<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > [Founding Lieutenant General Zhang Guohua 78].</h1>
On May 15, 1959, the sunny Yalong River Valley was occasionally blown by cool breezes, and this season was not the best season of the year in Tibet. The Lhasa Counterinsurgency Campaign had just ended, and Zedang (now Shannan) became a place where a large number of rebels were concentrated.
Although the situation was urgent, Zhang Guohua still came to the Yalong River Valley, and this time, he not only went to the homes of poor and turned serfs to be a guest, understand and inquire about their difficulties, but also did preliminary research for reform. At the same time, the military region and the military district dispatched a large number of cadres to the agricultural and pastoral areas and live in the homes of serfs. These cadres ate, lived, worked and consulted with the converted serfs, laying a solid foundation for Tibet's reform. Of course, what is more important is to let the Tibetan people see the sincerity of cadres and them in sharing weal and woe, sharing a common destiny, and connecting hearts and minds. With the arrival of Zhang Guohua, this kind of sincerity made the leaders and ordinary people in the Zedang (now Shannan) area more profoundly experienced. They saw with their own eyes that Zhang Guohua, such a big "helper" (a big official), actually came to them and ate, lived, worked and consulted with them, and they were deeply moved.
【Founding Lieutenant General Zhang Guohua】
Considering that Shannan's environment was still complicated at that time, Zhang Guohua specially invited Chen Zhuo to the same road. Chen Zhuo had just received an order on March 28 of that year to be transferred to Tibet by the Hebei Public Security Department and appointed deputy director of the Social Department of the Tibet Work Committee. Chen Zhuo, who is 34, has been the deputy director of the Hebei Public Security Department for 3 years. Of the 37 people who went to Tibet together, there were 7 cadres at the department level, most of whom were section chiefs. When he received the order, it was only 3 days before the announcement of the abolition of the Kashag. When he arrived in Lhasa on April 23, Zhang Guohua came to visit them, and as soon as they met, he said: "You have worked hard, Tibet is very hard, if you are not well taken care of, please be more inclusive." Zhang Guohua went on to talk about the importance and policy of working in Tibet. Chen Zhuo thought at that time, Tibet is so hard, and such a big official has been here for 8 years, which is really remarkable. After Zhang Guohua left, they talked together, saying that these old Tibets are really respectable! Because when they left the provincial capital at that time, it was clearly stated that it would be changed every three years, and if the couple went to Tibet together, it would be changed every five years. But now that we see that these old Tibets have not been repaid in Tibet for 8 years, why can't we build Tibet for a long time?
In the afternoon before departure, Zhang Guohua said to Chen Zhuo: "Shannan is still at the forefront of the complex struggle against the enemy, and you should pay attention to collecting and grasping the situation. ”
Chen Zhuo knew that Commander Zhang was talking about several aspects of the situation, one is that the counterinsurgency is still going on in Shannan, the second is that India has made continuous moves on the border, and the third is that most ordinary people are full of enthusiasm for reform, but there are still a few people waiting and watching.
Zhang Guohua only brought a cotton coat and went on the road. First cross the Brahmaputra River by boat, and walk across the river for more than an hour to reach Naitung. Zhang Guohua said to Chen Zhuo and several people around him: "You see, there are not even many villages now, there is more land here, and there is great hope for the development of agriculture. ”
At that time, the secretary of the division of labor committee was Zhang Zhengwen, and Wu Fengwen was the deputy secretary. Wu was the old 18th Army, and when he saw the commander coming, he was extremely kind. Zhang Guohua did not talk too much to the two of them, and went directly to turn over the serf's house. At first, the people were still afraid and reluctant to talk much, but from their fragmented words, they could feel that they wanted to eat and wanted to own the land they cultivated. Soon it was noon, and Zhang Guohua said that he was eating at the home of the turned-over serfs, which made the turned-over serfs dare not believe it. Eating black pea noodles, Zhang Guohua asked them if they were in good health, how many people in the family, and whether their lives were better.
Until this time, the turned-over serfs still did not believe that Zhang Guohua was a high official, they did not believe that the high official would come to see them, and would eat such a bad thing with them. People kept coming to visit, and many people asked, "Is it really the high official who is coming?" Zhang Guohua shook hands with them one by one, and those people's hands were black. Zhang Guohua took pictures with them very kindly, and those people finally believed that Zhang Guohua was a high official, and one by one they cried and said excitedly: "The big gang gang (big official) still takes pictures with us, and it is really worth living this life." "At any time in this affection, if the nobles come, they will kneel down to greet them. It was impossible for the nobles to shake their hand. When the nobles left, they not only had to kneel down to send them off, but the nobles also had to step on their shoulders and mount their horses, until the nobles were far away, and they dared to get up.
Zhang Guohua asked them: "Is the PLA and its staff good to you here?" ”
The turned serf replied, "Great! ”
Zhang Guohua asked again, "Have they come here to participate in labor?" ”
The turned serf replied, "Rush to do any work." ”
Zhang Guohua asked them to talk about the implementation of the policies of the People's Liberation Army and its staff, and they said that they had these gangs and gangs here, and their hearts were very solid.
The next day, Zhang Guohua came to the home of a turned-in serf named Dawa, who said: "In the past, we were worried all day long about debts that could not be repaid and that we could not pay off the errands, but now it is good, the debts are gone, and there is no need to pay for the errands anymore." ”
Zhang Guohua asked him what his plans were, and Dawa said, "I want to plant barley well and raise some sheep." ”
Dawa added: "The other day the rebels are entrenched here and heard that there is a People's Liberation Army, and they have not come to rob us of the scarce grain and livestock as before, I have lived for 60 years, and I have never been so happy as now, it is as easy as taking down the stone pressed on my head!" Dawa said that he used to be a chaba in the territory of a nobleman in Qushui, and because he could not pay the tax, he was whipped by his master, and finally the master forcibly seized his things and took his son as a domestic slave, and he had to flee with his wife to Naitung. But life here was equally difficult, and he rented three grams of land rented from the lord by other chaps, but over the years he had accumulated dozens of grams of debt.
Zhang Guohua said to him, "Don't worry, now is the time to make decisions for you." ”
Dawa said: "If there is no arrival of the People's Liberation Army, I don't know when we poor people will emerge." ”
Finally, Dawa said, "I have a request. ”
Zhang Guohua: "Don't be afraid, don't worry, there is nothing to say." ”
Dawa said, "Can you help me find my son?" ”
Zhang Guohua immediately explained that the sub-work committee must send someone to look for it on the same day, and if it can be found, it will reply to Dawa as soon as possible.
Dawa, Dorjee, and the other converted serfs interviewed all demanded reforms, especially the abolition of the Ula system and the abolition of usury exploitation and the restoration of personal freedom. Zhang Guohua carefully recorded it and promised them that he would fulfill their good wishes, saying that this was also his wish.
Through 19 days of visits and research, Zhang Guohua learned that farmers in the Shannan region generally praised the policy of who planted and who harvested the rebels' land. They say the policy has greatly encouraged their enthusiasm for production, and they have cultivated more land this year than in previous years. They are also very grateful to the People's Liberation Army for assisting them in spring ploughing and canal repair. A serf named Kelsang Wuzhu said: "In the past, we only asked us for servitude and livestock on behalf of the lords, and asked for food and grass for the rebels, but they never did a good thing for us. When the Khampa rebels came here, in addition to grain, cattle and horses, and adultery of women, they forced us to become so-called 'volunteers for the defense.' ”
"Now the People's Liberation Army is here, they don't make a difference, they don't beat people, they buy and sell fairly, they also help us repair the canals, loot and repair the houses that have been destroyed by the rebels, and so on," he said. In particular, a large number of tea and salt were shipped at fair prices. When the rebels came, we had no tea leaves, so we could only boil the weeds on the mountain as tea, and the taste was enough! ”
When Zhang Guohua went to Longzi, he was in a jeep, and the road was very narrow, and he could only crawl like a snail, not much faster than walking. When they arrived in Longzi, a group of rebels had just been driven away by the 134th Division of "Ding Zhi" (under the command of Ding Sheng), which was tasked with suppressing bandits in this area, and most of the people were still afraid, and now they saw such a large official come to visit them, greet them warmly, and one by one could not help but be happy.
"Originally we did not believe in reform, now we ask for earlier reform."
Zhang Guohua shook their hands and said, "It's not enough to have land, you still have to plant the barley well, and you need to grow some vegetables so that you can eat enough." ”
"We have eaten everything bitterly, we must plant the barley well."
Zhang Guohua said: "In the future, you can also grow rapeseed, rapeseed can be beaten out of the oil, and it will be fragrant to stir-fry vegetables with it." ”
The people smiled happily, very brightly.
Zhang Guohua also said: "In the future, you can still grow land and corn, and your life will definitely get better and better." ”
[Zhang Guohua, commander of the Tibet Military Region, accompanied Vice Premier Chen Yi of the State Council to visit and comfort the turned-in serfs in Lhasa]
Zhang Guohua visited the officers and men of the counterinsurgency unit without stopping and had cordial conversations with them. In the Battle of Shannan, some units of the counterinsurgency unit did not fight well, allowing the rebels to slip away from under their noses, and Zhang Guohua encouraged them: "New China has been established for nearly 10 years, and although the country is still very poor and backward, let alone a rebel army, any powerful enemy can not help New China." He also said: "Some of your units did not fight well some time ago, and we also have the responsibility to seriously sum up experience, and we may have to crack down on foreign aggressors in the future!" The officers and men of the counterinsurgency unit were full of confidence, and the warm applause also made Zhang Guohua's fatigue of running around for days disappear. Zhang Guohua and Zhou Renshan, deputy secretary of the Work Committee, came to the soldiers and cordially received the soldiers Zhou Shirong and Yan Yuting, and greatly encouraged the two of them in the counterinsurgency battle to annihilate 100 rebels with less victory and more courage and tact.
Returning to Shannan from Longzi, Zhang Guohua did not care to rest, and went to visit and comfort the officers and men of the People's Liberation Army who were gloriously wounded in the suppression of the rebellion in Shannan, and laid a wreath to the martyrs who died. Together with the members of the Cultural and Labor Troupe and the Yu Opera Troupe who came later, he also held a party with the Tibetan compatriots, encouraged the actors to perform more programs for the Tibetan compatriots, and asked them to participate in some labor to deepen their feelings with the Tibetan compatriots.
On the way back to Lhasa, Zhang Guohua, Zhou Renshan, and Chen Zhuo chose to stop at Qushui (more than 70 kilometers from Lhasa), and a turned-in serf named Duoji said to him: "Because his father rented five grams of land from the Jumulin Monastery, he was sent to be a domestic slave as a result." From morning to night, he worked like an animal, without a little freedom, not even being able to go home to visit his parents, and hungry every day. Zhang Guohua was very bitter in his heart and gave Duoji 20 yuan, but Duoji did not want it. Zhang Guohua said to him: "Now plant the land well, plant some vegetables, and life will be better." Dorji was so touched that lian said, "Tuqiqi! (Thanks for meaning)"
On June 10, the 7th day after Zhang Guohua returned to Lhasa from Shannan, he and three cadres of the Political Department of the Military Region visited the poor Tibetan compatriots in Cai Village (now Cai GongTang, Lhasa City), 15 kilometers east of Lhasa, to listen to their stories about their past sufferings under oppression and exploitation and their urgent desire for reform.
At that time, there were 63 peasant families in Cai Village, most of whom were poor people and slaves of the former nobles, who worked for slave owners like cattle and horses for generations, but they did not have food and clothing.
Between labors, Zhang Guohua sat cross-legged on the ground, talked cordially with them, deeply understood the painful life of Tibetan compatriots in the past, and listened to them accuse the nobles of exploiting and oppressing the working people.
Tashi, director of the Caicun Counterinsurgency Production Committee, arrived and said: "At present, the production mood of men, women, and children in the whole village is unprecedentedly high, and everyone is very satisfied with the method of who sows and who does not pay rent and does not pay taxes." ”
Zhang Guohua asked with concern about the poor peasants' past debt arrears under pressure.
[In order to adapt to the life of the plateau, the commanders and fighters of the 18th Army learned to eat rice dumplings]
Tashi said: "In the past, poor families ran out of grain every year, and they could not survive without borrowing debts, but no one who borrowed debts could afford the interest of donkey rolling. ”
Another Tibetan who was sitting next to him added excitedly: "My grandmother was reduced to the efforts of the nobility because she could not repay the debt of the nobles' donkeys. After her death, my wife continued to "hereditary" as a slave to the nobility, and if it were not for the arrival of the People's Liberation Army, our family would never have turned over. ”
Subsequently, Zhang Guohua proposed to visit other poor people's homes in Cai Village to see their miserable lives, listen to their demands for reform, and tell them the news that good days are coming. Accompanied by Chairman Tashi, Zhang Guohua walked into a small hut with cow dung on the wall. The hostess, Cangjie, was embarrassed to invite the guests to sit on the ground, because not only did they not have a kang, but they did not even have a broken seat. They live in houses during the day, and at night, for fear of a few lean cattle being stolen, they prefer to let the livestock sleep in the house and the people sleep in the yard. When Zhang Guohua came to visit, their youngest child was sleeping on cow dung.
Zhang Guohua inquired about their living conditions with great concern, and the hostess, Cangjie, said bitterly: "Last year we planted two pieces of land for the nobles, and after we spent a lot of effort to easily get the larger piece of land, the ruthless nobles took it back, and we spent fertilizer and labor in vain. You see how vicious the nobleman's wrist is. We had to cultivate that small piece of bad land, and we planted two grams (about 25 catties per gram) of seeds on that small piece of land, collected 4 grams of grain, paid two grams of rent, returned two grams of seeds to the nobles, and worked hard for a year, and in the end not only did we not have a single grain left, but we also owed the nobles two grams of interest on the seeds. In the past year, we had to borrow noble grain to deal with survival, and now we owe 30 grams of grain debts, of which a 12 grams of grain debts are handed down from our ancestors, and we have to pay two grams of interest every year, which has been paid for decades since our generation, and we have already exceeded the principal and interest for an unknown number of times, but we don't know what year and month to pay! ”
After listening to Cangjie's confession, Zhang Guohua said to her: "Such a hard day is gone, and this year I want to live a new happy life." ”
Cangjie listened, smiled heartily, and said: "After the victory of the counter-insurgency, we were allocated 15 grams of seeded land, not only not to rent, but also to give us 15 grams of seeds, which is all a favor for us." ”
After visiting poor Tibetans door to door, Zhang Guohua came to the field where he was cultivating. The fields were a new green, the water of the Lhasa River flashed white not far away, and the dark earth was bare with a broad chest waiting for the plough to pass. The Tibetans dressed up the cattle beautifully, tied beautiful red ribbons on the horns, and shouted happily! Zhou Guohua, deputy director of the Political Department of the Military Region who accompanied Zhang Guohua, and others immediately took off their coats and worked with Tibetan compatriots.
【Tibetan Dance Performed by the Cultural and Labor Troupe of the Tibet Military Region in Lhasa】
Zhang Guohua was the first to replace Dunzhu Tsering's plough, and he drove two ploughing cattle to reclaim this fertile land. Bai Ma, a Tibetan woman, expressed everyone's feelings, saying: "In the past, the upper echelons of the nobility did not even look at us, but the head of the People's Liberation Army worked with us. The commander built the canal with me, and at first I was a little unaccustomed to it, but he humbly learned the labor technique from me. ”
On June 28, the second plenary session of the Preparatory Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region was grandly opened in the Lhasa Auditorium. This was the largest meeting of the Preparatory Committee of the Autonomous Region since its establishment.
Zhang Guohua analyzed the class relations in Shannan, and he pointed out that poor peasant households in Shannan accounted for about 70 percent, medium farmers accounted for about 25 percent to 26 percent, and serf owners accounted for 4 to 5 percent. The main means of production were owned by the three major lords (monasteries, nobles, and the former local government of Tibet). There are many harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes, and the exploitation of usury is even more appalling. The serfs had no rights or freedoms. The insults inflicted on the serfs by the serf owners were even more arbitrary. Such a backward, dark, cruel and barbaric system is simply impossible to enable the Tibetan people to live a bright and happy life without reform.
Zhang Guohua said: After the People's Liberation Army began to put down the rebellion, the masses rejoiced. The vast masses of monks and laypeople, who have been oppressed and exploited for thousands of years, stand up today, and as they themselves say, "the poor have spoken" and "the sun of happiness has shone on us". They use these words to express their comfort. The masses are now pressing for the distribution of land, the abolition of Ulla slavery, the abolition of slavery, the abolition of usury, and the abolition of all privileges for the oppression of the monks and laymen. All these demands are perfectly justified and just, and we should place our deep sympathy and full support for helping them to fulfil them.
Zhang Guohua said: In accordance with the situation in Shannan and the demands of the masses, at present, in addition to continuing to eliminate the remnants of the rebels who have slipped through the net and implementing the practice of planting and reaping who collects the land of the upper echelons of the rebels, Shannan is now mobilizing the masses to oppose the rebellion, the reactionary Ula system of servitude, slavery, and the "double reduction" (rent reduction and interest reduction) campaign. When Zhang Guohua talked about these issues, the audience resounded with warm applause.
On the issue of how to reform, Zhang Guohua put forward several suggestions for discussion at the meeting on the basis of consultations with various quarters before the CPC Tibet Working Committee. Lastly, he hoped that the meeting would discuss the issue of democratic reform in detail in order to unify understanding and lay a good foundation for future work. His speech was constantly interrupted by warm applause, and people unanimously expressed their support.
On August 17, 1960, Zhang Guohua accompanied Zhang Aiping and Ding Sheng to Qamdo.
At this time, the rebels in the Qamdo area were very rampant, and the troops still carried out the decision to change while leveling.
[Tibetan compatriots form stretcher teams and go to the front line of the battle with the army (Photo Lin Anbo)]
Zhang Guohua instructed that an investigation group and a working group be set up immediately, and many Tibetan party members and cadres and staff members and workers were sent to monasteries and villages to do work, and resolutely implement the four noes policy of "no guan guan, no fighting, no killing, and no judgment." It was stipulated that each person who did not participate in the rebellion and surrendered to change was given 23 catties of grain per person per month (at that time, the national natural disaster, which was the highest ration), one catty of tea (Tibetan tea), one catty of ghee, restored the Pabala Buddhist temple, changed the policy of all monasteries at that time to be closed, and left the management of the Buddhist temple with Buddhist knowledge. For others who are willing to return the customs, give them life care, and do not want to return the customs, in addition to the monthly supply according to the above rations, they can participate in the production of each temple farm, and all the income belongs to the temple, to themselves, and not to the state.
As for the rebels in the village, if the gun belongs to him, if the gun belongs to him, he will hand it over and pay all the money, and at the same time give money, tea, and a car or horse to send him back to his hometown for labor. Special care is given to those who have difficulties in family life. As for those at the upper levels who resolutely participate in the rebellion, their cattle and sheep will be confiscated; if they do not participate in the rebellion or have been reformed, their cattle and sheep will be bought by the state with money and distributed to the poor herdsmen.
Soon, Zhang Guohua took advantage of the opportunity of going to Fuzhou for a meeting and made a special trip to Jiangxi to inspect and prepare to introduce the tung catalpa tree to Tibet for cultivation, so as to solve the problem of the Tibetan people's lack of oil for stir-frying. Before coming to Jiangxi, Zhang Guohua had already done research, and only the people in the Nyingchi area and The area around Jiangzi County had the tradition of growing a small amount of rapeseed, but the yield was very low, and the people in these places did not put oil and did not have oil. He even thought of bringing wheat and other crops to Tibet for planting and increasing crop yields there. At the same time, The Yaks from Tibet were introduced to Jiangxi for breeding.
(To be continued)
[Note: The author of the "Jinggang Mountain" that came out of Jinggang Mountain - Zhang Guohua's biography still has a small number of books.] If necessary, you can contact us by private message. Veterans of the 18th Army who participated in the counterattack against India, the author presented this book, until the end of the gift]