One
Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, bibliophiles have cherished the Song Ben, and occasionally they have treasured it. It has been passed down to this day and has been invaluable. However, the so-called Song Ben, most of which are Southern Song Dynasty engravings, the real Northern Song Dynasty prison books or Fang Ben, have long been rare, that is, in the famous library with rich collections, it is also rare to see. The tang Dynasty Du You's Tongdian in the recent photocopy of the Shanghai People's Publishing House in the Collection of the Imperial Household Department of Japan is a true Northern Song Dynasty engraving. The engraving style of more than 900 years ago jumped on the paper.
The General Dictionary is compiled by Tang Duyou. You (735–812) was a native of Wannian(present-day Chang'an, Shaanxi). In the sixth volume of the "Yuan he surname compilation", you are a famous clan in Guanzhong, whose ancestors came down from Yuan Wei and Northern Zhou, and who were officials and eunuchs of successive generations, and were prominent at that time, so they first entered the shi with the door shade and were the county and county. In the third year of the Gregorian calendar (768), he entered the Wei YuanFu curtain. During the three dynasties of Emperor Dezong, Emperor Shunzong, and Emperor Xianzong, the official was Situ Tongping Zhangshi, who was also a scholar of Hongwenguan University, and was the Duke of Fengqi. In the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (801), he was listed in Huainan and made people offer two hundred volumes of the Tongdian .compendium. The "General Code" is headed by food and goods, and is divided into nine gates: election, official, ceremony, music, soldier, punishment, prefecture and county, and border defense. The whole book counts 200,000 words, and the number of pre-Tang classics is 200 to 300.
Two
The Northern Song Dynasty's "General Classics" were originally stored in the Imperial Household Agency's Shuling Department in Japan. The original book is 200 volumes, of which 179 volumes are extant, 21 volumes are missing, and according to the Jiajing Journal, the Korean movable type edition has 18 volumes, and only 3 volumes are missing. There are 44 volumes in existence. The plate frame is 24.2 cm high, 16 cm wide, double columns on the left and right, single columns on the upper and lower sides, white mouth in the center of the plate, not the title of the book, but the number of books on the top, the number of volumes in the middle, and the number of pages on the bottom. Each half leaf has 15 lines, ranging from 26 to 31 characters, and the annotation is double-line small characters, and the lines range from 35 to 37 words. The original book has a small number of plates of supplementary engravings, avoiding the Song Dynasty and que pen to zhen, levy, and 懲. Originally, in addition to the "Chapter of the Secret Cabinet Book" and the "Imperial Provincial Book Seal" of the Japanese collection, there was a "Jing Feast" seal Zhu Wenfang seal under it, and the most eye-catching thing was the "Fourteen Leaves of the Goryeo Kingdom" collection of books at the end of each volume, "The Great Song Jianzhong Jingguo First Year of the Great LiaoQian Reunification Year" The main book Zhu WenChangfang Seal, which is the base point for determining the age of the book, and is also the focus of the differences between the Song and Goryeo inscriptions.
This is a rare treasure, but it was finalized by Chinese and Japanese scholars after a century of hard work.
In the nineteenth century, Japanese scholars either referred to it as the Northern Song Dynasty, or according to the paper, it was designated as the Late Song Dynasty Masha engraving. In 1885, Morrison quoted Kojima Gakugu as saying that all the ancient texts with the same seal were Korean Song dynasty texts. In 1904, Shimada Han played with his three points of paper and ink, engraving and folding brushes, and decoration, and quoted the engraved historical materials in the "History of Goryeo" and designated it as the Korean overprint of the Song Dynasty, in order to mediate the contradiction between the Song Dynasty and the paper. Between 1926 and 1927, Dong Kang received this book in Japan and recorded it as the "Northern Song Dynasty Book". In 1929, the edition of the famous Fu Zengxiang looked at the book in the Imperial Library of Japan, ignoring the "Fourteen Leaves of the Goryeo Kingdom's Fourteen-Leaf Xin Mi-nian Collection" and referring to it as a southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing publication. Half a century later, yasushi Ozaki, a famous Japanese versionist, while photocopying the Tongdian at Kiko Academy, published his research results to demonstrate its chronology from the following aspects:
(1) Font: The original font of this book is similar to that of the Northern Song Dynasty's "Royal Notes on Filial Piety" and "New Sculpture of Chinese Characters and Double Gold", and the supplementary engraving font is similar to that of the Japanese-Tibetan "History of the ChongguangHui" and "Shaosheng Xintian Zhou YiShen Killing Calendar". According to the Japanese Kanaya Tsurusai examination, the "Filial Piety Sutra" is an engraving between the Northern Song Dynasty's Tiansheng and Ming Dao (1023~1033); the "Double Gold" and "Divine Killing Calendar" are also the collection of Zhenfu Temple, while the "Double Gold" inscription has a line of "October Wangri Printing line in the second year of His unitary Xi Ning (1069)", and Shaosheng's "Divine Killing Calendar" is a folk calendar from 1094 to 1097 AD.
(2) Avoidance words: The avoidance words in this book have obvious date marks. For example: XuanXian Xuanxian County, Lang (above Zhao Song Ancestor Xuan Lang And Suspicion), Zhen (Great-Grandfather Zhao Zhen), Jing Police Shock Jingjing Mirror (above YiZu Jing Zhen and Suspect), Honghong, Yin (above Xuanzu Zhao Hongyin and Suspicion), Kuang Yin (Taizu Zhao Kuang Yin), Heng (Zhenzong Zhao Heng), Zhen Zheng Punishment (above Renzong Zhao Zhen Suspicion) and other words are missing pens to avoid the emperor.comprehension. The date ended with Emperor Renzong (1063 AD).
(3) Engraving: The engravers in this book mostly have a single signature, some are surnames, and some are names. Among them, "Hu, Xu, Yan" are common to the original and supplementary engravings. "Bong, Jiang" is also found in the "History of Chongguanghui", "An, Xu, Xu, Chen, Hua" is also found in the Northern Song Dynasty "Libu Rhymes" hidden in the Zhenfu Temple, and "An and Xu" is also found in the Northern Song Dynasty "Guangyun".
(4) Seal: "The Fourteenth Year of the Goryeo Kingdom Ye Xin Mi Year Collection of Books Great Song Jianzhong Jingguo First Year great Liao Qian Unification Year" is the most important and confusing key. The first year of the Great Song Dynasty and the first year of the Great Liao Qiantong were in Xinwei, 1101 AD, that is, the year when Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty ascended the throne. The Fourteen Leaves of the Goryeo Kingdom refers to the Fourteenth Sojong of the Goryeo Kingdom. At that time, the Goryeo kingdom had no year number and many Khitan or Liao year numbers, so it was engraved with such a seal, and this year was the sixth year of Emperor Suzong. As for the "sutra feast", it was added as late as the fifteenth century.
None of the above four points, if independent, can be used as solid evidence to determine the age of the version. Because the font can be reproduced and engraved; there is leniency and strictness in avoidance, the Tang and Song periodicals have examples of not shying away; the Southern Song Dynasty engravers not only have the same name and surname, but also cause more repetition due to omission; the seal can also indicate that it is a Goryeo overprint or even a later generation to make a forgery stamp. However, the "Divine Killing Calendar" is the Great Song Calendar Day, the Goryeo Xingliao Year Number, and it is not easy to engrave it in the era when it is not easy to engrave. Synthesizing the four points, it can be determined that this book is undoubtedly an engraving of the Northern Song Dynasty.
It is not without regret that books such as the "Continuation of the Tongjian Long Compilation", "The Story of Lintai", "Records of the Southern Song Dynasty Pavilion", "Yuhai", and "Song Hui's Compilation of Manuscripts" all record a large number of books in the Northern Song Dynasty Taiping Revival of the State to return the Guozijian and the Three Pavilions to proofread and engrave books, and the records of the "General Classics" are lacking, so that Ozaki Yasushi can only "regard them as publications in the middle and late eleventh century."
After the photocopy of the Jigu Academy flowed into the mainland, Su Bai wrote the article "Northern Song Dynasty Bieliang Engraving and Printing Examination Strategy" in 1986, which further studied the chronological studies of the Japanese-Tibetan "General Classics". According to the Continuation of the Compendium, vol. 123:
In the second year of Baoyuan (1039), the first lunar month of the spring... Summoning the Celestial Supervisor to determine the title of the forbidden book, the Fuzhao Academy detailed the decision, please except for the "Sun Tzu" and "Wuzi" Historical History Astronomy (虞按, "astronomy" originally cited as "and", now Zheng), the Legal Calendar, the Five Elements Zhi and the General Code of War, the rest is a banned book. Yes.
It is concluded that the Northern Song Dynasty Baoyuan II (1039) before the publication of the "Tongdian" has been published, and according to the Qianxing First Year (1022) Emperor Renzong took the throne to avoid Empress Dowager Zhangxian's father Liu Tongxuan, to the second year of the Ming Dynasty (1033) Hou Xue, and this book does not hide "Tong", speculating that the "Tongdian" of the Shuling Department of the Imperial Household Hall is likely to be engraved between 1033 and 1039.
The author believes that the secrecy of foreign relatives is rare in the engraving, and whether its avoidance is so strict is still room for discussion, but the time limit from the second year to the second year of Baoyuan is worthy of attention. There is a piece of information in the Song Hui Zhi Manuscript that can be related to this to illustrate the publication time of the General Code in the Northern Song Dynasty. "Compilation of Manuscripts and Officials TWENTY" contains:
In February of the first year of the Tianxi Dynasty (1017), Zhao Anren said: Zongzheng Temple's ancestral sacrifice and compilation of the Jade Ancestral Book were not reviewed by the scriptures. In addition to the "General Code" and the "Huijiao" and the previous generation of relatives TuMu text to write the temple's public money, his son of the state supervised the printing of books and begged for one copy each. From there.
The books printed by Kuniko can be given on request, while the "General Code" and "Huijiao" can only be copied with the common money of Zongzheng Temple for review because there is no publication. It can be seen that before 1017, the General Dictionary was not engraved. This also explains why the Northern Song Dynasty literature that cited the Tongdian before the first year of the Tianxi Dynasty was a ceremonial official in the Taichang Court, rather than a phenomenon cited by other provincial and local officials. Since there is no publication, the only manuscript or copy can only be used by the Encyclical Institute. In connection with Su Bai's quotation of the "Long Compilation" volume 1, 23, it may be because Zongzheng Temple spent money to write the "General Code", which attracted the attention of the imperial court, and thus published this book. Therefore, in the second year of Baoyuan, there is already an engraved "General Code", which can be seen as the inevitable development of events.
In October 1991, Ozaki Yasushi was invited to Peking University to give a series of five lectures on editions, telling that he had compared the names of the engravers of Fu Zengxiang's old collection and the "General Classics" of the Present Tibet Tianli Library with the engravers of various books during the Shaoxing period, and determined that it was the Shaoxing ben; and carefully comparing the layout and engraving style of the Shaoxing ben and the book, further determined that this book was the base on which the Shaoxing ben was engraved, and once again fixed the book as the Northern Song Dynasty. However, because there was no Subai article at that time, it is still considered to be "the second half of the eleventh century, and the revised version at the end of the eleventh century".
Shaoxing is based on the Northern Song Dynasty, and this insight can be trusted. If it is said to be the "second half of the eleventh century", it can only fall between the third year of the emperor (1051) and the eighth year of Jiayou (1063), according to the situation of the book, and after that, it is necessary to avoid the name of Emperor Yingzong. For this reason, the author re-checked the English Emperor's secret character "Shu" in the whole book, and did not write it, only volume 146 "from the Shu Da Shu" of the Shu as "Signature". The Song people were secretive, or missing a pen, or changed to Xiao and Xu, and did not save the "day" next to it, which was a typo. According to the "Chunxi Style", the word "signature" is homophonous and should be missing a pen, and now the "General Code" appears more than 400 times without avoiding it. From the perspective of the application of officials and eunuchs and scribes, Yang Jie, a Jiayou jinshi, quoted the Tongdian in his article "Preface to the Orthodox Position of the Emperor", and The Xi Ning Jinshi Zhang Qi's "Ouyang Bo and Epitaph" mentioned that Ouyang Xiu's son Ouyang Fayuan was appointed to the great-grandson of the emperor according to the "Tongdian", and the Fourth Poem of the Yuanfeng JinshiHuazhen "Huang you" "Mianmian Guli" quoted the "Tongdian" as a note. The above three people are all people in the middle and late Period of the Northern Song Dynasty, and their official rank is not enough to enter the pavilion to read and write the "General Code", so most of the evidence they aid is the engraved "General Code". Baoyuan used to have an engraved copy, and gradually passed, so that the literati could easily quote it. The font of the Tongdian is similar to that of the Imperial Commentary on Filial Piety, and the "Filial Piety Sutra" of The Hunting Valley was published in Tiansheng and Mingdao (1023~1033). Therefore, the northern Song Dynasty is dated in the first half of the eleventh century, and there is sufficient documentary basis.
Although the age is basically determined, is it an official carving or a private carving? Su Bai speculated that it might be an official engraving based on factors such as "at that time, there were no records of the history books of the people and the fact that the folk periodicals generally did not record the magazine workers". Ozaki Yasushi concluded that the Southern Song Dynasty was overdoing the Northern Song Dynasty because of Jing Kang Bandang, the Jin people plundered the north of the plate, and the imperial court had to quickly recruit a publisher in Lin'an to overshadow the historical facts of the Bianliang Supervisor's Book, and he should also be inclined to the official carving. The author has studied and restored the "Spring and Autumn Justice" of the Northern Song Dynasty Guozijian, and found that the single sparse edition engraved by the Northern Song Dynasty GuoziJian is half-leaf fifteen lines, ranging from 24, 26 to 30 words, which is similar to the "General Code". Since the Northern Song Dynasty, since the Taiping Revival and Xianping, although the Guozi supervision school and the engraving of books have been parallel and staggered, they are roughly the first commentaries, yishu, character rhyme books, later Zhengshi, Zhuzi, etc., so it is extended to the Ming Dao, Baoyuanjian between the printing of the "General Code", allowing in the reason, and the "Filial Piety Classic" is also an official carving. From the perspective of the layout of the line, the time of engraving, the base copy of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the demand for the Tongdian by the various divisions of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Tongdian of the Northern Song Dynasty should be the guozi supervision edition.
Three
As a version of the Treasures of the Northern Song Dynasty, the cultural relics of the Northern Song Dynasty are immeasurable. And its academic value is also self-evident. Du You wrote his book to Emperor Dezong in the seventeenth year of Zhen yuan (801), deep in the imperial palace, and rarely circulated outside, and the manuscripts collected by the Three Museums of the Northern Song Dynasty recorded in the Chongwen General Catalogue should be the closest copies or manuscripts of the original book. The engravings of the Ming Dao and Bao Yuanjian will undoubtedly be directly based on the royal collection, one of which is one. As discussed earlier, this book should be the national sub-supervision edition, the Song Dynasty official engraving of books, often led by the emperor Qin cha a certain official, leading people to fine school, overturned, if there are officials pointed out false errors, more re-proofread, school to complete the table, and then ordered to pay a certain place to publish, some books also attached to the collation of the official's surname, professional procedures, clear responsibilities; relative to the folk carving, the degree of credibility is naturally higher, the second. The "General Classic" is compiled from the sui and Tang dynasties of the six dynasties of the pre-Qin, Han, Wei, and Wei dynasties, and the historical materials quoted by Du You are inherently many that are not transmitted, and even if there are documents that can be compared according to the comparison, they cannot be regarded as the same source, because the Tang Dynasty is a manuscript, the sources are different, and the text is different. That is to say, as far as the history books are concerned, Song Jingde gradually proofread and published the first four histories and the seven histories of Meishan, etc., and their writing will undoubtedly be different from what Du You saw. Those who carved the "Tongdian" in the Ming and Qing dynasties often changed the text of the "Tongdian" according to the engraved history books, and lost it far away. That is, these three points, the literature and academic value of the Northern Song Dynasty cannot be ignored.
The following books of the Southern Song Dynasty, at the time of proofreading and reprinting, caused various errors due to copying, reading, understanding, identification and other reasons, and then use specific examples to prove the non-existence of the books to show the preciousness of the Northern Song Dynasty.
(1) Derivation. At the end of volume 18 of the "Election SIX", the Yuan Ben and the Three Ming Ben have "Suining Wang Shi Yue: Shi is the head of the Four Peoples, about the World Religion" Yunyun 74 characters, the Japanese Tamai is Hiro speculated that it is likely to be the words of the Southern Song Dynasty King, obviously for posterity to sneak in, and the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty did not have this text at all.
(2) Misreading of sentences caused by typos. Du Huan was a descendant of Du You, and his "Records of The Classics" had long been lost, while the "General Code" had preserved 1510 words, which was extremely precious. Since Ding Qian wrote the "Examination of the Records of Conduct", Wang Guowei, Zhang Xingxiu, Feng Chengjun, Xiang Da, henry Yuer of the United Kingdom, Xia De of Germany, Saha and Bo Xihe of France, Kuji Shiratori of Japan, and Kannosuke Ishida have all attached great importance to this work. In the 1960s, Zhang Yichun wrote the "Notes on the Records of the Scriptures", and under his "great food country", there is a phrase "its fruit has a berry peach, and a thousand years of jujube". The preface is "berry peach", and then the word "and" is used, and the tone seems to be unsmooth. Volume 193 of the Zhejiang Bookstore's "Tongdian" cites the "JingxingJi" as "Its Fruit Has A Peach and a Thousand Year Jujube", volume 795 of the Taiping Imperial Dictionary cites "Its Fruit Has a Partial Peach Thousand Year Jujube", Volume 186 of the Taiping Huanyu Ji cites "Its Fruit Has Partial Peach and Thousand Year Jujube", Volume 196 of the Tongzhi Volume 196 quotes "Its Fruit Has Peach Man Thousand Year Jujube", and Volume 339 of the Literature Examination cites "Its Fruit Has a Partial Peach and a Thousand Year Jujube", all the books are quoted from the General Code and the text is different, Zhang Shi from the Bureau's "General Dictionary", with "Ren" as the wrong word, so the punctuation is also different. The present-day Northern Song Dynasty's original work "has a partial peach and a thousand-year-old jujube", and it is known that there are leaks and errors in the quotations of various families. "And" is actually the mistake of "man". New Book of Tang Dynasty Geographical Chronicle: "[Anxi] Tugong: Sand, Felt, Peach People." Volume 43 of the Guangbo Chronicle: "There are also peach people on the sea, and they are also fruity." "All attest. The Tao ren is tao ren, and the Qi Min Zhi Shu and the Tang Dynasty medical dialect and "tao ren" are often "peach people". The preciousness of the Northern Song Dynasty can be seen here.
(3) Unclear use of the word meaning. At the end of volume 18, Du You commented: "In the past in Tang Yu, all of them visited the public, then Shunju eight yuan and eight kai, the four Yue's move of the dragon Jiqi, the cover of the employment of the general also." The Southern Song Dynasty is written below as "this cover employs people roughly also". "So" can be used as a pronoun, the table is close to the meaning, just like "this", Ben does not bother to change the word. Future generations do not know that "what" has "this" meaning, and think that it does not make sense and change it.
(4) Official names. After the election of Wei Prefecture in volume 14, the Book of Wei has an official named "Dr. Donggong", and the Southern Song Dynasty is below "Dr. Dongguan". The present-day Song Shu large-character version and the Zhonghua Dian school edition "Wei Shu Gao YunChuan" are written as "Eastern Palace", and the "Northern History", "Zizhi Tongjian", "Yuangui of the Book" and so on are all cited as "Eastern Palace", which can prove the errors of the Southern Song Dynasty.
(5) Personal names. Volume 14 quotes the Book of Jin as "Wang Rong Zi Junchong", and the following yuan ben to the Korean version are changed to "Rui Chong", I do not know that "Jun Chong" is a deep and indifferent meaning, and the literature records that Wang Rong character is not "Rui Chong".
(6) Avoidance. Volume 14 "To Emperor Xiaowen, Strive for Reason", seeking reason is to seek treatment, and Du You avoids Emperor Gaozong's Li Zhi and reforms. Tang Shichen wrote the history books of the Six Dynasties and the table, all of which were justified. Another example is that "cure the root" is "rational", "governing" is "rational", etc., which have become commonly used words. From Fang Ben to Wu Ying Dian Ben, it was changed to "seeking treatment", which was inevitable.
(7) Vocabulary. Volume XV cites Gao Jifu as having "All The Quan Comprehensive", and the following of the Fang Ben are changed to "Quan Lu". Today's Tang and Song dynasty documents such as "Tang Huijiao", "YuanGui of the Book of The Capital", "Taiping Guangji", and "Ji Lu Yuanhai" are all cited as "Quan Zong". Although the meaning of the words is the same, the Tang Dynasty Shichen wrote history books or chapters and tables to play more "Quan Zong", and Du You used common words of the Tang Dynasty, and there was no need to change them.
(8) Typos. Volume XVIII has the word "rise and fall is complexity", and the Southern Song Dynasty ben below to the WuyingDian ben is mistakenly written as "the rise and fall is the prosperity", and the decline and mourning are close and wrong, so it is not clear.
Taking the six-volume Election Code as an example, Ozaki Yasushi used a table to display the similarities and differences of more than 1,200 copies of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuanben, the Fang Xianfu Ben, the Li Yuanyang Ben, the Unpublished Notebook, the Korean Ben, and the Wuyingdian Ben, which clearly showed the correctness and superiority of the Northern Song Ben. Although there are also occasional errors in the Northern Song Dynasty, such as "same age" is falsely changed to "same age", "Cai Yong" is mistaken for "Cai Ying", but the Northern Song Dynasty is correct and he is wrongly planted and corrected, which is enough to see the winner of the version. (Yu Wanli)