Unearthed lacquer book "DanFu" and "Ugly Cloth" examination unearthed from the tomb of Liu He of Hai di Hou *

Unearthed lacquer book "DanFu" and "Ugly Cloth" examination unearthed from the tomb of Liu He of Hai di Hou *

Fan Changxi (Department of Chinese Chinese Literature, Sun Yat-sen University)

Summary: The lacquered wooden ware excavated from the tomb of Liu He of the Western Han Dynasty in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, has lacquered wooden scripts, which is valuable information for studying the lacquerware process and the system of famous objects. In the lacquer book texts that have been published, the interpretation of the words "DanFu" and "Ugly Cloth" is quite controversial. Through investigation, the article found that the "Danfu" and "Danyu" in the lacquer book should be read as "Danyou", which refers to the dansha and vegetable oils used in the preparation of Dan lacquer and other colored lacquer; "Ugly Cloth" when pronounced as "Ugly Cloth" refers to the coarse silk and coarse cloth used to make the fetal bones of lacquerware. At the end of the article, the words "private house", "glue tendon", "financial use", "work prison" and the entire lacquer book are also slightly explained.

Keywords: Tomb of the Marquis of Haixia Lacquer Book Dan Suo Cloth

1 Introduction

At the end of 2018, a briefing on the sorting out of lacquered wood excavated from the tomb of Liu He, the Marquis of xihanhai in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, was published. The brief also provides a brief introduction to some of the Zhushu, ink and carved characters on the lacquered wooden vessels excavated from the tomb, but it is limited to examples and does not further explain these texts (Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Beijing Normal University, 2018). We have drafted this small article, focusing on the words "DanFu" and "Ugly Cloth" that appear in the lacquer book.

"DanMu" and "Ugly Cloth" mainly appear on lacquered wood and lacquer painting shields, and the entire lacquer book is mainly for the description of the raw materials, labor, total value, manufacturing time, number and other information of lacquerware production, such as times:

Lacquered Wooden Flute (M1:34): Private wooden wedge, with lacquer one bucket and one liter of six baskets, danmu, ugly cloth, financial use, gong prison, and straight nine hundred and sixty-one. Changyi was built in nine years and thirty-one.

Lacquered Wood Flute (M1:668): Private Danmu 笥一合, with lacquer one bucket two liters seven mushrooms, Danyu, ugly cloth, property, work prison, and straight 697. Changyi eleven years of fabrication, twenty-one.

Lacquer Dan Painting Shield (M1:528): Private Dan Painting Shield I, with lacquer two liters of ten baskets, glue, dan, ugly cloth, financial use, gong prison, and straight 553, Changyi nine years of manufacturing, twenty-one.

The above lacquer book has previously been published in the online media by Xie Ziyue (2015), and researchers have also put forward different interpretations of the "Dan Su" and "Ugly Cloth" in it. He Youzu (2015) interpreted these four characters as "Dan, 曳醜布", "曳" meaning to wear, "uranium cloth" refers to cloth with poor appearance and texture, and "曳醜布" refers to a sac made of ugly cloth on a coat. Peng Hao (2015) interprets it as "Dansu (Zhu) and Ulysso (Silk) Cloth", "Dansu (Zhu)" is cinnabar, and "Ulysso (Silk) Cloth" refers to the silk and cloth used to filter raw lacquer and fix the shape of lacquered wood when making lacquered wood. Wu Xuefei (2015) speculates that the upper part of the "Danyou" "臾" should be pronounced as "oil" from the "by", or "i.e., "by", and at the same time pronounced as "danyou" together with the different text "Danyou", which refers to the red paint that shines brightly when making wooden wedges. Wu Wenling (2016) agrees with Wu Xuefei's interpretation, but believes that "Danyou" should be pronounced as "Dan, Oil", which means Dansha and Oil, and the "oil" in it refers to the oil or tung oil that is more commonly used in the production of lacquerware. Nie Fei (2018) interpreted as "Dan, Su / Yu Ugly Cloth", "Cloth" should be a linen tire lacquer mark, commonly known as "clamp tire"; "臾醜" refers to an herbaceous plant, "臾醜布" is a coarse linen cloth with thicker fibers, and "Ugly Ugly Cloth" is a kind of leather thicker clamp tire. Chen Songchang believes that "臾醜" and "猶醜" are likely to be the proper names of cloth. We also suspected that the "臾" of "Dan Zhen" was read as "斞", and "Dan Zhen (斞)" refers to Dan Lacquer Yi Xu; "Ugly Cloth" refers to the coarse cloth material used to make lacquer ware tire bottoms (Fan Changxi 2015), and now it seems that our interpretation of the words "臾" and "醜" is not appropriate.

2 Interpretation of "Dan Zhen" and "Dan Yu"

"Dan Zhen" is written on the lacquered wooden steed at M1:668, and the two are clearly written as a word. "Dan Zhen" (M1:34 lacquered wooden flute) (M1:528 lacquer dan painting shield), (Wang Renxiang 2016), (Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Capital Museum 2016: 183), etc., the glyph resembles the character "曳". However, Jiang Wen (2013) pointed out that the words "曳" and "臾" are written very closely in The Qin and Chinese characters and are easily confused. Therefore, if you only look at the glyphs, it is not necessary to interpret "臾" and interpret "曳". However, considering that the different text is "猶", the word should still be interpreted as "臾". Because in the excavated Han Dynasty documents, "臾" and "猶/猷" can be connected, such as the Mawangdui book "Title" 17-18: "If the country is not in danger, Junzhen (猶) also exists." ...... If the home is not chaotic, the pro-eun (猶) exists. The two sentences where the word "臾" are located correspond to the "Junyu Zaiye" and "Father Yu Zaiye" in the present edition of the Shenzi Deli (Qiu Xigui 2014a: 185-186). Chen Guying (2007:385) pointed out: "臾, pronounced 猶. 臾 and 猶 are both metaphorical mother characters. The yin is in the Houbu, the Yu is in the Yubu, and the side is turned around. "Shenzi" "臾" is called '猶'. Ma Wangdui Medical Jane "Ten Questions" Jane 23-24: "He Zhen (猶) people also have evil and good, and there are deaths and longevity? (Jo Ekwe 2014b:144). The phrase "He Zhen (猶) person" in this sentence is similar to Tsinghua Jian's "Tang Zai Men" (啻) "(Hu) 猷 (猶) is a person" (Chen Jian 2015). According to this, it can be seen that the "臾" in the lacquer book is a true expression of the Han Dynasty's use of characters.

Wu Xuefei (2015) has pointed out that in the ancient books, "猶" and "oil" or "by" can be connected (Gao Heng and Dong Zhi'an 1989: 718, 719, 720), such as "The Book of Dai Li And the Five Righteousness of Lamentations": "Gentlemen are as good as they will be reachable." "Xunzi Laigong": "Therefore, the gentleman who is as attainable as a general is also a gentleman." The "猶" in these two ancient books is both "oil" in the "Confucius Language and Five Instruments". Another example is "Yi Yu": "Yu Yu." Lu Deming's "Interpretation": "By, Ma Zuoyu." In addition, it can also be cited in the third volume of the "Urgent Chapter", "Leather Hair Paint Oil Black Cang". Zhang Chuanguan (2017:322) pointed out that the word "oil" in this sentence is used as "猶" in songjiang ben and other chapter herbs, and the corresponding zigzag of Dunhuang Hanjian 2130 is mutilated, but according to its residual paintings, it is also known as "猶". From this point of view, Wu Xuefei (2015) read the lacquer book "Danyou" as "Danyou" credible. However, Mr. Wu believes that the upper part of the "dan" of "dan" is from "by", and suspects that the whole word is a variant of "", and believes that "danyou" refers to the red paint that shines brightly when making wooden reeds, which is also not credible. Wu Wenling (2016) is the most accurate in interpreting "danyou" as dansha and oil.

As a red mineral pigment, dansha is mostly used in lacquerware production, generally it is added to the lacquer liquid, made into Dan lacquer, and then coated on the surface of the utensils. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, lacquerware with black outside and red on the inside was already popular (Sun Ji 2004). "Han Feizi Ten Passes": "Yu is used as a sacrificial vessel, ink dyes its outside and Zhu paints its inside." "Speaking of Yuan, Anti-Quality": "Shun's release of the world and Yu's acceptance of it, as a sacrificial vessel, paint its outside and Zhu paint its inside." "Unearthed Warring States Qin and Han lacquerware is generally also common to see black paint on the outside and Vermilion paint on the inside. In the raw materials for the manufacture of such lacquerware, dansha and lacquer liquid are equally important, so the "Li Ji Yue Ling" Yun: "The order of the master of the order of the hundred workers to review the amount of five libraries... Grease dan lacquer, no or bad. In the excavated material, "Dan" means "Dan lacquer" when writing more "" (Zhu Dexi and Qiu Xigui, 1980). Hubei Yunmeng Tomb No. 1 excavated the wooden book: "Painting Lu II" and "Painting Sheng Erhe" (Hubei Provincial Museum, 1981). Hong Shi (2006:181-184) through comprehensive investigation, believes that the "ie" in it refers to both red and black paints. Mawangdui No. 1 Han Tomb Dispatch Book Jian 192 "Lucky Food Cup Fifty" refers to the 50 pieces of plain ear cups (Qiu Xigui 2014b: 201) painted with black paint and red paint on the inside of the excavated material, and the inner bottom book "Jun XingShi".

Oil is a must-have for the preparation of painted lacquer during the production of lacquerware. Book III of the Rush: "The leather hair is painted with oil and black." Yan Shigu's ancient note: "Those who paint with lacquer, those who paint with lacquer, those who use oil, all think that the color of light and dust and mud are resisted." Its color is either black or cang, so the cloud 'black cang' also. (Zhang Chuanguan 2017: 322) Color paint made of oil blending is called "paint", and painting with paint on lacquerware is called "oil painting". The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: "Great nobles, nobles, princesses, princesses, and feudal lords are oil paintings. "The Third Quality Color of the Kun Collection": "Oil ornament, that is, tung oil toning also." Colorful, one of the many ornaments, Qiye. Yang Ming's note: "This color paint is particularly fresh." However, black is only suitable for lacquer, while white is not oil. He also depicted the sixth: "Painted oil, a painted brocade, that is, oil-colored painted ornaments also." Its birds, beasts, insects, flowers, clouds, and characters are all prepared for innocence. Yang Ming's note: "If the sky blue, snow white, and peach red are not corresponding to the paint." The ancients used oil to paint and decorate, and there are pure color oil writers in the ancient matsuri of Imami. Wang Shixiang (1998:76, 93) explained: "Drawing oil is the practice of using oil instead of lacquer and drawing various patterns on lacquerware. Oil is different from lacquer, and any color of oil can be concocted, so it is said that 'there is no need for innocent color'. ...... No matter how the paint is refined, it can never be as clear as water, so sky blue, snow white, peach and other colors cannot be formulated, and can only be adjusted with oil. ...... Painting with oil color, the source is quite early, many Warring States lacquerware has white and light yellow paint, with paint can not be modulated, should be the color of oil. As for what oil was used at that time, it is likely that it was not tung oil but but oleifera oil (i.e., suzi oil) or other vegetable oil. Because from ancient texts, the use of tung oil in painters was later than that of spinach and walnut oil (i.e., walnut oil) and hemp seed oil. ”

According to the collation briefing, it can be seen that the lacquer wood table excavated from the tomb of The Marquis of Haixia is black lacquer, and the lacquer book is vermilion lacquer. This is in line with the "lacquer, dan" recorded in the lacquer book. Unearthed lacquer Dan painting shield patent leather is red, lacquer book is black. The patent leather is painted with human figures and animal ornaments. The edge of the shield has a black lacquered border with gold powder painted on the black edge. This is also in line with the "lacquer, dan, painting" in the lacquer shield lacquer book. From the color of these remnants of lacquer surfaces and combined with the lacquer books recorded in their lacquer books, it is clear that the lacquer and lacquer shield excavated from the tomb of Hai Xiahou should have used dansha and oil in the production process.

3 Interpretation of "uranium"

"Ugly cloth" should be read as "䌷布". The ancient sound "醜" belongs to the Changmu Youbu, and the "猶" belongs to the Yumu Youbu, and the two characters have the same rhyme, and the sound buttons are similar, and they can be communicated. Moreover, "ugly" and "猶" are derived from "unitary" and "chief" respectively, and "chief" should be derived from "unitary" (Huang Dekuan 2007: 601). In ancient text materials, "chief" and "unitary" are more common, such as "uyo" and "more writing" in Hou Mameng's book (Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Work Committee 1976:352; Huang Dekuan 2007: 599), the character "猶" in Mawangdui's book is written "䌷" or "䌷" (白于蓝 2017:156), and "䌷"," in the Northern Han Dynasty Jian "Cangjie Chapter" (Peking University Institute of Excavated Literature 2015:22,47,95). As pointed out above, the ancient book "猶" and "oil" or "by" can be interchangeable, so the lacquer book "Ugly Cloth" of "Ugly" can be read as "䌷". "Shuowen" 糸部: "䌷, 大丝缯也." Volume II of the Rush Chapter: "Silk Silk Yan Shigu's ancient note: "Draw the cocoon, spin and weave the 䌷." The coarse one who is particularly coarse is also known as the cocoon. (Zhang Chuanguan 2017: 142). It can be seen that the Hanshi "䌷" refers to the coarse silk material of the silk curtain. E.P.T51:302: "White bow one collar." Li Yingchun (2016:262, 493) notes: "White mounds, lined, woolen short coats made of undyed coarse silk." 䌷 , coarse silk. Qingdao Tushan Tun No. 147 Han Tomb unearthed a wooden book "Tang Yi Ling Liu Jun's Clothing Name" record yun: "Knife, pen, empty body." The commentary of Peng Yu and Wei Songtao (2017) believes that the text here should refer to a set of writing instruments such as "book knives, double-barreled brushes" and "blank brushes" in the bamboo baskets excavated from the tomb. Due to the perishability of the 䌷帛, it has not been preserved. However, the Mawangdui book is relatively well preserved, and there are still many blank liner pages with unscripted text (Qiu Xigui 2014c:19-27, 49-65, 150-165), which can provide physical footnotes for the "empty mound" here. Compared with the large number of exquisite silk fabrics excavated from the same tomb and the first tomb, the silk thread used in the book is obviously much rougher.

"Cloth" should refer to coarse cloth woven from hemp. "Shuowen" towel: "Cloth, aki weaving also." Kibe: "Yu, Maya." "Xiao Erya Guangfu": "Ma Yu Ge Yue Bu, Cloth, Common Name Also." "History of The Chronicle of Cargo Colonization": "Panyu is also a metropolis, pearl, rhinoceros, mao, and fruit cloth." Pei Huaji quoted Wei Zhaoyue: "Cloth, Ge Bu." Therefore, the "ugly (䌷) cloth" in the lacquer book should refer to the coarse cloth woven of coarse silk and the silk hemp, both of which are important raw materials for lacquerware to make fetal bones. During the Qin and Han dynasties, lacquerware was mostly used to clip tires, cloth tires, and cloth tires. The production of these three types of fetal bones should be made of fabric, mussels, etc. as raw materials. The clamp tire is usually a thin wooden tire with a framed linen cloth and then painted. The lacquerware excavated from the tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty Lelang Wang Xu is mostly marked with the words "clip silk", "xia qi", "silk silk", "silk silk", etc., of which the inscription of the "twenty-one year of Jianwu" also has the words "wooden hero (clip) silk" written in the inscription of the lacquer cup (Umehara Sueji 1943: plate 39). Suo Yuming (1977:83) pointed out that the lacquer cup fetal bone method is to frame the wooden tire on both sides with linen cloth. In addition, a mask excavated from yaozhuang M102 in Hanjiang County, Jiangsu Province is also a thin wooden tire with mounted linen cloth (Yangzhou Museum 2000), and the coffin in Sanyangdun M1 in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, is coated with vermilion paint, the outside is affixed with linen cloth, and then coated with greasy paint (Jiangsu Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee and Nanjing Museum 1964).

The production method of cloth tires, reel tires, and cloth tires is to first make a vessel shape with wood or mud, as an inner tube, and then use several layers of linen or braids to attach to the inner tube, and then paint it, and when the sackcloth or brace is dried, remove the inner tube, then the stored linen or reel is the same as the original shape of the vessel, only slightly larger. It can be seen that compared with the lacquerware with the tire, the cloth tire, the tire, the cloth tire, etc. do not have a wooden core. There are records of such lacquered fetal bones in the excavation album of Mawangdui No. 1 Han Tomb, such as Jian 181: "Cloth XiaoYi, Rong Ersheng, covered, warm wine." The finisher's note: "Cloth, refers to the brushing of paint on the sack cloth tire." The Han Dynasty cloth lacquerware inscriptions are mostly called '纻', 'sandwich' or '褚'. This is abbreviated as 'cloth', and the meaning is the same. "The note in this jane corresponds to the excavated No. 388 sackcloth tire paint, which is still legible under the sackcloth pattern (Hunan Provincial Museum and Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1973:144, 82). Cloth tire is also called 纻 tire, of which "纻" is also often written "Xu" or "褚", which means burlap. Shuowen 糸部: "纻, 苘 genus." The thin one is silk, and the thick one is silk. Sound from Ito. , Or from Xu Province. "The wooden tablets excavated from the Western Han Tomb No. 1 of the Yunmeng Tomb in Hubei Province contain the inscription "Xu Cup Twenty", that is, 20 pieces of sackcloth tire lacquer ear cups in the excavations (Hubei Provincial Museum 1981; Fu Ju has 1999: 239). The sackcloth tire paint plate from the Mancheng Han Tomb is called "Chu Rice Plate", and Lu Zhaoyin (1974) believes that "Chu" is also a false loan word for "纻".

The lacquerware of "Cloth Tire" is also found in the excavation album of Mawangdui No. 1 Han Tomb, such as Jian 230 recorded "Nine Sons Zeng (缯) Inspection (奁)一合", which corresponds to the excavated No. 433 double-layered Jiuzi 奁. The lid and wall of the vessel are cloth tires, and the double bottom is a wood tire. From the crack in the wall, the linen pattern and the fine silk vein can be clearly seen, and it is estimated that a layer of silk is mounted on the linen tire (Hunan Provincial Museum and Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1973:88). The drapery is softer and finer than the linen, and using it as a tire can make the surface of the lacquerware more smooth and beautiful, the shape is lighter, and greatly improve the grade of lacquerware products.

According to the above analysis of the actual objects of Qin and Han lacquerware and the relevant records in the dispatch books, it can be seen that the "ugly (䌷) cloth" in the lacquer book excavated from the tomb of The Marquis of Haixia refers to the rough and silk cloth used in the manufacture of these lacquerware. It can be seen that although the view of Nie Fei (2018) quoted above is wrong in the interpretation of sentences, it is still very correct to understand the "cloth" in the lacquer book as a sackcloth tire lacquer mark. According to the collation briefing, the texture of the lacquer ware fetal bone excavated from the tomb of Hai Di Hou mainly includes two kinds of wooden tires and clamp tires, and the lacquered wooden utensils that use the clamp tire mainly include 奁, Chung, 卮, plates, bowls, and pins, which already include "笥". Judging from the cracks in the corners of the two pieces of lacquer fragments published by M1:34 and M1:668, there are still relatively clear cloth lines under the lacquer skin, which should be the "ugly (䌷) cloth" recorded in the lacquer book. In addition, the tomb unearthed 3 pieces of "Xu Silver Bowl", the actual object is a silver lacquer bowl with a silk tire. This can also be circumstantial evidence of lacquerware excavated from the tomb of The Marquis of Hai, which was widely used in the production of silk cloth or 䌷缯. The lacquered shield is more elaborate than the lacquered wooden cloth, and judging from the fact that the lacquered book has "ugly (䌷) cloth", the shield also uses cloth material.

4 Interpretation of other words in lacquer books

Having clarified the exact meanings of "dansu/猶(oil)" and "醜(䌷) cloth", we can slightly supplement several other words in the lacquer book to facilitate the understanding of the entire lacquer book. The "private house" in the lacquer book should be the place where lacquerware is produced and stored. During the Western Han Dynasty, the private government was in charge of the harem's collection of coins and objects, including all private matters such as clothing, food, housing, and transportation. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Hundred Officials Zhi IV: "The Private House of the Middle Palace orders one person, six hundred stones." "During the Western Han Dynasty, not only did the central hundred officials have private houses, but the princely kingdoms also had private houses. "The Book of Han and the Biography of Lu Wenshu": "Shang shan qi qi, move the governor of Guangyang Private House." Yan Shigu's ancient note: "The house where money is hidden, the Tianzi is known as the Shaofu, and the princes are known as the private mansion." The bottom of the lacquer plate excavated from the M1 of Luobo Bay in Guixian County, Guangxi Province also has the word "private house", and Lan Riyong, Yang Xiaojing (1993) and Hong Shi (2006: 156) all believe that it may be the instrument or instrument made by the private government of the princes. Nie Fei (2018) pointed out that the lacquerware excavated from the tomb of Marquis Haixia has a "private house" lacquer book, indicating that these lacquerware are the tools held by the private government of the Changyi Palace, that is, the lacquerware produced (stored) by the private government. The "glue" in the inscription of the shield should refer to the "glue" and "tendon" used to make the shield. In ancient times, these two objects were mostly used as raw materials for the manufacture of weapons, vehicles, etc. "Ritual Book of The Moon Order": "It is the month also, the order of the master orders the amount of five libraries, gold and iron, leather, tendons, feathers, dried arrows, grease glue, dan lacquer, no or bad." "The Examiner's Book of Bow People": "The bow man is a bow, and the six materials must be taken at the time." ...... Tendons also think that deep also. Glue also, think and also. Book VIII of the Han Poetry: "This bow bearer, the garnet of the Southern Wu of Taishan, the horn of the ox, the tendon of the thorn elk, and the glue of the river fish." ”

The term "financial use", written on the lacquer pier M1:668, is written "property", and Peng Hao (2015) has pointed out that it should refer to the materials consumed in the manufacture of lacquerware. The second language is mostly found in literature, such as the "Guan Zi Zhong Ling": "If the people do not take care of the economy, the warehouse is empty and the financial resources are insufficient." "Juyan Xinjian" E.P.T2:9A: "Gengchen Shuo Pengshen, the tenth waiting for Changliang dares to speak, and hereby moves the official financial coupons to be inked like ink, dare to say it." (Ma Yi and Zhang Rongqiang 2013:3). Juyan Hanjian 286.28: "In june of the Yuanshou Dynasty, he was transferred from the treasury money and property in and out of the book. (Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 1980:206) Juyan Xinjian E.P.T50:28: "Jiaqu Waiting Officer Suihe First Year August Treasure Book." (Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, et al. 1990:154) Both the central government and the princely palaces have strict access control regulations for "financial objects" (Sun Rui 2003). "Zhou Li Tianguan Tsukasa Zai": "The law of governance is based on the rule of the Examination Hundred Official's Mansion and the County's Contempt, and takes advantage of the entry and exit of their financial uses." Whoever loses his wealth and makes a name for himself shall be punished by the punishment of the official; he who has used his wealth, his wealth, and his good things shall be rewarded. Zheng Xuan's note: "Multiply, Ju Ji also; Cai, QuanGu also; use, goods and bribes also; things, animals and beasts also." The words on the lacquer book indicating the "property" and value used in the manufacture of these lacquerware should be related to the regulations of liuhe Changyi's royal palace on the management of its "financial goods.". "Gong Prison" should refer to the wages paid to the craftsman or the food supplied, where "Prison" shall be trained as "price straight" or "food", or "labor". "History of Ping zhuan": "Willing to raise the people's self-sufficiency fees, because the official utensils are boiled salt, officials and prison pots." Yan Shigu's ancient note quoted Su Linyue: "Prison, the price is straight, and the people of this world are talking about the prison of the hand." He also quoted as Chun Yue: "Prison, food is also eaten, and the name of the ancients is a prison." Pots, boiling salt pots also. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: "Jian Qi's courage is more rewarding." Li Xian's note: "Prison, food also." Or 'labor'. Labor, work also. ”

5 Conclusion

In summary, the lacquer books in the lacquer books unearthed from the tomb of Liu He of the Western Han Dynasty in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, should be read as "Danyou", which refers to the dansha and vegetable oil used in the preparation of Dan lacquer and other colored lacquer. "Ugly cloth" when pronounced "cloth" refers to the coarse silk and hemp coarse cloth used to make lacquerware fetal bones. As for the other words in the lacquer book, such as "private house" should be the private house of Liu He, the Marquis of Haixia, it is the production and storage institution of this batch of lacquerware. "Glue" means "glue" and "tendon" used to make shields. "Financial use" and "property" refer to the materials used to make lacquerware. "Prison" means the wages paid or supplied to the craftsmen. The lacquer book on the lacquered wooden rep on the no. 34 lacquered wooden reassignment excavated from the tomb of Marquis Haidian can be reinterpreted as follows: "The private house wooden reed is combined, with a bucket of lacquer and a liter of six baskets, a dan (oil), a uygnum) cloth, a financial use, a tight work and a straight (value) of nine hundred and sixty-one." Changyi was built in nine years and thirty-one. "The general idea is: the private house lacquer wood and basket together, with a bucket of lacquer one liter six baskets, dansha, oil, silk, silk cloth and other material costs, plus labor costs, a total of nine hundred and sixty-one dollars. Changyi nine years of manufacturing, numbered thirty. Another lacquer book on a wooden stake and a lacquered shield can also be understood.

References (abbreviated)

*This article has been funded by the Ministry of Education, the State Language Commission Oracle and other special key projects for the research and application of ancient scripts (YWZ-J019), the Major Project of the National Social Science Foundation (17ZDA300), and the editorial board of "Linguistic Science" and anonymous review experts to give valuable revision suggestions.

About the Author

Fan Changxi, male, born in November 1978, from Pingyi, Shandong. Ph.D., Professor of the Department of Chinese, Sun Yat-sen University, ph.D. Supervisor, research direction is excavated documents and paleography.