The five major archaeological discoveries of Shandong Province in 2021 were announced in Jinan on February 19, 2021, yishui baoshan site, Laizhou Lucun site, Zoucheng Guoguo ancient city site, Jinan Yuan Dynasty Guo family cemetery, Ming and Qing coastal defense site archaeological survey was elected, of which, Yishui Pashan site has been excavated to collect more than 5,000 stone products, animal fossils, etc., filling the gap in Paleolithic archaeology in Shandong and northern China.
New archaeological discoveries in Shandong Province in 2021
It is reported that the "Shandong Province Archaeological New Discoveries" is selected once a year, which has lasted for 6 years since it was first held in 2017, and the "Excellent Field Archaeological Site" is selected every two years, which has received widespread attention from the media and all sectors of society, and has become an important platform for promoting new archaeological discoveries in Shandong. The participating projects have been approved by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage or the Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage, and the declaration of the new discovery award must be an archaeological excavation, investigation and exploration project carried out in Shandong in 2021, and the inspection and acceptance procedures of the Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau must be performed; the application for the outstanding field archaeological site award must be carried out in 2020-2021, and the excellent projects inspected and accepted by the Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau, and the expert judges shall conduct a comprehensive review of the application materials, combined with the on-site inspection and acceptance of the materials, and then according to the value, significance and performance of each achievement. The implementation of the Field Archaeological Work Code is judged.
Yishui Mountain Ruins
The most culturally rich remnants of the middle Paleolithic period in the province
The site was discovered in July 2020 and the first phase of archaeological excavations were made in April-June 2021. Excavated cultural relics include stone products, animal fossils and a certain number of bone products. Preliminary dating data is 60,000-100,000 years old, and the cultural era belongs to the middle of the Paleolithic period.
This year, more than 5,000 stone products and animal fossils were excavated and collected. Types of stone products include hammering, smashing stone cores, disc-shaped stone cores and stone chips, broken blocks, debris, etc. Tools can be found in stone balls, scrapers, choppers, sharpeners, stone drills and serrated shapers. Most of the stone materials are veined quartz, produced in the bedrock strip of Xiba Mountain 2 km away.
The excavation site covers an area of about 55 square meters, divided into two areas, north and south, and the difference in surface height between the two is about 3.5 meters. The entire formation is more than 8 meters thick and divided into 14 layers from top to bottom. The northern area includes the upper accumulation of the cultural layer, mainly the first ~ layer, the thickness of the accumulation is 4.08 meters, stone products, and no animal fossils have been seen. The first ~ layer can be seen in the southern section, of which the first layer can be seen in the ancient rhombus molars and incisors, the mandible of the woolly rhinoceros and a large number of stone products.
At present, although the lower 6 cultural layers have not been excavated, according to the situation seen in the four trenches, the cultural accumulation is thicker and the signs of cultural relics are richer. Among them, the south adjacent area of Tangou 3 revealed the fossil jaw and femur of the ancient diamond tooth elephant, and a large number of stone products and animal fossils such as cattle and deer were scattered around. Trench 2 cleared out a large shovel made of ancient diamond-toothed elephant incisors, which was regular and rare. By the dating method of uranium system and photorejusting, the dating data of the tooth shovel and the soil sample of the same layer are 99,000 and 104,000 years old, respectively.
The discovery of the Bashan site fills the gap in Paleolithic archaeology in Shandong and northern China, and is the most culturally rich middle Paleolithic relic found in Shandong Province. The accumulation of layers and the large span of cultural era indicate that the site has been repeatedly used and occupied for a long time. The number of excavated stone products and animal fossils is rich and diverse, and contains bone products made of animal bones, horns, teeth and so on. It is likely that there are multiple surfaces of ancient human activity in the accumulation of cultures, and there are human behaviors that use fire and dismember animals. In particular, the mixed distribution of animal fossils and a large number of stone tools, mainly the skeletons of ancient rhombodons, provides extremely important archaeological materials for the restoration and study of the use of sites by ancient humans in the Middle and Late Pleistocene and the way of livelihood. The follow-up excavation and research of the Tsukiyama site will be carried out gradually and systematically.
The location of the trekking site
Excavations at the Baoshan site in May 2021
Trench 2 and Trench 3
Stone pieces were excavated from the cultural layer of the Washan site
Ivory shovelers have been unearthed in the lower culture layer
Ruins of Lu Village in Laizhou
The largest prehistoric settlement in the Jiaodong area
The ruins of Lücun are located in the north of Lücun, Pinglidian Town, Laizhou City, Yantai, and adjacent to the Wang River in the south. The shape of the site is slightly square, the east-west, north-south sides are more than 900 meters long, with a total area of about 870,000 square meters, and the main remains are from the late Dawenkou culture to the early Longshan culture.
In order to cooperate with the construction of the project, yantai museum conducted archaeological excavations in the pressurized area of the site from April to November 2021. The excavation area is located in the northwest of the site, and the actual excavation area is more than 4,000 square meters.
A total of 572 relics from the late Dawenkou culture to the early Longshan culture were cleaned up, including 543 ash pits, 16 housing sites, 4 wells, 3 ash ditches, 4 pottery pieces, 1 building foundation trough and 1 large outer trench. The historical period sites include 7 Ash Pits, 1 Housing Site, 5 Wells and 1 Tomb of the Han Dynasty; 1 Tomb of the Song and Yuan Dynasties; and 1 Tomb of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
A total of more than 800 pieces of various cultural relics have been excavated, mainly the relics of the late Dawenkou culture and the early Longshan culture, the number of pottery is abundant, and the typical pottery is mane, ding, pot, pot, cup, pot, lid, koshi, etc., and some high-grade ceremonial artifacts indicate that the settlement level is higher. Oguchizuku with the inscription "Sun Volcano" is the first discovery in the Jiaodong area. There are also exquisite pottery, talc teeth, small and exquisite jade ornaments, etc. In addition, there are staghorn boots, whale vertebrae and various grinding stone tools that are prevalent in the Huai River Basin. Few relics have been unearthed in the historical period, mainly Han Dynasty water tanks, pots, bricks and tiles excavated from wells.
The Lücun site is the largest prehistoric settlement site found in Jiaodong area, with a settlement structure with ring trenches and walls; a settlement layout with a regular distribution of housing sites, ash ditches and ash pits; sacrificial pits where complete pigs and dogs are buried and a large number of pottery are stacked; cellars with diverse shapes and structures; and large mouth zuns with the inscription of "Sun Volcano" excavated from the site, tao xiao, yabi, stone moths, jade ornaments, antler boots, large whale vertebrae, tortoise shells, various types of grinding stone tools and a large number of exquisite pottery, etc. It reflects the status of the Lücun ruins as a high-grade and core settlement in the Laizhou Bay area. It provides new enlightenment for us to understand the connection and differences in the early stages of Longshan culture in the Jiaodong coastal and Haidai inland areas.
Floor plan of the Ruins of LuCun
Typical ruins
Pottery pieces piled up
Large "wall" base trough
Flat profile of the trench in the Yongsan period
Typical pottery
Antler boots, tooth walls, whale bones, stone cymbals, jade ornaments
Engrave the big mouth