet's surface, the eight planets of the solar system can be divided into "terrestrial planets" with rocky solid surfaces, namely Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars; "gas giants" whose main components are hydrogen and helium, that is, Jupiter and Saturn; and "ice giants" with icy surfaces under thick atmospheres, that is, Uranus and Neptune. Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun than Earth, do not appear before or after midnight, and exhibit a series of complete phase changes relative to Earth, so they are also called "inner planets", and the remaining five planets are called "outer planets".
Terrestrial planets have dense rocky compositions, the surfaces have the characteristics of impact craters and geological formations of different sizes formed by meteorite impacts, there is no ring system around the planets on the outside, Mercury and Venus have no moons, the Earth has one, the Moon, and Mars has two; except for Mercury, the Earth-like planets have atmospheres, which will produce substantial weather changes. The remaining four giant planets do not have a clearly defined solid surface, include 99% of the mass of celestial bodies known to orbit the Sun, and all have ring systems that orbit their respective planets. The objects representing the four Terrestrial planets are all located in or near stockholm, while the four giant planets are located in different cities north of Stockholm bordering the Baltic Sea.
Solar system | es.blastingnews.com
terrestrial planet
Mercury is the smallest and closest planet to the Sun, with an orbital period of 87.969 Earth days, the largest eccentricity of the eight planets (values between 0 and 1, the larger the eccentricity, the flatter the elliptical), and its orbital velocity far exceeds that of the other planets in the Solar System. Mercury's rapid movement gives it its name to Mercury, the messenger who flew fast to deliver messages to the gods in Roman mythology, corresponding to Hermes in Greek mythology, and the Mercury symbol indicates Mercury's helmet with wings and his staff. In the five elements, mercury is matched with black, and mercury is also called "Chenxing" in ancient China. The Mercury model is located at the Stedelijk Museum in Slussen, south of Stockholm, with a diameter of 25 cm and a distance of 2.9 km from the sun model. The model depicts Mercury's craters, as well as symbols such as orbital drift, which is an important confirmation of Einstein's theory of relativity.
Mercury model | Courtesy of the author
Venus is the second planet in the solar system from the inside out, with an orbital period of 224.7 days, second only to the Moon in brightness in the night sky. Venus gets its name from Venus, the goddess of love and beauty in Roman mythology, corresponding to Aphrodite in Greek mythology, and the Venus symbol indicates the vanity mirror in Venus's hand, which is also a female symbol. In the five elements, it is white with Venus, which is called "Taibai" in ancient times, "Qiming" when it appears in the east in the morning, and "Chang Gung" when it appears in the west at night. Venus is similar in size, mass, volume, and distance to the Sun, and is often referred to as Earth's sister star. However, Venus is completely different from Earth in other respects, and although Venus has the thickest atmosphere among terrestrial planets, its main component is carbon dioxide.
More than four hundred years ago, Galileo was also the first person to use a telescope to discover the details of the motion of many celestial bodies in the solar system, and he observed in 1610 that Venus would show phase changes like the moon, and that under the framework of geocentric theory, Venus should always show a single phase, thus becoming strong evidence to prove copernicus's heliocentric theory. Two British astronomers, Jeremiah Horrocks and William Crabtree, independently observed and recorded the transit of Venus for the first time in history on December 4, 1639, and discovered its cyclical pattern, which is later recognized as the beginning of modern English astronomy. On September 15, 2020, astronomers detected phosphine in Venus' atmosphere, possibly a sign of extraterrestrial life. The Venus model is located outside the aforementioned AlbaNova center, with a diameter of 62 cm, 5.5 km from the model of the sun in Stockholm.
Venus model | Courtesy of the author
Earth is the third planet in the solar system from the inside out, and is the most massive and dense Earth-like planet. The earth is the only celestial body in the universe that human beings know to exist, and it is the home of human existence. The Earth rotates and rotates simultaneously (the axis of rotation has an angle of 23.5 degrees to the axis of rotation), resulting in the change of day and night and the four seasons. The English name Earth earth is derived from Middle English, and in many cultures, the earth is the mother goddess responsible for fertility, and the earth symbol ⊕ represents a sphere with an equator and a meridian. Chinese the word "earth" first appeared in the Ming Dynasty's Wanli Period, when the Italian Jesuit missionary Mateo Ricci first used it in the "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" compiled and published the longitude and latitude world map "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" during his mission in China, and he co-translated the first six volumes of Euclid's "Geometric Origins" with Xu Guangqi.
The proto-Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago, the biosphere began to evolve 3.5 billion years ago, and photosynthesis began to produce oxygen 2.7 billion years ago, resulting in an atmosphere containing 21% free oxygen. Earth has a unique hydrosphere among terrestrial planets, 71% of the surface area is covered by the ocean, and the distant view is blue, hence the nickname "Blue Planet". Earth has only one natural satellite, the Moon, 380,000 kilometers away from The Earth, and the only large satellite owned by the Earth-like planets in the Solar System, and the origin of the Moon is still a mystery. The Earth model is located at the entrance to the aforementioned Cosmonova, with a diameter of 65 centimeters, while the lunar model is fixed to a pillar 20 meters away, with a diameter of 18 centimeters. The Earth model is 7.5 km from the Solar model, and the actual average distance between the Earth and the Sun is about 150 million km, which is defined as an astronomical unit (AU), commonly used as the unit of distance between celestial bodies in the Solar System.
Earth and Moon models | Courtesy of the author
Mars is the fourth planet in the solar system from the inside out, the second asteroid after Mercury, with two natural moons, Phobos and Deimos. Mars is named after Mars, the roman god of war, and the two moons are named after Phobos and Demos, sons of ares, the god of war, in Greek mythology. The Martian symbol represents Mars' shield and spear, which is also a male symbol. Because the Martian soil contains iron oxide (Fe O), the surface is orange-red or dark red, often referred to as the "Red Planet." The five elements are matched with mars in red, which was called "Yingzhi Star" in ancient China, because its screen is like fire, and its position and brightness often change unpredictably. About 4 billion years ago, Mars had a climate similar to Earth's, with rivers, lakes and even oceans, and Mars had a thin atmosphere, composed mainly of carbon dioxide, with a large number of craters, volcanoes, peaks and rift valleys on its surface.
Mars was once considered the most likely planet in the solar system to have extraterrestrial life, and it is also one of the closest planets that humans can explore, and has been explored by dozens of unmanned spacecraft from different countries so far. On July 23, 2020, China launched the first Mars probe "Tianwen-1" from the Wenchang Launch Site in Hainan, with the goal of orbiting, landing and patrolling, opening China's deep space exploration program. A few days before and after the launch, the United Arab Emirates and the United States also launched Mars rovers. On May 15, 2021, the Tianwen-1 and Zhurong rovers successfully landed in the southern part of the Martian Utopian Plain. The Mars model is located in the M rby shopping mall in the Daderyd district, a northeastern suburb of Stockholm, with a diameter of 35 cm and an 11.6 km from the solar model. The model is connected to a steel floor with an image of Earth through an "umbilical cord", symbolizing the close connection between humans and Mars through frequent visits from probes, and the surface of the model also marks the main chemical elements and contents found on Mars.
Mars model | Courtesy of the author
Giant planets
Jupiter is the fifth planet in the solar system from the inside to the outside, Jupiter is the largest of the eight planets, the fastest rotation speed (period of about 10 hours), with a huge magnetosphere and extremely strong radiation belts, can be called the "Big Mac" in the solar system. Jupiter has a mass of about one thousandth of the Sun, but is 2.5 times the mass of the other planets in the Solar System combined. Its main component is hydrogen (metallic hydrogen may even form at high pressure in the central nucleus), while helium, which is only one-tenth the number of atoms, accounts for a quarter of the total mass. Jupiter is the third brightest object in the night sky on average after the Moon and Venus. Jupiter gets its name from the main god Jupiter in Roman mythology, corresponding to Zeus in Greek mythology, and the symbol Jupiter denotes jupiter's lightning or condor. In the five elements, jupiter is matched with cyan, which ancient China called "year star", taking its circumvention of the celestial sphere for 12 years, which is the same as the earth branch.
Jupiter is the planet with the largest moon system in the solar system, with as many as 79 known, and it has a faint planetary ring system consisting of large amounts of dust and black rubble. Galileo was the first to discover jupiter's moons, and in 1610 he discovered four of the largest of them with an optical telescope and named them "Galileo moons", providing important evidence to overturn the geocentric theory that all celestial bodies orbit the Earth. Jupiter's most famous feature, the Great Red Spot, is a persistent anticyclonic storm larger than Earth (more than 400 years since its discovery). The Jupiter model is located in the lobby of the Clarion Hotel at Stockholm's Arlanda Airport, a glowing ring, 7.1 meters in diameter, 40 kilometers from the sun model, and Galileo satellite images are displayed in the hotel corridors.
Jupiter model (left) and Galileo satellite image (right) | SSS official website, astb.se
Saturn is the sixth planet in the solar system from the inside out, composed mainly of hydrogen, with a small amount of helium and other elements, second only to Jupiter in volume, and is the only planet in the solar system with a density lower than Mercury. Saturn 's planetary magnetic field is somewhere between Earth and the stronger Jupiter , with aurora rings at the north and south magnetic poles. Saturn gets its name from saturnus, the god of agriculture in Roman mythology, whose symbol symbolizes Saturnus's sickle. In the five elements, saturn is matched with yellow, which was called "zhenxing" in ancient China. Saturn's greatest feature is a broad system of rings made up of Xiaoice and rock particles, and is therefore the "Lord of the Rings" of the solar system. In the 17th century, the Dutch physicist Christian Huygens used his own telescope to discover Saturn's second largest moon, Titan, also known as Titan, the first moon in the solar system to be discovered with a thick atmosphere, and then the Italian astronomer Giovanni D. Cassini discovered four Saturn moons and the Cassini Gap in Saturn's rings.
The famous Swedish physicist and astronomer Anders Celsius created Sweden's first astronomical observatory in 1741 and proposed a Celsius temperature scale to measure temperature in 1742. The Celsius Observatory in the center of the historical and cultural city of Uppsala is one of the oldest buildings in the city, and the Saturn model is located at the observatory, with a diameter of 6.1 meters and a distance of 73 kilometers from the solar model. The small ball in the picture on the left is the Huygens satellite, and the right picture is a Sculpture of Celsius near the observatory. When two celestial bodies have the same ecliptic longitude on the celestial sphere, it is called "conjunction", and at the end of 2020, a celestial spectacle of "civil conjunction" appeared, which is said to be the closest time since 1623 that the two planets have been closest.
The Perseus Observatory (left) and sculpture (right) | Courtesy of the author
Uranus is the seventh planet in the Solar System from the inside out, 18.37-20.08 AU from the Sun. Discovered by Herschel in 1781, it was the first planet to be discovered using a telescope. Uranus is named after the god of the sky in ancient Greek mythology, Eranos, the grandfather of Zeus, and is the only planet in the solar system named after a Greek god, and China, Japan, South Korea and other Chinese cultural circles are written as "Uranus". The Uranus symbol is or, which combines the symbols of Mars and the Sun, as Uranos is thought to be controlled by the combined forces of the two. Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system with a minimum temperature of only 49 K (-224 °C) and a complex cloud structure in its outer atmosphere.
Neptune is the farthest of the eight planets, about 30 astronomical units, with an orbital period of about 165 years, a mass of 17 times the mass of Earth, and a radius of 3.86 times the radius of Earth, and was discovered in 1846. Neptune is named after Neptune, the younger brother of Jupiter in Roman mythology, corresponding to Poseidon in Greek mythology, so the Chinese character is written as "Neptune", and its symbol indicates Neptune's trident. Around New Year's Day 1613, Galileo observed and depicted Neptune twice, but he mistakenly believed it was a star. More than two hundred years later, Urbain Le Verrier, a French astronomy teacher, used physical models and mathematical calculations to predict Neptune when studying the depolarization of Uranus's orbit, and was discovered by telescope observations in 1846, which was one of the most successful applications of Newton's theory of universal gravitation. Not long before the Le Verrier prediction, the British astronomer John Couch Adams also calculated the existence of Neptune when solving the problem of Uranus's orbit, but the position error was large and did not attract the attention of the observatory that received the results of his prediction.
Neptune and Uranus are sister stars whose atmospheric composition is basically composed of hydrogen, helium and a little methane, so both show beautiful blue in space, but the former is dark blue and the latter is blue. Uranus is the third largest and fourth most massive in the solar system with 27 satellites, while Neptune is the fourth largest and third most massive, with only 14 satellites. The Uranus model (left) is located in the industrial town of L vstabruk in the northern part of the Uppland plain, with a diameter of 2.6 meters and a distance of 146 kilometers from the solar model. The Neptune model (pictured right) is located in the small town of S derhamn on the Baltic Sea, which is an acrylic sphere with a diameter of 2.5 meters and emits blue light at night, 229 kilometers from the solar model.
Uranus models and Neptune models | flickr.com. SSS official website
Asteroids and dwarf planets
Asteroids are planet-like objects in the solar system that orbit the sun, are much smaller in size and mass than planets, and are remnants of the formation of the early solar system, with millions of asteroids more than one kilometer in diameter. The main asteroid belt is distributed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. There are four asteroid models in Stockholm and Uppland, and Eros was the first asteroid to land by a space probe. Before Valentine's Day 2001, NASA space probes landed on its surface and were named after Eros, the greek god of love. There are also two craters on Eros, named after Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu, a couple of lovers in the classical Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Vesta is the largest and brightest asteroid in the solar system and visible from Earth, named after Vesta, the protector goddess of stoves and families in Roman mythology, corresponding to Hestia in Greek mythology.
Saltis is an asteroid discovered in 2000 at the saltsj baden observatory in Stockholm, named after the place's nickname, which is about two to four kilometers in diameter and has a surface area slightly larger than the Saltsj baden region. Paloma-Leiden (5025 P-L) was once a lost asteroid named after the Palomar Observatory in Los Angeles and the Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands. With the exception of the ellipsoidal model of Vesta, which has a diameter of 3 centimeters, the other three asteroid models are no larger than millimeters in size, and they are 11, 17 (north), 17 (east), and 60 kilometers away from the solar model, respectively. The figure below shows models of Eros, Vesta, and Sertis, the first two secondary school campuses on the northeastern outskirts of Stockholm. Paloma-Leiden is a small dot on the left relief in the first image of this article, located in a park in the small town of Knivsta, south of Uppsala.
The Eros model (top left), vesta model (top right), and The Celtis model (bottom) | imgur .com, SSS official website
Dwarf planets, also known as mid-planets, quasi-planets, and dwarf planets, are celestial bodies with planetary mass, but neither planets nor satellites. Similar to planets, dwarf planets orbit the star directly and are massive enough to shape themselves into a sphere, but have no ability to empty small bodies in nearby orbits. There are currently five dwarf planets recognized by the IAU, and the largest and second most massive dwarf planet known in the Solar System is Pluto. Pluto was discovered in 1930 by the American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, named after the Roman god of the underworld, Pluto, whose astronomical symbol is a flower character composed of PL. Unlike other planets in the Solar System whose orbits are nearly circular and close to the ecliptic plane, Pluto's orbit is a highly inclined, highly eccentric elliptical shape.
Pluto was considered the ninth planet in the solar system for 76 years after its discovery, until 2006, when the IAU formally defined the concept of planets, classifying Pluto as a dwarf planet. Although Pluto is no longer counted as the ninth largest planet in the solar system, its discovery is based on astronomers' observations of Neptune, which leads to speculation that Uranus's orbit may also be disturbed by another planet other than Neptune, which is also a legend of Newton's theory of universal gravity. The Pluto model, located on the shores of Lake Dellensj arna in northern Sweden, was formed by a large meteorite impact 90 million years ago, with a diameter of 12 centimeters and a distance of 300 kilometers from the solar model. Its pedestal has the shape of a tomb in the Kingdom of Death, revealing the mythological significance of Pluto, and the meteorite impact is bound to wipe out all life in the area.
Pluto model | flickr.com
Haumea , the third known dwarf planet in the solar system , was discovered in 2004 and named Haumea, the goddess of conservation and mother earth in Hawaiian mythology. Haumea is ellipsoidal in shape and has a rare high-speed rotation, high density, and high albedo. Its model was created on 27 September 2019 in the central Sweden city of Borl nge, 200 km from the solar model, and is the latest addition to this day. Makemake is the fourth known dwarf planet in the solar system, discovered shortly after Easter 2005 and named after March, the god of creation and reproduction in the Easter Island Aboriginal mythology. Located in the swedish west coast city of G teborg, 400 km from the solar model, Pluto, Haumea and Orion are all objects in the Kuiper Belt, a densely disk-like region of objects near the ecliptic plane outside Neptune's orbit.
Eris, the largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System, was discovered in 2005 and was originally recognized as the tenth largest planet in the Solar System, but due to the discovery of other similarly large and small objects, the number of solar system objects that meet the original definition of planets has increased dramatically, prompting the International Astronomical Union to redefine it the following year. The dwarf planet is also named after the greek goddess of discord, Eris, Chinese name comes from the Book of Poetry, Xiaoya Changdi: "Brothers are on the wall, and they are outside the house (insults)". The Perian model is located in the northern city of Ume, with a diameter of 13 cm and a distance of 510 km from the solar model, with haumea, Ornis and Perian models in order. Another dwarf planet is Ceres, but somehow there is no model of it.
The Haumea model (left), the Orion model (center), and the Castemus model (right) | SSS official website
There are also about dozens, if not hundreds, of dwarf planets in the solar system that can be identified or candidates, and models of four of them are distributed throughout Sweden. Quaoar was discovered in 2002 at the Paloma Mountain Observatory and is named after the local indigenous Twewa mythology of the creator god Quar. Its model is located in the small southern Swedish town of Gislaved, 340 km from the solar model. Located at the edge of the solar system, Ixion was discovered in 2001 and is one of the largest asteroids discovered by researchers at Uppsala University. Ixion was an arrogant Rapist king in Greek mythology who was tortured by Zeus for a wheel of fire. Its model is located in the small northern Swedish town of H rn sand, 360 km from the solar model.
2007 OR10 was the largest unnamed object in the Solar System, slightly larger than Orion and Haumea. In February 2020, it was officially named after the ancient Chinese mythical water god "Gonggong", according to the Classic of Mountains and Seas, Gonggong was the son of Zhu Rong after Emperor Yan. The model of the co-worker is located in the southern Swedish city of Malm, 500 km from the solar model. When Sedna was discovered in 2003, it was the most distant and coldest object in the solar system. Legend has it that it inhabited the depths of the Arctic Sea, hence the name after Sedena, the frozen goddess of the sea in the innuttist myth. The Sedna model is located in the city of Lule in the Arctic Circle, 912 km from the solar model.
Genesis models (top left), Ixion models (top right), co-worker models (bottom left), Sedna models (bottom right) | SSS official website
Other celestial bodies
Comets (Comets) are small bodies of the Solar System whose brightness and shape change with the distance of the sun, and are divided into three parts: cometary nuclei, coma, and tail, and the astronomical symbol is . The comet nucleus is made of icy material, and as the comet approaches the Sun, a hazy coma forms around the nucleus, forming a tail of gas and dust along the direction of the sun, a phenomenon caused by the solar wind. Comets are recorded in ancient cultures in both the East and the West, the original meaning of comets in Chinese is "broom", and the ancients called comets "star brooms". On the Mawangdui Han Tomb Book unearthed in Changsha, there are 29 comet maps, a total of 19 kinds of comets are depicted. The word "comet" in the Western context derives from the Greek word for "rapunzel," a term first used by Aristotle.
Newton made a detailed analysis of the observation records of the Great Comet of 1680 and personally observed the comet of 1681. In his tome Principles, he pointed out that "comets are a class of planets that orbit the Sun in an orbit with a great eccentricity" and proved that the comet's orbit is a conical curve with the law of universal gravitation. Comets with elliptical orbits can periodically return to the Sun, called periodic comets, halley's comet is the only periodic comet that can be seen directly from Earth with the naked eye, and the first recurring object in history to be observed. In 1705, the British astronomer Edmond Halley used Newton's law of universal gravitation to calculate the orbit and period of the comet, successfully predicting the return in 1758, so it was named "Halley's Comet". Halley's Comet has a period between 75-76 years, the last time it was in 1986, and the next one will be in 2061.
There are two models of comets on Swedish soil, Halley's Comet (1P/Halley) and Comet Swift-Tuttle (109P/Swift-Tuttle). Discovered in 1862 and named after two independent discoverers, Comet Swift-Tuttle is the mother comet of the Perseid meteor shower, one of the three major meteor showers in the Northern Hemisphere. A model of Halley's Comet in the southwestern Swedish city of Skvde is depicted as three reliefs (top left) made from drawings by sixth-grade elementary school students and a tail of a comet formed by laser (top right), 260 kilometers from the solar model. The model of Swift-Tuttle Comet is located in the southern Swedish port city of Karlshamn, with a diameter of less than 1 cm and 390 km from the solar model, where the proportional Swift-Tuttle Comet aphel is the apogee, and the purple ellipse on the left of the figure below is its orbit.
Halley's Comet Model and Orbital Schematic | SSS official website (above), The Sky Live (below)
Periodic comets can be divided into two categories according to their operating period: short-period comets and long-period comets. Short-period comets mostly orbit the Sun, orbit no more than 10 AU, no more than 200 years, and are in the same plane as the ecliptic plane, and short-period comets are thought to have originated in the Kuiper Belt. Halley's Comet and Swift-Tuttle's Comet are both short-period comets with a period of 133 years. Long-period comets have very large orbits, can exceed the order of thousands of astronomical units, and are not limited to the ecliptic plane. The famous Dutch astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort speculated in 1950 that a long-period comet with a wide angle of orbit off the ecliptic plane originated in a cloud or cloud mass that enveloped the solar system at the outermost part of the solar system, which scientists later called the Oort cloud. The Oort cloud is theoretically a spherical cloud of ice-bound planets that surround the Sun, but remains a hypothesis to this day.
Oumuamua, the first extraseasonal object to be discovered in the solar system, means "scout" or "pathfinder" in Hawaiian, was discovered on October 19, 2017 by NASA's Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (PANSTARRS) in Hawaii. At first it was mistaken for a comet, but after a long period of observation, astronomers speculated that the uninvited guest might have come from a star cluster near the solar system that was thrown by a planet 40 million years ago. On its way through the Milky Way at a very high eccentricity, Oumuamoo happened to hit the solar system and was leaving us, never to return. Located in Halland, on the southwest coast of Sweden, the Oumuamua model is 0.3 mm in diameter and 440 km from the solar model.
The Heliosphere, also known as the Heliosphere, is a plasma bubble created by a continuous solar wind in space of interstellar matter. The Helios circle has termination shocks, in which particles in the solar wind collide with interstellar media shocks made up of hydrogen and helium infiltrated into the Milky Way, rapidly reducing from 0.33 kilometers per second to subsonic speeds. This is the final end of the solar wind, and the beginning of interstellar space, which can be described as "the sun stops here, and the stars begin at the sky". The terminal shockwave model is located at the National Institute of Space Physics in Kiruna, Sweden's northernmost city, 950 km from the solar model, while the actual distance is about 126.7 AU.
The Oumuamua model (left) and the terminal shockwave model (right) | SSS official website
There are at least trillions of galaxies in the vast universe, and each galaxy includes hundreds of billions of stars and trillions of planets. The 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics honored two studies, one for a new understanding of the structure and history of the universe and the first discovery of a planet orbiting a Sun-like star outside the solar system. For "their contributions to improving our understanding of the evolution of the universe and the place of the Earth in the universe," james Peebles, an American-Canadian-American cosmologist at the time, Michel Mayor, a 77-year-old Swiss astrophysicist, and Didier Queloz, a 52-year-old Swiss astronomer, won the Nobel Prize in Physics, and their findings changed the way we think about the universe forever.
Over the past 50 years, Peebles' insights into physical cosmology have enriched the entire field of research, and his theoretical framework has become the foundation of contemporary cosmology and laid the foundation for the transformation of cosmology from conjecture to empirical science. Using his theory and many observations, it can be deduced that the universe is composed of 68% dark energy, 27% dark matter, and 5% matter. In October 1995, Mayor and Queloz used the telescope of the Haute-Provence Observatory in southern France to discover for the first time a planet orbiting a Sun-like star outside the Solar System, a gaseous sphere comparable to Jupiter, the largest planet in the Solar System, based on the Doppler effect of the stellar spectrum. The discovery ushered in a revolution in astronomy, and since then, astronomers have discovered more than 4,000 exoplanets in the Milky Way, forcing scientists to revise their theories about the physical processes of planetary origin.
More than 900 years ago, when Su Dongpo, a great scholar of the Northern Song Dynasty, ascended Mount Pingdu in Sichuan, he left a famous sentence for thousands of years: "Look up at the qiankun and the vastness, and the sun, moon and stars will be climbed by me." In today's highly developed science and technology, picking stars and collecting the moon is no longer the poetic imagination of the ancients. 2019 is also the 50th anniversary of nasa's Apollo 11 spacecraft landing on the moon, and on July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin became the first human to set foot on a planet beyond Earth, which can be described as "a small step for mankind, a big step for mankind". To date, humans have successfully sent 66 spacecraft to the moon. Pictured below is the 2019 NK Department Store in central Stockholm's annual Christmas window show, with the theme "50 years of humanity landing on the moon".
"50 Years of Man's Moon Landing" Window Light Show | Courtesy of the author
Acknowledgements: Thank you to Professor Lou Yuqing of the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University for reading this article in advance and giving detailed revision comments.
Resources
Official website of the Swedish solar system model
http://www.swedensolarsystem.se/en/
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