By the end of 1965, on the Brantas River in Indonesia, the river had stopped flowing because countless corpses had blocked the course. Some of the bodies were stabbed on wooden stakes on both sides of the river, their heads were hung on the side of the road, and others were stacked on bamboo rafts horizontally and vertically. The flag of the Indonesian Communist Party is conspicuously planted on the bamboo raft, and countless civilians in the streets and alleys of Indonesia are crying and escaping, and the blood is flowing, like a purgatory on earth! This is not a movie, this is a real event, those corpses and escapees have a well-known identity - Chinese overseas Chinese!
There was a coup d'état in Indonesia, and the army general was killed
Turning over history and the large-scale massacre of chinese people, what we blurt out may be the "Nanjing Massacre" massacre created by the Japanese army after occupying Nanjing. However, in 1965, 16 years after the founding of New China, more than 300,000 Chinese were killed in Indonesia, which was the most serious incident in Indonesia's history, because its real reasons and the black hands behind it have been confused, so it is not known to more people.
After the end of World War II, Indonesia also achieved national independence, and the Indonesian aristocrat Sukarno was favored by the people for his outstanding leadership in World War II, and after the war, he became the president of Indonesia. However, President Sukarno was a man of letters, he did not control indonesia's army, and the president and the military were mutually restrained.
Sukarno
In order to better consolidate his power and carry out the reforms he advocated for the state, Sukarno based on a party that fully assisted him, and his ally was the Indonesian Communist Party, which, with the support of President Sukarno, developed into a major party that attracted the world's attention after the war, of which 5 million were registered Communist Party members, about 3 million members of the Communist Youth League, and 10 million supporters.
Unfortunately, Sukarno relied on the Indonesian Communist Party and also had many constraints on them, the biggest of which was that the Indonesian Communist Party was not allowed to have its own armed forces. Although there were many Indonesian communists, they did not have their own armed forces, which also left hidden dangers for the later defeat of the Indonesian Communist Party.
1965 was a bloody year in Indonesia's history. Because President Sukarno and the Indonesian Communist Party and the Soviet government, the U.S. government was greatly dissatisfied, but also made the pro-American faction within Indonesia panic, they feared that after Sukarno's death, Indonesia fell into the hands of the Indonesian Communist Party, so in order to empty President Sukarno, about 40 major generals of the Indonesian military jointly established a secret "Generals Committee" to exclude the Sukarno government.
October 5 is Indonesia's annual Founding Day, and this "Generals' Council" plans to stage a coup d'état to oust Sukarno from his presidency.
However, the matter was accidentally leaked out, and The captain of Sukarno's Presidential Guard, Weng Dong, learned of the matter. At the end of September, Weng Dong summoned the Presidential Guard and decided to preemptively eliminate all the generals who intended to rebel before the "Generals' Committee" action, and then their rebellion plan would be destroyed.
On the night of September 30, ordinary Indonesians were sleeping soundly, but the soldiers of the Presidential Guard quietly set off from Halim Air Base under the cover of night, and they divided into small teams and surrounded the seven generals of the Army in Jakarta. At that time, the chief of staff, Yanni, was asleep when he suddenly heard a rush of footsteps, and he suddenly woke up and hurriedly got up to check outside the bedroom.
As soon as he left the door, the oncoming soldier fired a shot at him in the chest, and Yanni fell down in response. Two other generals were also killed in their respective homes. Three other generals were taken to Halim Air Force Base to await the fall, and were also shot shortly afterwards.
Only Defense Minister Nassutien, who managed to escape into hiding in the Iraqi embassy not far from home, was not found by Hontung's guards. In this way, 7 important generals of the Indonesian military died and fled. The "Secret Council" rebelled against President Sukarno's plan and thus became stillborn because of Onton's actions.
Sukarno (left) and Suharto
"Political maniac" Suharto, stealing Indonesian power
Weng Dong thought that his pre-emptive move saved the president and the security of the country, but he never expected that there was one of the biggest extremists among them, and this person was Indonesian Army General Suharto.
Born in 1921 in a small village in Indonesia, Suharto had a difficult life for an already poor family due to the large size of the family. Suharto's mother had remarried three times and had a bad reputation. Sugatho was also ridiculed from an early age. Therefore, in Suharto's heart, getting rid of the poor inferior class and becoming a superior person is his goal in life.
Although Suharto studied hard, he had no choice but to have poor conditions at home, so he had to drop out of school early and go out to work, and suffered a lot. In order to change his fate, Suharto finally joined the army at the age of 19, and when Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch, Suharto served in the Dutch army.
Suharto
When the Pacific War began in 1941, the Japanese occupied Indonesia. Suharto went on to serve in the Japanese army. It was not until 1945, when the Indonesian nobility led by Sukarno declared "Indonesian independence", that Suharto began to officially enter the Indonesian regular army.
Because the Dutch were not willing to lose the fat meat of Indonesia, once brutally oppressed Indonesia, the Indonesians resolutely resisted for independence, and lasted for 4 years of the War of Independence. In this patriotic war of independence, Suharto was brave and resourceful in battle, from a small soldier to the position of commander of the military district.
Suharto's outstanding performance was appreciated by President Sukarno. This ambitious general on the outside looked loyal to the president, so much so that the captain of the presidential guard, Weng Dong, never had any doubts about him.
Ondong's "beheading operation" against the seven generals did not inform President Sukarno, but reported to General Suharto several times. But he did not know, "the clams fight each other, and the fisherman gains." On September 30, after Weng Dong beheaded six generals in succession, Suharto was already secretly planning his plan to seize power.
At 9:15 a.m. on October 1, Suharto used military radio to secretly order a meeting between Army officers and their cronies, claiming that Ong Dong and others had launched a coup d'état, and that he had been authorized as the supreme commander of the army, and in order to defend the Indonesian regime, he ordered the immediate arrest of Ong Dong and others. And he called the whole country at 7 p.m. on the same day: there was a clash in Jakarta, calling on the Indonesian troops and public security to unite and help him quell the rebellion, and Weng Dong and others were later arrested by Suharto and executed for treason.
Meanwhile, Suharto put President Sukarno under house arrest, and Suharto was very tough on the man who had once promoted him. He coerced President Sukarno to grant him the post of commander of the army, and from then on he justifiably assumed military and political power.
At this time, Sukarno had long lost the actual leadership of the country, coupled with Sukarno's advanced age and physical condition, Suharto could only obey in the face of a heavy army.
The executioner, Suharto, set off a wave of Chinese exclusion
After Suharto came to power, on the one hand, he was supported by the British and American camps, and on the other hand, in order to pass on social contradictions, this "extreme government" began to strike a strong blow at the peaceful elements. He first forced President Sukarno to announce the dissolution of the Indonesian Communist Party, and then ordered the massacre of the Indonesian Communist Party and peaceful people. Top brass of the Indonesian Communist Party were killed one after another, because a large part of the Indonesian Communist Party was Chinese, and a coup d'état gradually developed into a huge anti-Chinese movement.
Historically, Chinese exclusion incidents in Indonesia have occurred frequently. For example, in 1740, the "Red Creek Massacre" occurred near Jakarta, and the Dutch colonial authorities in Indonesia encouraged the local residents to kill the overseas Chinese. The government's connivance has also led to the law losing its effect, and the Chinese are like lambs waiting to be slaughtered, trembling at home and unable to go out. This Chinese catastrophe lasted for 7 days, and tens of thousands of Chinese people, both men, women and children, were killed, and the property damage was even more incalculable.
The army hunted down members of the Indian Communist Party
Why is Indonesia so anti-Chinese from top to bottom? In fact, this is all historically rooted. Since the 15th century, the Dutch occupied Indonesia, the Indonesian natives are very resentful of the Dutch, in order to pass on this hatred, the Dutch extradite a large number of Chinese, let the Chinese as agents of the Dutch, manage their enterprises in Indonesia, and the majority of Indonesians as the manager, they are very dissatisfied with the Chinese management serving the Dutch.
The locals transferred all their hatred to the Chinese, not knowing that the Chinese were also victims of capital, and the Dutch watched the contradictions intensify and laughed secretly.
Chinese are intelligent and hardworking, good at accumulating and creating wealth, as Indonesians living at the bottom of society out of the psychology of "hating the rich", they are also very hostile to the Chinese. In addition, most of the native Indonesians are believers in Islam, while the Chinese have weak religious concepts, which makes the beliefs of the two sides always incompatible.
Indonesian landscapes
Indonesia is an archipelagic country, the whole country is difficult to manage uniformly, many remote islands are independent, some are not even civilized, living a relatively backward life, their thinking is also in a primitive state, for the foreign settled Chinese themselves are very repulsive.
In summary, economic, political, religious, cultural reasons have led to the Chinese in Indonesia has never been accepted by the Indonesian natives, although the Chinese have lived in Indonesian soil for centuries.
Therefore, once there is a fuse, the artillery fire of the Chinese exclusion will be easily ignited. In 1965, Suharto took advantage of this contradiction between Indonesians and Chinese to once again set off a domestic upsurge of Chinese exclusion. In this way, not only can dissidents be eliminated, but also through the massacre of Chinese, they can justifiably accept the huge wealth of Chinese factories, shops, banks, etc., and provide a large amount of financial assistance to the Indonesian military.
In Indonesia, there is a frightening indigenous ethnic group, they are the Daya people, this indigenous people have a traditional custom of hunting the heads of enemies, they feel that hunting the heads of enemies is a brave act, if they are regarded as enemies, it is bound to need "blood debt and blood payment". In order to provoke hatred of the Chinese by the Daya people, the Suharto government claimed that the 9 elders of the Daya natives were killed by the Chinese, and since then the Daya people have killed the Chinese when they see them.
They also placed red bowls containing dog or chicken blood in front of the Chinese people's homes, and when the Daya people of the same ethnic group saw it, they would take revenge on the Chinese in blood. As a result, many Chinese families were wiped out. Not only the Daya natives, but also indonesian vigilant soldiers, policemen, triad members and thugs will be as casual as slaughtering cattle and sheep when they see Chinese, and the heads of Chinese people are cut off and hung in the streets, leaving them to rot and stink, and everywhere is full of blood. The Chinese live all day in an atmosphere of terror, and all this is done with the acquiescence of the Indonesian government.
The massacre lasted three years, and innocent Chinese were implicated
The massacre lasted for three years, and many thugs looked for excitement and pleasure in the process of slaughtering Chinese, and they regarded their evil deeds as their own deeds. Among them was a mob named Anwar, who killed more than 1,000 Chinese in the massacre.
He also proudly said in his memories: "At that time, as long as I saw the Chinese, I would take a knife and kill them, making them covered in blood, messy and dirty, and later in order to try not to let the blood splash on my body, I used wire to strangle them to death, so fast and good, it would not stain my clothes, and after each killing, I would dance a cha-cha dance." ”
The murderers are all casual, they learn some gangster killing methods from some Western movies, and then they take them to the real world to implement. Many of the Chinese who were killed did not know their crimes until they died, nor did they know why they had maimed the Chinese. A wrong look may cause disaster to the Chinese on the road.
The mob, armed with knives, drove military trucks and looked around for so-called "communists" and chased them around. They looted everywhere and smashed Chinese shops and factories. Many Chinese were killed every day, but there was no evidence that they were Communists, and law enforcement condoned the behavior, and eventually the bodies were so numerous that they directly blocked the river.
The most horrific massacre of the 20th century was actually a murder. After 1965, Chinese in Indonesia were not allowed to continue to have Chinese names, nor did they use Mandarin, let alone enter government departments.
Some people may wonder why there are still so many Chinese in Indonesia, since it is so difficult for Chinese to survive in Indonesia. In fact, there have been many Chinese who have moved to Western countries or returned to their homeland during the intermittent Chinese exclusion incidents in Indonesia, but there are also many Chinese who have lived in Indonesia for generations. For these people, China is more like an unfamiliar country, and Indonesia is their long-term homeland.
Most of the Chinese living in Indonesia have long been Indonesian nationals, and they do not have Chinese nationality, so it is often difficult to enjoy the blessings of the motherland in such conflicts. In fact, in the 1965 Indonesian exclusion of Chinese, China also sent ships to Indonesia many times to withdraw overseas Chinese, but at that time, many Overseas Chinese were not close to the motherland, and they still held a fluke mentality at the moment of life and death, and did not withdraw in time.
More than 500,000 people were killed in the catastrophe, including more than 300,000 Chinese, and more than 600,000 were arrested and imprisoned.
After the massacre, the ambitionist Suharto took advantage of Sukarno's good reputation and lay dormant for two years. In 1967, Suharto removed Sukarno from the presidency and ascended to the presidency himself, beginning his more than 30 years of despotic rule in Indonesia.
As Suharto was about to leave office in his later years, the executioner once again sparked a wave of anti-Chinese in Indonesia, and history was once again repeated: a large number of Chinese shops were destroyed, more than 1,000 Chinese people's houses were burned, nearly 100 factories and large shopping malls were smashed, and many Chinese villas and Chinese gathering markets were severely damaged. More than 1,000 Chinese were innocently killed, and the crimes were heinous and almost uncountable.
postscript
American director Oppenheimer once spent 8 years visiting the victims and thugs of the "9.30 Chinese Exclusion" incident that year, and converged into a documentary "I Am a Killer". After the documentary was put on the screen, it was shortlisted for the Academy Awards, and finally more and more people learned the truth of history and expressed their desire for peace.
Of course, most of the Chinese in Indonesia are no longer Chinese nationals, which is too far-reaching, but they still trace their roots to the same ancestors as us. As descendants of Yan Huang, we cannot ignore their experience in Indonesia, and only by building the motherland more powerful can every Chinese in the world enjoy the protection from our motherland.