About the author Fucha Baoren: Mr. Fucha Baoren served as the director of the Greening Division of the Parks and Forestry Bureau before his retirement. At present, he holds the following social positions: Jilin Municipal CPPCC Researcher, Visiting Professor of Beihua University, Historical and Cultural Advisor of Shulan Municipal People's Government, Vice President of Jilin Manchu Culture and Economy Promotion Association, Vice President of Jilin Manchu Friendship Association, Director of Jilin Manchu Culture Research Association, Director of Jilin Folklore Society, Director of Jilin Changbaishan Cultural Research Association, Member of Jilin Writers Association, Jilin Taoist Xuandiguan, LingxianFu Restoration Consultant, Secretary General of Jilin City Landscaping Association, etc.
Mr. Fucha Baoren has written many books, especially books on Manchu history and culture, mainly including the series of "Manchu Past Events in the Great Northeast", which is a project for the development of local history resources in Jilin Province. The series of books is about 1.24 million words, and is divided into 5 volumes, including "The History and Culture of the Manchus in the Great Northeast", "The Old Events of the Manchus in the Great Northeast, the Culture of the Manchus in the Northeast", "The Old Affairs of the Manchus in the Great Northeast, the Culture of Slang Culture", "The Old Affairs of the Manchus in the Great Northeast, the Architectural Culture", and "the Old Affairs of the Manchus in the Great Northeast and The Shamanic Culture". Our platform is authorized to publish some articles. Those who wish to purchase this book can contact the author, Mr. Hosa Hohito.
Our platform has published part of Mr. Fucha Baoren's "The Past Events of the Manchus in the Great Northeast, History and Culture", and now Mr. Fucha Baoren has provided "The Old Events of the Manchus in the Great Northeast and the Culture of the Years", which we will publish one after another.
On February 5, he published "The Fifth Day of the First Lunar Month, the Manchu Sacrifice of the God of Wealth and breaking the Fifth", and today published about the New Year's Customs.
Chinese New Year's Eve't have a big year
Chinese New Year's Eve, also known as "Chinese New Year's Eve" or "Chinese New Year's Eve". The December of the lunar calendar is sometimes twenty-nine days and sometimes thirty days, but no matter how many days people call the last day of the year "Chinese New Year's Eve". Chinese New Year's Eve on this day, the most important activity of the Manchus who believe in shamanism is to worship ancestors and worship gods from all walks of life in heaven and earth. The Manchu slang custom of honoring The Ancestors of Heaven and Law has been passed down for a long time, and it is recorded in the Manchu Old Archives that in the eighth year of Emperor Taizong Tiancong (1634), emperor Taizong of Chinese New Year's Eve the Qing Dynasty "performed Chinese New Year's Eve ceremony and expressed filial piety to Taizu Ying Ming Khan in the eighth year of Emperor Taizong's reign (1634). The Khan led the beylers and ministers to bring ten thousand gold and silver paper and one hundred thousand dollars, and slaughtered cattle and sheep for sacrifice." On the first day of the next day, he led his courtiers to "go to the church, burn paper money to the heavens, kneel three times and prostrate nine times, and then Khan went home and kowtowed to the gods." This shows the Manchu devotion to their ancestors and the gods of heaven and earth.
Before the Manchu people Chinese New Year's Eve ancestor worship, they must first clean up the snow and debris in the courtyard, and then cross a wooden pole in front of the "barrier" (wooden fence), which means to block the wild ghosts outside, and do not allow other "Hala" people with foreign surnames to enter. Then, hang up the curtain and stick it up, and set up "Ruluo wine" (Manchu rice wine), yellow rice cakes, various delicacies and food offerings, as well as incense plates, wax tables, plates and bowls. When everything is ready, sprinkle incense inside the incense dish and burn incense to worship the ancestors.
"Receiving God" is the sacred mission of men. At night, I only saw Amma, Brother and Young Master of each family, holding lanterns or pine torches, going out one after another, to the direction of the gods in the east, west, south and north, inviting the gods of wealth, joy, blessings, nobles and ancestors to come to the house to celebrate the New Year. In the mouths of the people who receive the god of wealth, they continue to chant the long-standing cliché: "So-and-so of a certain person from a certain family, leading his children and grandchildren to come and invite the god of wealth, the god of joy, the god of blessing, and the god of your honor, please come with us!" He knelt down and prostrated his head, and then said, "When the god of wealth comes home, he crosses over and over, and the god of wealth comes to the door, and the cattle and horses are in herds." Most of the ancestor gods are at the west crossroads of the villages, so the Chinese New Year's Eve nights in the villages are often bustling with lights.
"Receiving the God of Wealth" is a more common slang custom of the Kanto Manchus, but the customs vary slightly from place to place, and it is not only the God of Wealth that Chinese New Year's Eve. On this morning, people hung the ancestral tablets, genealogies, statues of the gods of wealth and Vesta indoors, placed the tablets of the gods of heaven and earth outdoors, placed incense buckets and various offerings, cakes, and melons on the table, and then lit the incense sticks, called "offerings to the gods" or "offerings to the gods".
"Receiving God" was a very important thing in the old New Year. Receiving gods is mainly to receive the gods of wealth and joy, and in the Qing Dynasty, it was according to the "imperial calendar" to receive gods. The imperial calendar is the annual calendar issued by the Royal Astronomical Calendar Agency, the Qin Tianjian. In the old days, from the Chinese New Year's Eve to the fifth day of the Chinese New Year, it was all about receiving the gods, so in these days, the imperial calendar will have a small box indicating where the "gods" are.
Legend has it that the god of joy is a god who wanders everywhere, and the Book of The Concord Discernment records that the god of joy is calculated according to the branches of heaven and earth and the direction of the bagua. For example, the day of Shen Geng's day is in Genfang (northeast), the time is Yinshi (3:00-5:00 a.m.), and the day of Yi Geng's day is in Qianfang (northwest), and the time is E-hour (19:00-21:00). Manchu folk receive gods, except for the large families of officials and eunuchs, who are rich and noble, people mostly bring all kinds of gods and ancestral gods into their homes on the night of Chinese New Year's Eve.
When men take the gods home, the women avoid running into which one. The men offered the gods they had received on the table where they had been laid, and then carried a bundle of firewood into the house, saying in their mouths: "The wealth is coming!" Here comes the money! Next to the table is a charcoal brazier, commonly known as the "cornucopia", symbolizing the prosperity of the polybasin and the new year. After three prostrations, the man of the family happily picked up the cornucopia and entered the house, and the whole family also happily followed into the house, symbolizing that the cornucopia entered the door, the god of wealth and the god of joy also entered the house, and the days will get by. The poet Gu Jinchang said in a poem Chinese New Year's Eve:
Last night's plate bathed, and tonight's clothes are updated.
Hu Tong respectfully prepared Tu Su wine, and welcomed me to the god Adu.
Although the rich and the poor have a life, it is always pleasant to give up a husband.
On new year's day in the Ming Dynasty, the firecracker family has a good spring.
Receiving gods in some places is another custom, and the people of Yitong Manchu Autonomous County in Jilin Province, Chinese New Year's Eve receiving gods is a different scene. At nightfall, the men walked out of the room carrying lanterns. They first received the god of joy and wealth in their own courtyard, and brought back the god at the door of their home first. Then, go to the nearby Mountain Temple, Land Temple or Guandi Temple to burn incense and worship the gods. When returning home, first burn incense and worship the gods in the barn, horse shed, pig pen, chicken nest, etc. in the courtyard, and then enter the house and burn incense and paper in front of the heavens, earth, and ancestral tablets, and reverently worship the gods.
This kind of burning paper (money) everywhere to worship the ancestors and worship the gods can be described as pious, but I am afraid that the gods in any corner will be omitted, so there are many places that call receiving gods "sending big paper". After the gods came, the family members would be very cautious in their speech and deeds, lest they accidentally offend any god, that is, people would eat dumplings and sleep, and they did not dare to strip off their clothes and sleep for fear of colliding with the gods.
Chinese New Year's Eve on this day, the Manchu family had already finished setting up the confession after noon, because the installation of the confession was very cumbersome and the time was short, and it was impossible to complete, and the "Chronicle of Andong County" said:
Chinese New Year's Eve, the hanging genealogy of the middle hall, or the god lord god seat, the god statue, the Chen Xiang case, and the Zhou copper coin into a string of Chen cases, known as the suppression of the gods. Day after day
At noon, the sacrifice is set up in front of the ancestor's case, and the foreign gods are sent, etc., which is said to be an offering.
The Custom of the Manchus is to "burn baggage" at the root of the Hulan (chimney) on the Western Wall before eating Chinese New Year's Eve meal at night Chinese New Year's Eve to pay homage to the ancestors. This kind of "baggage" burned at night Chinese New Year's Eve is a large paper pocket made of yellow paper paste, which contains paper money, gold and silver hammers and other memorial items, and the outside is written with the names of ancestors, Chinese New Year's Eve night, burning sacrifices outside the chimney root outside the west gable.
During the Jin Dynasty eight or nine hundred years ago, Jin Taizu led an army against the Liao, and the fourth prince at that time, Jin Wushu, was still young. Once, at the time of the Chinese New Year's Eve, Jin Wushu lost the battle, and many Jurchen soldiers died, and people burned paper money to commemorate these soldiers. Because there were too many dead and wounded soldiers, people put paper money, gold and silver hammers and other sacrifices in a "baggage" made of yellow paper paste, on which the names of the fallen soldiers were written, and burned one by one at the root of the chimney to pay tribute to the dead. The grief of mourning inspired the fighting spirit of the Jurchen warriors, and in just a few years they conquered the five capitals of the Liao Kingdom. Soon after, the Khitan Liao state, which had been established for more than a hundred years, was declared extinct. Since then, the Manchus have also left behind the slang custom of "burning baggage" at the chimney root to pay tribute to the ancestors on the occasion of the Chinese New Year's Eve.
Before eating Chinese New Year's Eve meal, the Manchus must first worship the ancestors, and before the sacrifice, they will cross a wooden pole in front of the courtyard gate to tell the people that the family will not enter in worship of the ancestors. It is also said that it is to prevent cattle, horses, pigs and other livestock from intruding, affecting the solemn ancestor worship ritual and preventing wild ghosts from entering the house. After all the things were completed, all the family members, under the leadership of their parents, prostrated themselves to the ancestors, young and old, men and women, and prayed to the ancestors: "It's the New Year again, the whole family is prostrating to you for the New Year, please bless your children and grandchildren with good health, prosperity of the six animals, wide financial resources, and happy family." After the ancestors were sacrificed, people gathered around the table to eat a Chinese New Year's Eve reunion dinner.
Manchu families pay attention to the eight cold plates that press the table Chinese New Year's Eve, and twelve dishes are also served to symbolize the twelve months of the year, which means "there is food and drink in the month and the month, and there is no worry about eating and drinking in a year". Fish and meat in meat dishes are indispensable, fish symbolizes "auspicious celebration and more", "more than one year" in vegetarian dishes, cabbage, tofu is indispensable, cabbage means "a hundred fortunes to home", tofu is borrowed from its "fu" harmonic sound, meaning "fu shou health".
The Custom of the Manchus is to Chinese New Year's Eve chickens from eating, believing that eating chicken Chinese New Year's Eve rice will have a difficult life for a year and will "pull famine" (borrow debts). This is very different from the Chinese New Year's Eve meals of the Han chinese family. In addition, eggs and duck eggs are not allowed on the table. The Manchus believed that when children ate eggs Chinese New Year's Eve meals, they would be mischievous and mischievous for a year.
In the early years of the Manchus, the fishing and hunting people ate fish all year round, and fish was the main dish when Chinese New Year's Eve meals, what braised fish, stewed fish, fried fish pieces, fried fish segments, raw mixed fish, etc., many samples could not be eaten at all, which is in line with the annual custom of "more than one year in a row". Manchu food customs are that there must be four or eight small plates on the table, which contain small plates such as appetizers and small pickles, crisp lettuce, peanut rice, and sour radish strips. Cucumbers cannot be had when Chinese New Year's Eve meals, afraid of people losing weight in the new year, and green onions and celery are auspicious foods, symbolizing the child's ability to work hard (onions), farming, hunting and hard work (celery). Chinese New Year's Eve meals are pinned on the Manchus' expectations for happiness in the new year.
For families who are not wealthy, they must have four pressed table cold plates and eight large bowls of dishes Chinese New Year's Eve. Among them, fish, meat, cabbage, and tofu are also indispensable. In order to let the family eat well, the hostess will definitely stew a large pot of pork and blood sausage stewed sauerkraut, so that the family can eat a mouth full of oil for a year of relief.
During the Chinese New Year, wine is indispensable Chinese New Year's Eve dinner table, and the Manchu traditional rice wine (rice wine) made of millet (rhubarb rice), health care pine wine, strong sorghum wine, delicious two pots and made hawthorn wine, red fruit wine, wine, etc., people will take it out and drink it.
After the wine is full, the hostess will brew the Manchu characteristic cooking rice charred pot of rice paste rice tea, sour, sweet and sour tea. After the children Chinese New Year's Eve meal, they will also remember the Manchu characteristic preserves, utah cakes, frozen pears, frozen persimmons, rock sugar gourds to eat and play, and when they are thirsty, there are urana (sugar plum) red juice, mountain brown sugar water, pear water and other thirst-quenching, people are eating and drinking to the New Year.
Chinese New Year's Eve is two years in one night, so the Manchus commonly call this dumpling "aged dumplings" or "alternate year dumplings". Some local customs are Chinese New Year's Eve eat boiled dumplings, which people call "boiled yuanbao". After eating dumplings, drink some dumpling soup, called "original soup and original food", also known as drinking "Yuanbao soup". In some places, steamed dumplings are called "Golden Yuanbao", and eating dumplings is called "String Yuanbao" or "Loading Yuanbao". In some places, when making dumplings, the dumplings must be stacked in a circle with the "cover curtain" in a regular manner, thinking that life will be complete. In some places Chinese New Year's Eve this dumpling at night, the woman is not allowed to enter the kitchen, it is said that she is afraid of colliding with which god. The custom of eating dumplings among the Manchus living everywhere is basically the same as that of the local Han Chinese.
The customs in the northeast are slightly different, but when cooking dumplings, people are very careful, afraid that the boiling will be broken and the filling will be exposed, especially some adulterous merchants and evil people are afraid of revealing the "filling", and the inside story is known. When the boiled dumplings are cooked and float up, people will happily shout auspicious words: "Wow, the little day is up!" If the dumplings are cooked out, people will also avoid saying "broken", but saying "earned". Working in the Kanto to make money is called "making money", so in the past, shop buyers and sellers Chinese New Year's Eve boil dumplings deliberately boiled a few, and then joyfully shouted auspicious words: "Earned, earned!" Yuanbao earned! The food made by manchu noodles is collectively called "Rao", so people boil dumplings are also called "boiled dumplings".
After midnight, people eat "boiled dumplings" (older dumplings), the first thing to do immediately is to kowtow to their parents or elders, the early Manchu rules are very large, not only to kowtow to the elders during the New Year, even if they are brothers and sisters of the same generation, they must go to kowtow to the New Year. The Manchu Old Archives record that on New Year's Day of the ninth year of the Later Jin Dynasty (1635), Emperor Taiji of the Qing Dynasty, after going to the temple to worship the gods of heaven and earth and the family, immediately went to the home of his brother Big Belle and his sister to pray for the New Year. Although Emperor Taijigui was the Emperor of Later Jin, the rules of etiquette for the elderly and the young were still indispensable.
Seventy years have passed, whenever the Chinese New Year's Eve gives the children and grandchildren a pressure on the old age, it evokes the old things of the past when they kowtowed to their parents when they were young, and they had to press the old money, although the money is not much, but it is a happy hope for the brothers.
After prostrating to the elderly for a lively New Year, the family will say auspicious words to each other to celebrate the New Year, commonly known as "resignation". After that, the adults began to smoke dry cigarettes while bumping melon seeds, while touching mahjong, playing cards nine, and playing the promotion chart "Shou Nian". Women and children happily nibbled on frozen pears, ate rock sugar gourds, chewed crunchy sachima, drank sweet and sour hawthorn sugar water, and played games such as Galaha, Nine Rings, Rope Flipping, and Scissors (Paper Man) around the kang.
If there is interest in playing until the middle of the night, the adults will drink again around the hot kang head, commonly known as "Shou Nian Wine". The children ran to the yard to set off firecrackers, and when they had enough firecrackers, they relied on their grandparents to tell them "nonsense" (stories). Grandparents also had to put down the cards in their hands, mahjong, bag Kanto cigarettes and drink mushy rice tea, and tell the children the legendary stories of the mountain gods, the god of wealth, the ginseng girl, the old Han King (Nurhaci), etc., in the Mountains of Kanto. Some of the older generations also enthusiastically told the folklore of the Manchu sacred tree, the Solo Pole (the god pole), the Fodo mother (the female ancestor god), the Abu Kaenduli (heavenly god) or the Bhagavad Zhanye (god of war), the ancestor of Changbai Mountain (the god of Changbai Mountain), baturu (the hero), the god of The Hidden Ni (the family hero), or the old stories of the family who came out of several ditches in the Changbai Mountain and fought in the north and south from the dragon into the pass.
Children will be excited to listen to "blind talk" and can keep the "age". As the Manchu saying goes, "Chinese New Year's Eve keep the age and stay awake all night, you can be spirited throughout the year." There is also a saying that "Chinese New Year's Eve keep the age, you can prolong your life." In short, no matter which way of saying it, keeping the age is good for people, in fact, for the vast number of Manchu people, keeping the age is a good time for people who have worked hard for a year to eat and drink happily. Therefore, on the thirtieth night of the Manchus, although the north wind whistled outside the house and the red lights shone high, the house was brightly lit and laughed and cheered, and adults and children, men, women and children, young and old families watched the old age together until dawn. It is: "The reunion of children and daughters does not sleep, and the spring is tonight."
The Manchus have a peculiar custom, women have a very low status in the family, all day long to do housework, serve in-laws, take care of children, but also feed pigs, raise chickens, pick up vegetable fields, but eat behind the table, and can not eat with in-laws and men. However, the status of the family (miss, girl) is very high. They don't have to do any housework, feed pigs and chickens, and they can run around outside the house to play, and they can also eat with their parents when they eat, so people call them "aunts".
After the Manchu aunts got married, their status plummeted, and they were inexhaustible work and in-laws who could not finish their services all day, and there were many old rules that bound them. For example, from the first to the fifth day of the New Year, you can't go out, and you can only go back to your mother's house to see it on the sixth day of the first year, and you have to go back to your mother-in-law's house at night, because a lot of housework is still waiting for her to do! It was hard to stay up until the lantern festival on the fifteenth day of the first month, but I couldn't go back to my mother's house for a few days, because the old rule was that the girl who married out could not look at the lamp of her mother's house. The Manchus have fifteen days when "the girl sees the lamp of her mother's house, and the mother's family suffers great poverty for a year." Therefore, you can only go to the street to watch the lights, see the song, go up the riverside well along the "walk a hundred diseases", and rudder and reel ice.
In the early years, the Manchus had an old rule that newly married women could not let men guard empty houses during the first month, otherwise it would be unlucky. So it wasn't until February that the second dragon looked up, and the aunt who married out was truly liberated. On the second day of February, the mother's family will come to pick up her daughter (aunt) "Guining", which probably means "returning home to rest quietly for a few days". If the in-laws are too busy to come or have something to go home, the mother's family will be very sad to see the aunt who thinks about it day and night, so there is a saying:
February 2, pick up the baby. Can't pick up, shed tears.
If Ulun (daughter-in-law) cannot return to her mother's house on the second day of February, the in-laws will send someone to tell the reason. If the in-laws do not come to the mother-in-law's family, the parents of the mother-in-law will be anxious, and there must be a reason for this. So the elders of the family would go to inquire and see the aunt who was married.
Grandma took her home, and the family would make many delicious chews for her to eat, of which lotus leaf cake (that is, spring cake) was indispensable. In the early years, people's lives were very difficult, and it was not easy to eat small lotus leaf cakes made of white noodles. In particular, the box dish rolled in the lotus leaf cake is cabbage, bean sprouts, coriander, cucumber, radish and other vegetables are complete, and sauce meat, sauce elbows, small belly, chicken shreds, etc. are usually difficult to see. Some people are reluctant to eat in order to give the aunt and grandmother who married out to Eat when they return to Ningning. On the second of February, the aunt returned to her mother's house, the whole family gathered for dinner again, a lotus leaf cake and box dish eaten in the spring, people all recalled the good memories of the old aunt and grandmother at home. So the Manchus have a proverb:
February 2, pick up the aunt,
Good food and drink all come up.
Sauce elbows, box dishes.
On the second of February, the aunts and grandmothers who returned to their mother's house would live in their mother's house for three days and five days, and they and Amma (dad) had endless affection, and they had endless whispers with Nene (mom).
In the Qing Dynasty, shengjing city (present-day Shenyang city) where general Shengjing was stationed, Jilin city (present-day Jilin city) where general Jilin was stationed, Bukui city (now Qiqihar city) where general Heilongjiang was stationed, etc., the main street markets in the northeast metropolis, like the beijing city of Beijing Chinese New Year's Eve night was full of lights and firecrackers. As stated in the "New Year's Day Scenery of Chinese New Year's Eve" in the "Qing Barnyard Banknotes":
Wherever there is prosperity, it is roughly the same. On the day of Chinese New Year's Eve, the street shops, the trade is bright. Tourists, procurers of New Year goods, to the point of more support
squeeze. At night, the temple worshippers came and went, and almost could not pass by, and the beggars gathered on the side of the road. The one who buys and sells is the incense candle
Shops, New Year painting shops, kite paper kite shops, plaything stalls, others such as: tea shops, Cantonese goods shops, grocery stores, tea shops, classic shops, people also
crowded. However, the theater garden has been performed for several days. And in the middle of the night, the sound of firecrackers, Gaby Household has welcomed the stove Jun Netherworld!
During the New Year, when the northeast is cold and frozen, people have nothing to do in the "cat winter", so men, women and children are happy to play for a few days during the New Year. In the early years, the Manchu elderly were reluctant to move much, and gathered more to read cards or chat and nag. Young lads play a lot, wrestling, playing pearl balls, bumping, horse racing, archery, etc., will make them play a lot. Girls and children gather together to catch Galaha, cut grandmas, build snowmen, hopscotch, run horses, or play with the boys, throw pits, climb plows, and kick "bear heads". In the New Year, everyone has a lot of fun.
Although the northeast region is a Manchu settlement and the "land of Longxing" of the Qing Dynasty, the arrival of a large number of Han Chinese who broke into the Kwantung gradually diluted the customs and customs of the Manchus, thus forming many new slang customs of manchu and Han culture. Like the New Year fireworks and firecrackers, this kind of ghost exorcism is deeply loved by people, in addition to the New Year's Festival, it is also displayed in the Manchu sacrifice activities such as mountain sacrifice and river sacrifice.
Chinese New Year's Eve eating big fish seems very common to the Manchus, because the Manchus are fishing and hunting peoples who eat fish is a common thing. However, later, it was also attached importance to the annual customs of Han culture, and in the ideology, there was also the annual custom of "Chinese New Year's Eve no fish and no seats", and the hope of "more than enough wealth" and "more than one year in a row". Therefore, the Manchu Chinese New Year's Eve eat fish also has the custom of not eating all of them and leaving some leftovers, in order to meet the custom of "more than one year in a row".
Eating tofu in the New Year is a blessing to take the harmonic sound, and the big fish stewed tofu is left, which is both blessed and prosperous at home, and there are more than one year. Manchu families have the custom of "pressing the curtain" on the thirtieth night. That is, after Chinese New Year's Eve meal, add some water to the pot, put on the steaming curtain, and put a few pieces of rice cake, sticky bean bun and a fish on the curtain to pray for surplus grain in the year and more than enough for the year.
The Manchu New Year is a red lantern, a tall lantern pole, a colorful hanging sign, a tribute to the ancestors, a twister incense, a sacrificial wine, a clanging sound of mountains, a family reunion Chinese New Year's Eve a meal, a mutual New Year blessing and hope for a better life in the new year.
Tartar Song, Taiping Song
The Manchus have many folk songs with the characteristics of the northern peoples, such as the long-standing "Tartar Song" is one of them.
The Manchu "Tazi Yangge" originated in the Liao Dynasty more than a thousand years ago, and the time is not short. At that time, the Bohai State, founded by the Jurchen ancestors, the Jing people, had just been destroyed by the Liao Khitan people in the western steppe. The Khitans knew that the Jurchens were brave and good at war, so the Liao Taizu Yelü Abaoji warned the tribesmen that "Jurchens are invincible."
In order to prevent the Jurchens from resurrecting to claim the throne, the Khitans moved a large number of Jurchens from their homeland to the liao river area and west to the area around the Xilamulun River, so that they could enter the Khitan citizenship and be called the Jurchens, and strictly control them, while the Jurchens who remained in the middle and lower reaches of the Songhua River and Heilongjiang were called the Jurchens. The Khitans were afraid that the Jurchens would gather to rebel, so they often plundered them as slaves and killed them at will to reduce their population.
The Liao Khitans oppressed and humiliated the Jurchens. There are five things that the Jurchens hate the most, one is the "so-to-pay tribute", demanding the Northern Pearl (that is, the Eastern Pearl), mink, good dogs, and horses; the second is the "constant plundering", which often robs the Jurchens of various departments as slaves; the third is "beating the Jurchens", beating and insulting and extorting and robbing the Jurchens; the fourth is "taking the Eagle Harrier", forcing the Jurchens to pay tribute to catch the swans "Hai Dongqing" (a kind of falcon); the fifth is the "recommended pillow seat", and the Liao Khitan people often send "silver emissaries" who often wear silver medals to the Jurchen departments to forcibly claim Haidongqing.
The Khitan "silver emissaries" squeezed treasures from the Jurchens everywhere they went, demanding food and drink, and at night they also wanted the Jurchens' wives and daughters to sleep with them, and these arbitrary and unreasonable acts caused the Jurchens to resist strongly. Later, the Jurchens finally destroyed the Liao state and established the Jin state under the leadership of Jin Taizu's yan Akuta.
The "Ta zi song" was created based on the "silver card messengers" of the Liao Dynasty, who oppressed the Jurchens and forcibly occupied the Jurchen women. The "Tartar officers" in the Yangge team all had a piece of cloth on their backs, and the four words "Silver Medal Messenger" were written on it, and the Silver Medal Messenger was always surrounded by a beautifully dressed girl and a funny old woman who was cleverly circling with the Silver Medal Messenger. If you don't understand this history, you really don't know what the "Tartar Song" is!
The Liao Khitan people are of the Eastern Hu ethnic group, which was called Tartar in ancient times, so the Manchu people's long-standing Yangge is called "Tartar Song". In some parts of Heilongjiang Province, the "Ta zi song" is composed of "Jurchen Team", "Tartar Team", "Flower Stick Team", "Old Mother", "Beautiful Daughter-in-law" and so on. This fully shows that the singers and dancers are performing the history of the Khitan and Jurchens in the Liaojin period.
There is also a saying about the name of "Tartar Song", that is, the Manchu ancestors were also called "Tartars" in the early years, so this long-standing Manchu Song is called "Tartar Song".
The Italian Wei Kuangguo said in the "Chronicle of tatar Warfare": "Asia is the birthplace of many nationalities, and tatars are the oldest peoples." In the book, he also referred to the khitans, Mongols and other ethnic groups in ancient times as the Western Tatars according to geographical location, and called the Manchu ancestors Jurchens the Eastern Tatars. He also referred to the Qing taizu Nurhaci as the "Prince of Tatars". The word "Tatar" is often used during the Qing Dynasty.
In the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, there was a blonde Belgian named Nan Huairen (formerly known as Fikinand Fibister). In the twenty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1682), this Nan Huairen served as the Right Attendant of the Ministry of Works and accompanied the Kangxi Emperor on his eastern tour to Jilin Wula (present-day Jilin City). After returning to Beijing, he wrote a "Tatar Travels" based on what he saw and heard, which referred to Manchu settlements such as Jilin in northeast China as eastern Tatars, and also called the Kangxi Emperor "Tatar King".
In the thirteenth year of Qing Jiaqing (1808), an incident occurred at the mouth of China's Heilongjiang River and Sakhalin Island. A Japanese man named Mamiya Hayashita was assigned by the Japanese shogunate to cross the sea by boat and infiltrate sakhalin island on the mainland and the vast area of the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River to investigate. A year later, Gong Linzang returned to China and wrote an examination report on the actual situation of the effective administration carried out by the Qing Dynasty government in this vast area, as well as what he saw and heard, "Eastern Tatar Chronicles". To The surprise of Mamiya Hayashiko, "The Journey of the Eastern Tartar Chronicle" was not only popular in Japan, but also caused a sensation in the academic circles around the world at that time. What surprised him even more was that his book proved from the perspective of a foreigner that Sakhalin Island and the vast area on both sides of the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River had been The territory of China since ancient times, and was the ancestral residence of some ancestors of the Manchus.
Not only did these foreigners call jurchens Tatars, but the Ming Dynasty also referred to Jurchens as "Tartars". The Records of the Myōshin Sect records that "tomorrow there will be three thousand dazi to make a big city." It can be seen that the word "Dazi" is the name of the Manchu ancestor Jurchen by outsiders in the early years, and it was not originally derogatory. In fact, the Manchus themselves sometimes use this word, like the Manchu family when worshipping the ancestors of heaven, the incense burned is called benzoin, anthropoke, also known as "Tartar incense". This incense is made from the branches and leaves of the "tartar incense" (i.e., mountain rhododendron) in the mountains. The Manchus called the meat porridge they liked to eat "Tartar Porridge" or "Tartar Rice", and for a fish cooked in the soil method, it was called "Tartar Fish".
"Tazi Yangge" or "Old Tatar Song" is the authentic Manchu Yangge, in fact, "Tartar Yangge" is a han chinese name for Manchu Yangge, from the name of "Tatar" and there is no derogatory meaning. In the Ta zi song, "the person who wears a hat of the official, wears a yellow coat, a red robe, carries a waist knife, and dances while conducting the command is called 'Tartar Official' or 'Li Ta Zi'." The one that sometimes dances in opposition to the inner tartar is called the 'outer tartar'." This outer tartar, also known as "Klithu", means "monster with a bull's head, a horse's face, and a snake's body" in Manchu. From the way he dresses, he is a villain, painted with black ash, wearing a leather jacket, a bell on his back, and a long whip or an old bull mallet in his hand. The Outer Tartars recruited unkind people from outside, perhaps the Khitans who oppressed the Jurchens, so he went on a rampage in the Yangge Field and provoked the west and west.
The Manchu Tazi song is very representative and is very popular in the Manchu settlements of Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces. Tazi Yangge has a long history, has a unique connotation of Manchu folk culture and the characteristics of the traditional culture of the northern ethnic groups.
The Manchus are a northern fishing and hunting people who ride and shoot with bow horses, and fight with bears, wolves, tigers and leopards all year round, so they have a bold and brave personality. The Manchus, which have a history of 4,000 to 5,000 years, are also a people who can sing and dance. The "Exotic Chronicle" says: "The Jurchens are in the sun of the Duck Record (green), under the Changbai Mountain, and the folk song and dance." Therefore, the Manchu dances and songs have incorporated many heroic scenes of fighting with beasts, fighting with people, and fighting with the enemy. Like the Manchu "Di Yang Song" is also known as the "Taiping Song", but there are also many scenes of battle dance.
The earliest account of the "Taiping Song" is the Jin Jurchen period. In the fourth year of Jin Xingding (1220), the poem "Father and Elder" by Yang Yunyi in the imperial history:
Old age is thin, autumn love is more.
Distant pity sanglang is there, helpless thorn Forest He.
White water green sand valley, yellow cloud terracotta slope.
When to accompany the father and elder, the community wine Taiping song.
After the Qing Dynasty, the "Taiping Song" has been widely circulated in the northeast region, and when the First Yuan Dynasty people have offered lanterns and eaten lanterns, they have danced the "Taiping Song" song. Xinbin County, Liaoning Province, is a Manchu Autonomous County, named "Xingjing" in the Qing Dynasty, and the old "Xingjing County Chronicle" contains:
Fifteen is for the Yuan Festival, the family offers the Lantern Festival, the Tongqu hanging lanterns, the villagers compose a play, known as: Taiping Song.
The Manchu Taiping Song Yangge attaches great importance to the Eight Flags banner in the early years, and the Yangge team wears various color flags according to each flag to which it belongs, which is also an important custom of the Manchu people in the early years and the obvious difference from the Han Song. As the "Chunming Dream Record" says: "Usually, I don't notice it, but I call it a certain flag and a certain flag, and when I call it a certain flag, and when I call it, the flags are divided into different colors, and the Chuchu is considerable, and when entering the customs, the grandeur of riding and shooting is not so." ”
Because the "Taiping Song" has a lively form of song and dance, and has the beautiful meaning of "the world is peaceful, the family and the country are peaceful", the imperial court in the Qing Dynasty also attached great importance to it, and every year at the time of the First Yuan Festival, it was necessary to sing and dance the Taiping Song in order to seek the peace of the world and the peace of the society. The "Miscellaneous Records of Eaves Exposure" written by Zhao Yi of the Qing Dynasty contains:
On New Year's Eve, the West Factory danced with lights and set off fireworks. ...... Before, Shen Zhijiao, drove to the West Factory. First there are eight flags and horses, or one foot
Those who stand in the saddle and gallop, or those who gallop on two feet, or those who walk on the saddle and gallop together, or two people who come against each other, each on a horse
Those who swap their bodies, or those who are free to wear armor on the horse and ride at the head, do their best on the horse.
On the eve of the day, three thousand people dancing in front of the building lined up, singing the "Taiping Song", each holding a colorful lamp, the cycle of progress and stop, each according to its omen,
In one rotation, three thousand people are lined up into a "Tai" character, and then into the word "Ping", which is based on the words "Wan" and "Age", and then synthesized into "Taiping Wan"
Years" word, the so-called "Taiping Long Live The Word" also.
The dance was full of fireworks, its sound was like thunder, and the flames were half-empty, but I saw thousands of red fish jumping in the sea of clouds, and the world was in unison
That's it!
In the early years, the Manchu folk songs still had some old rules before the performance. For example, after the Yangge team is assembled, it is necessary to first line up to the local or village's Laoye Temple (Guandi Temple) to "worship the temple". Emperor Guan was a guest god imported from the Shamanism of the Manchu faith, and the Manchu people from the emperor, Belle, and the ministers down to the common people all believed in Guan Di, calling him Guan Fama (Guan Laoye), a god who blessed the peace of the family home, the blessing of good fortune and auspiciousness. The "worship temple" should be led by the leader of the Tartar officer (captain), prostrate to Guan Laoye, and then sing "Song Hat":
As soon as you enter the temple door, prostrate your head, first worship the old man (Guan Di) to bless, bless, bless! Harvest every year Taiping Song. ......
Then, the song team sang and danced in front of the temple to "reward the gods". After that, people dance and perform in the streets of villages or towns, called "stepping on the street" or "going to the street". In the first month, the Song Team will also go to shops or large households to visit the New Year. These shops and nobles will first set up a high table in front of the door, on which lanterns, cigarettes, candy, frozen pears, frozen persimmons and other foods are placed to show welcome. When the song team came to the door, the head of the meeting or the Tartar officer would sing a song hat to wish for the auspicious new year, and the crowd would join in unison:
As soon as you enter the gate, you will look up and see your old Solo pole. A red light hangs on the Solo pole, and the auspicious star shines high in the Taiping Year. ......
During the New Year or lantern festival, there will be several song teams in larger towns and cities to go to the streets to sing and worship the New Year. In the early years, when the Manchu Yangge team met on the street, there were still some rules of courtesy, and due to different regions, the rules of each place were also different. According to Mr. Pang Zhiyang' record, when the Yangge teams in some areas of Liaoning meet, there will be a captain or a Tartar officer who will come to "salute":
There are more than 30 kinds of gestures, such as 'to the tip of the knife', 'to the knife handle', 'to the knife body', 'to the shoulder', 'to the elbow', 'to the wrist' and so on
wait. If all match, the two give the Manchu people the highest salute 'hug the waist', and then twist together, if not matched, they will draw their swords and fight. Right now
It's just a performance of this 'courtesy' custom.
These ancient customs are the ancient relics between the Jurchen tribes in the early years, and now with the development of the times, these Manchu relics have become history. Nowadays, when two teams of rice songs meet, people meet each other with courtesy, and everyone will be happy to make a song together, and they will also perform a "ceremony" (see ceremony), which is recorded in the "Manchu Dance Search":
When the local yangge team was active, they heard the sound of gongs and drums outside the village, and learned that the yangge team from the outside village was coming, and the "official" immediately led the team out of the village.
A line is lined up to block the entrance to the village. When the away team came to the front, the "officials" of the two teams began to "reciprocate", usually only for the "three cards", that is
Shoulders, elbows, wrists. In addition, there are more than ten kinds of "touching three touches", that is, touching the crotch, knees, heels and so on. "Reciprocal etiquette" often requires more than thirty kinds of ceremonies
If the other party is matched, the highest ceremony of the Manchu people will be "hugging the ceremony". At this time, the main team lined up in a "lion big mouth" formation to welcome, guest
The team lined up in a "long snake array" and then "little dragon swinging tail" into the village entrance, and then made a "snake molt" to return, and the "officials" on both sides were heavy
In the new ceremony, the guest team then traveled through the village one by one from the "Lion's Big Mouth", and the two teams could perform together.
The relics of these ancient Manchu ancestors, the Jurchens, have long since disappeared, and then it is preserved in the long-standing Manchu songs, which can be described as the living fossils of Manchu folk culture, and have important practical value for people to study the Manchu folk customs, ritual culture and song and dance culture in the early years.
The Manchus are a brave and warlike Shangwu people, and their ancestors in the Bohai Period had the reputation of "three people in the Bohai Sea into a tiger", the Liaojin Period had the reputation of "Jurchen Manchu invincible", and in the Qing Dynasty, there was "the best in the world of the Eight Banners of Jilin". Therefore, there are many scenes of fighting and fighting in Manchu songs. The Han folk songs are known as "no ugliness is not a song, not a song without amusing", while the Manchu song does not rely on "ugly", does not rely on "teasing", but is unique in its Shangwu heroic style, fully demonstrating the character of the Manchu Shangwu and the spiritual outlook of Xiao Yong and good war. The Qing "Records of Yang Ji Zhai" records the manchu famous "Mang-style Dance" Dao:
The Mang-style dance is all the story of the Zhao Dynasty. There is a bow and arrow, and the Prancing Horse is the face of the array. There are flexion and stretching into the opposite, leaning forward and descending.
The Manchus not only have the traditional "Mang-style Dance", "Fighting Song", "HanWang Eighteen Sticks", and "Tarzi Song" quite a martial spirit, but also the ancient Song known as the "Taiping Song" is also full of Shangwu combat colors.
Xinbin County, Liaoning Province, is the hometown of the Qing Taizu Nurhaci, and the qiyun mountain is the birthplace of the Qing Dynasty, which is the place where the Manchus lived. Xinbin's Tazi Song is also called Taiping Song, which fully demonstrates the Spirit of the Manchu Shangwu Nation. The Taiping Song and Song team here is very distinctive, and some areas call this kind of Song with the main form of walking as "Walking Song".
Taiping Song has a lot of "arrays", such as "liuhe array", "bagua array", "five-strand piercing array", "Tianmen array", "rolling heart array", "long snake array", "gourd array", "Taiji general array", etc., and finally "circle the big field", which is a warm scene to celebrate victory. These "formations" are derived from the actual combat military formations of the early years, but they have been artistically processed and transformed into the folk art form of Yangge.
The Manchu song of performing martial arts with dance is a traditional dance that shows the Manchu people's conquest and battle, and is known for its strong expressiveness of rough and strong martial arts, which still carries the fragrance of the ancient soil of the Manchu ancestors thousands of years ago, showing the majesty and pride of the Jinge iron horse.
Author Fucha Baoren
Produced by the original article of manchu culture network.