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The Jingkang Rebellion refers to the historical event that in the second year of Jing kang (the fifth year of the Jin Tianhui, 1127), the Jin Dynasty went south to attack the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo, and abducted Hui and the Second Emperor of Qin, leading to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty.
In the seventh year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (the third year of the Jin Tianhui, 1125), the Jin army attacked the Song Dynasty from the south in the east and west.
The eastern route was completed after Yan Zongwang led an army to attack Yanjing.
The western route was completed after Yan Zonghan led the army to directly attack Taiyuan.
The Jin soldiers of the Eastern Road broke through Yanjing, crossed the Yellow River, and went south to Fenjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan).
Emperor Huizong of Song saw that the situation was in danger, and Nai Chan was located in the crown prince Zhao Huan, who was for Emperor Qinzong of Song.
In the first month of the first year of Jing Kang (4th year of the Jin Tianhui, 1126), Yan Zonghan led the Jin army to the capital of Fenjing, forcing Song to negotiate and withdraw his troops, and the Jin people demanded 5 million taels of gold and 50 million taels of silver, and ceded the three towns of Zhongshan, Hejian and Taiyuan.
In August of the same year, the Jin army attacked the Song in two more ways; in Leap November, the Jin army and the two army divisions attacked Beijing.
Song Qinzong personally went to the Jin people's camp to negotiate peace, and was detained by the Jin people.
In addition to the Second Emperor Hui Qin, there were a large number of Zhao royalty, harem concubines, guiqing, courtiers and other more than 3,000 people north to the Jin Kingdom, the public and private savings in the city of Tokyo were empty, and the jingkang change led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The Jurchen ancestors, known as SuShen (苏慎), originated from the Black Water Jing (黑水鞨) in the Seven Parts of the Jurchen Dynasty, which originally lived in the northern and southern regions of the Heilongjiang River basin below the confluence of the present-day Heilongjiang and Songhua Rivers.
In September of the fourth year of LiaoTianqing (1114), the Liao Dynasty strengthened its defense of Ningjiang Prefecture (宁江州, in present-day Buyeo East, Jilin), and Akuta gathered all the road soldiers to swear to join the Army at Lailiushui (present-day Lalin River) and raise the banner of righteousness in the anti-Liao struggle.
On January 28, 1115, he took the throne, with the name of the country being Jin and the era name being Receiving The Kingdom, which was for Jin Taizu.
From the very beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Jin Dynasty established the principle of taking agriculture as the foundation, not changing the old customs, developing slavery, and resisting the Liao and destroying the Liao.
In August 1123, Jin Taizu died, and his younger brother Wu Begmai took the throne, for Emperor Taizong, basically inheriting Taizu's cause and continuing to pacify Zhang Jue, Zhang Jue's rebels were pacified by Zong Wang, and Zhang Jue fled to Song.
At the beginning of Jin Taizong's reign, he made peace with the Western Xia on the orders of the Song Dynasty to keep Taizu.
Jin constantly sent envoys to Song to communicate well.
On March 26, 1125, emperor Tianzuo was captured and Liao died.
After Jin destroyed Liao, Ji Liao confronted Song. Jin Dynasty Liao became the suzerainty.
In the last years of the Northern Song Dynasty, when there was political corruption and peasant revolts one after another, the ruling clique of Song Huizong, Cai Jing, and Tong Guan wanted to take advantage of the decline of the Liao Dynasty to adopt the strategy of joining forces with Jin to destroy the Liao, and seize the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, which were ceded to the Liao Dynasty by the Jin Dynasty five generations later, in order to establish the "Ten Thousand Meritorious Deeds".
In 1111, the Liao people Ma Zhi wrote a letter to Emperor Huizong, offering the Song to send envoys from Dengzhou and Laizhou to Liaodong to ally with the Jurchens to destroy the Liao Dynasty, and to seize the Yan and Yun regions that Jin had ceded to the Liao Dynasty five generations later.
He was deeply appreciated by Emperor Huizong of Song.
After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, the Song sent envoys to cross the sea, but failed to land and return.
In 1120, the Song sent Zhao Liangsi and Ma Zheng successively to jin, and Jin also sent envoys to the Song several times, and the two sides agreed to attack the Liao Dynasty, Liao Yanjing was captured by the Song army, and the Jin army attacked The Liaozhong Jing DadingFu (present-day Ningcheng West, Liaoning) and other places, after the fall of the Liao, the Yanyun area was returned to the Song Dynasty, and the Song transferred the original coins to the Liao Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, known in history as the "Alliance on the Sea".
Due to the corruption of the Song army and the lack of combat effectiveness, hundreds of thousands of troops attacked Liao nanjing (present-day Beijing) twice, but were defeated by the Liao defenders, and Liaonan was still captured by the Jin army.
The Song paid an additional one million yuan a year as a tax substitute money, along with the annual "year coin" delivered to the Jin Dynasty, and in April 1123, the Jin side returned Yanjing and the six western states of the nine prefectures to the Song.
In 1123, most of the residents of Yanjing had been taken prisoner by Jin and sent to the northeast as slaves, and song only gained an empty city, and Song set up Yanshan fulu to rule the new Yanjing region.
In the Yunzhou (Liaoxijing) region, Jin Taizu also stated that he belonged to the Song Dynasty under the condition that the Song dynasty gave military expenses to Jin.
In May, Jin had promised to return the three prefectures of Shuo, Wu, and Wei to the Song Dynasty, but before they could carry them out, they were suspended due to the death of Jin Taizu from illness in June of the same year.
At the beginning of Jin Taizong's reign, he also kept the covenant. In 1124, both Emperor Yan and Emperor Zongwang opposed the cession of Shanxi and Song.
A brief map of the Jin army going south
In August 1125, Emperor Zongwang of Yan and Zonghan of Yan attacked the Song Dynasty with Zhang Jueshi.
The East Road completed Yan Zongwang's attack on Yanshan Province. The Song general Guo Yaoshi surrendered, and the defense of Song Yanshan Province collapsed; on January 14, 5,000 Song soldiers were destroyed at Zhending Province, and on January 22, Kexinde Province (kexinde Province) (present-day Xingtai, Hebei).
The left deputy marshal of the Western Road, Yan Zonghan, besieged Taiyuan on January 15, 1126, but was blocked in Taiyuan. So much so that the military plane was delayed, and it was not until he learned that Yan Zongwang had made peace with Song.
On January 27, 1126, Zong Wangjun crossed the Yellow River.
Besieged the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Fenjing.
Due to the strong resistance of Li Gang, the defender of Beijing, he was unable to break the city.
In February, the Song Dynasty took King Kang Zhao and Dazai Zhang Bangchang as hostages and ceded the three towns of Taiyuan, Zhongshan, and Hejian to negotiate peace.
The First Battle of Kaifeng
At this time, only Yan Zongwang's Jinguo Eastern Route Army participated in the siege of Kaifeng.
Yan Zonghan's Jinguo West Road Army was tripped up in Taiyuan
Zhongshi Dao led 100,000 Western troops to Kaifeng smoothly, and after Yan Zongwang passively retreated to Mengyang, a far northwest suburb of Kaifeng, to camp in the village.
After the failure of the raid, Li Gang and Seed Division Dao were revoked from military power.
When the Jin soldiers returned to kaifeng city, Song Qinzong was terrified and sent the envoys to say, "At first, I did not know what was going on, and I will sin against him." Li Bangyan also ordered Song Qinzong not to offend the Jin soldiers, and after firing a thunderbolt gun, he was executed by the head of the thief.
When Yan Zongwang attacked the city again, he was repulsed by the Western army, so he stopped the attack and replaced Wang Zhao Shu as a hostage, and King Zhao Of Kang was able to return.
King's first withdrawal
The first siege of Kaifeng by Yan Zongwang's Jinguo East Road Army was unsuccessful
The 30,000 elite Qin Feng army of the Western Army led by the Seed Division drove to Kaifeng, Tokyo, and Seed Division Dao ordered him to lead his troops to follow the Jin Army, and then attacked it halfway through the crossing, completely destroying half of its remaining south bank, and crippling the most elite Eastern Route Army in the Jin Kingdom to eliminate the troubles.
Song Qinzong agreed to Li Gang's ostensible suggestion and sent an army of 100,000 to be tightly "escorted."
Wu Min, Tang Ke, Geng Nanzhong, and other surrender factions eventually suppressed the main battle faction, sent people to set up a large banner on the edge of the Yellow River, and strictly ordered the army not to bypass the banner to drive the Jin army, otherwise all of them would be executed.
Seed Master Dao also proposed a method of making up for the dead sheep, and suggested that a large army be gathered on both sides of the Yellow River to prevent the Jin army from crossing the river again, and it was for the next "autumn prevention" plan.
Emperor Qinzong of Song was soon pressed down by Wu Min, Tang Ke, Geng Nanzhong, and other surrender ministers, believing that if the Jin army did not come, this huge military expenditure would be wasted, and refused to adopt the words of the teacher.
Later, the seed master became angry and became ill, so that he died of illness.
Li Gang was sent to Hedong, Hebei Province, to do nothing, and was finally expelled to Jiangxi.
Jin attacked song for the second time
Song Qinzong
In August 1126, Zongwang gathered an army to re-attack the Song Dynasty on the grounds of wax pill letters.
The West Road ended Yan Zonghan on September 21, 1126 ke Taiyuan.
On September 26, Emperor Yanzongwang of the East Road was struck by Kezhending (present-day Zhengding, Hebei).
On November 18, Yan Zonghan attacked from Taiyuan to Beijing, and Song Xijing, Yong'an Army, and Zhengzhou all surrendered.
On November 20, Emperor Zongwang of Yan zongwang attacked From Zhen to Fenjing; on December 10, Kehuai Prefecture and reached The capital of Fenjing.
On December 16, Song sent troops to resist the battle, and was defeated by Yan Zongwang and others.
On December 17, Yan Zonghan arrived at the capital city.
The Second Battle of Kaifeng
After Yan Lou's army crossed the Yellow River in the south and luoyang in the west, it blockaded Tongguan, and locked the most elite western army of the Song Dynasty within Tongguan, cutting off the road of Qinwang from the east.
Li Gang
The Jin army attacked in two ways and surrounded it on all sides, trapping Tokyo in complete isolation.
During the second siege of the city, Emperor Qinzong of Song gave full powers of war, defense, and peace to the chancellor He Li.
While superstitiously believing in the Liujia Divine Soldiers of the demon Guo Jing, He Li sent a privy councillor to send Feng Lan to the army of Emperor Yan zonghan to seek peace, thinking that it was safe for both materials, but it was not the way to defend the city.
Emperor Qinzong of Song also temporarily sent Liu Yun, who was in Beijing, to raise the four walls to guard the imperial palace, and in addition, he used sun Fu as the second chancellor to guard the imperial envoy, with different powers and many constraints.
Sun Fu, like He Li, pinned his hopes on the liujia divine soldier of the demon Guo Jing.
During the second siege of the city, the Eastern Route Army of Completed Yan Zongwang increased to 80,000 people, and the Western Route Army still had the three major generals of Completed Yan Zonghan, Completed Yan Xiyin, and Completed Yan Lou as the main deputy commanders, and completed Yan Yinshu and other generals were all under their command, and Completed Yan Lou and Finished Yan Xiyin took turns to go to Tongguan outer overseers to stop the Western Army Qinwang of the Song Dynasty.
The total number of the Western Route Army was 70,000 or 80,000 people who participated in the second Siege of Kaifeng.
The strength of the Jin army in the east and west has exceeded 150,000 people, which is a times and a half times more than the first siege battle.
On the side of the Song Dynasty, the original forbidden army in Kaifeng during the first siege of the city, plus the Qinwang army that successively opened in the northwest, reached a total of 200,000 or 300,000 people.
At the time of the second siege, the defenders of the city were less than 70,000. The Qin Wangjun in various places had already been ordered by Tang Ke and Geng Nanzhong to stagnate.
Only Zhang Shuye, the governor of Southern Province, and his two sons Bo Fen and Zhongxiong disobeyed this surrender-style imperial order, recruited 13,000 qinwang troops, and encountered Yan Zonghan's army at Yingchang Province, and the eighteen battles of different sizes were won and lost, and finally the whole army broke into Kaifeng City, which was the only Qinwang army that could enter Kaifeng City in the second siege battle.
The Second Emperor was captured
On January 9, 1127, Emperor Zongwang of Yan, Zonghan of Yan, and the generals broke the city and captured Emperor Huizong of Song and Emperor Qinzong.
On March 20, 1127, the Northern Song Dynasty fell (960-1127), And Emperor Taizong of Jin deposed Emperor Huizong of Song and Emperor Qinzong of Song, degraded him to the rank of Shuren, forcibly removed the dragon robe of the Second Emperor, and Li Ruoshui, who was accompanying him, held Qinzong's body and reprimanded the Jin people as dogs.
Li Ruoshui cursed incessantly, and was severed by Zong Han's men and died.
On April 20, after the Jin army raided on a large scale, Zhang Bangchang was made emperor, and the state name was "Dachu".
Subsequently, they retreated in two ways; one was under the custody of Zong Wang, including Emperor Huizong, Empress Zheng, and the princes, emperors, horses, princesses, and concubines, and the other was under the custody of Zong Han, including Emperor Qinzong, Empress Zhu, Crown Prince, Zongfu, Sun Fu, Zhang Shuye, Qin Juniper, and others, who traveled north along Zhengzhou, including thousands of people, including religious music workers, skilled craftsmen, etc., returning north with literary maps, treasures, and magic objects, and no less than 100,000 men and women. History is called "the change of Jingkang".
The Northern Song Dynasty fell
After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, more than 14,000 people, including the abdicated Emperor Huizong zhao Tuo of the Song Dynasty and the Emperor Qinzong Zhao Huan of the Northern Song Dynasty, as well as the imperial family, imperial family, noble relatives, close subjects, and various craftsmen, were escorted to the Jin Kingdom.
Emperor Hui and The Second Emperor of Qin were imprisoned in Yanjing (present-day Beijing), Zhongjing (Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia), Shangjing (Acheng, Heilongjiang Province), Hanzhou (Changtu County, Liaoning Province), and finally migrated to Wuguocheng (Yilan County, Heilongjiang Province).
Emperor Qinzong was moved to Jinshangjing and Yanjing, and eventually died in Yanjing after being captured for 29 years (1156).
Emperor Huizong of Song was made the Duke of Xiade by Emperor Jin. During the period from Beijing to Hanzhou, it was basically in the process of migration, and after arriving at the Five Kingdoms City, the captive life was stable.
In 1135, because of his 8 years of captivity, Emperor Huizong could not return to his home and return to his country, and he was always in a depressed state of spiritual decline, coupled with a serious illness and death.
After the Jing Kang Rebellion, the Jin Dynasty instructed the rest of Song's bureaucrats in Beijing to propose a puppet regime.
The Jin army never allowed zhao to be established, and the Song hundred officials agreed to establish Zhang Bangchang.
The demise of Zhang Bangchang's puppet regime led to the failure of Jin's plan to rule the Song dynasty with a puppet regime.
In July 1130, Emperor Taizong of Jin also made Liu Yu emperor with the state name "Daqi", and the capital was Beijing Damingfu, which governed the Henan and Shaanxi regions south of the Yellow River's ancient road, known in history as "Pseudo-Qi". In November 1137, Emperor Xizong of Jin abolished the State of Qi.
The Song Dynasty moved south
After the fall of Tokyo, King Zhao of Kang established the Grand Marshal's Mansion in Xiangzhou on December 1, 1126, and became the Grand Marshal, and when the Northern Song Dynasty was in danger of survival, Emperor Qinzong once again issued a wax edict ordering Zhao To join Kaifeng.
Zhao Zhao, while passing on the word that the capitals of the prefectures in Hebei would raise troops at damingfu in Beijing, sent a small army south to Tangyin (now part of Henan) in the middle of the year as a suspect, and led nearly 10,000 troops out of the north gate to the north, through Linzhang (present-day southwest of Linzhang, Hebei), crossed the Yellow River on the river ice, and reached Daming.
In early February 1127, Cho and others fled to Jeju. After the Jin army established the pseudo-Chu, the group of courtiers in Jeju wanted to serve king Zhao Shuo of Kang as emperor in Jeju to rebuild the Song Dynasty, and Zhao Shuo took Zong Ze's advice and went to Nanjing Yingtianfu (present-day Shangqiu, Henan) as the land of Zhao Kuangyinxing, the grandfather of the Song Dynasty, and then became emperor.
On June 12, 1127, Zhao Zhuo ascended the throne at Yingtianfu in Nanjing, changed his name to Yuan Jianyan, and was created for Emperor Gaozong of Song, and later built the capital (行在所) in Lin'an, known in history as the Southern Song Dynasty.
Emperor Gaozong of Song sowed the situation
After Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, he appointed Huang Qianshan as the ruler and Wang Boyan as the privy councillor, and concurrently served as the imperial envoy and deputy envoy of the unified army, respectively, and actually held the military and political power.
Li Gang, a prominent minister who advocated resisting Jin, was appointed as the right minister. Emperor Gaozong decided to flee to the Jiangnan region, so in early August he promoted Huang Qianshan to the right minister, and although Li Gang was promoted to left minister at the same time, he resigned after more than ten days because he opposed fleeing to the southeast, and after only two and a half months, Emperor Gaozong immediately ordered Empress Meng to flee to Jiangning.
In December 1127, Emperor Taizong of Jin issued an edict to attack the Southern Song Dynasty, and ordered Lou Fu to lead the Jin army in the west as a partial division to advance shaanxi; the left deputy marshal Zong Han (Sticky Han) led an army to meet the right deputy marshal Zong Fu (Yu Liduo) in Puyang to form the Eastern Road Jin Army, as the main force attacking the Southern Song Dynasty, and launched the first large-scale southern invasion of the Jin army after the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty.
The change of Jing Kang objectively strengthened the integration of ethnic minorities and the Han nationality in the north, and there was another wave of southward migration in history.