Banana (scientific name: Musa nanaLour.) is a plant of the banana genus in the family Plantainaceae, also known as its fruit. It is widely cultivated and eaten in the tropics. Bananas are fragrant, nutritious and harvestable all year round, and are also valued in temperate regions. The plant is a large herb, emanating from the rhizome, forming a false rod 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 feet) high from the lower part of the leaf sheath; the leaves are oblong to oval, some up to 3 to 3.5 meters (10 to 11.5 feet), 65 cm (26 inches) wide, and 10 to 20 clustered stem tops. The spike-like inflorescence droops, drawn from the tip of the prosthetic stem, the flowers are mostly yellowish, and the fruit inflorescence is curved and droopy, resulting in 10 to 20 bunches, about 50 to 150. After the plants bear fruit, they die, and the sucker roots that grow from the rhizomes continue to multiply, and each plant can live for many years. Native to southeastern Asia: Cultivated in Taiwan, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and other regions.
Morphological characteristics
The plant is overgrown, with creeping stems, the height of the dwarf type is less than 3.5 meters, generally less than 2 meters high, the height of the tall type is 4 to 5 meters, the false stems are thick green and with black spots, and they are white powder, especially the upper part.
The leaves are oblong, 2 to 2.2 m long and 60 to 70 cm wide, bluntly rounded at the apex, nearly rounded at the base, symmetrical on both sides, dark green in the leaf surface, no white powder, light green on the back of the leaf, covered with white powder; the petiole is short and thick, usually under 30 cm long, the leaf wings are prominent, open, and the edges are brownish red or bright red. The spike-like inflorescence droops, the inflorescence shaft is densely covered with brown villi, the bracts are purple-red on the outside, covered with white powder, and the inner surface is dark red, but the base is slightly light and shiny, and the male bracts do not fall off, and there are 2 columns of flowers inside each bract. The flowers are milky white or slightly light purple, nearly rounded from the exocarp, full margin, with a conical sharp tip at the apex, and the middle two sides of the synphytic flower disc are small lobes long, about 1/2 of the length of the central lobe.
The largest fruit clusters have as many as 360 fruits and weigh up to 32 kg, and the general fruit clusters have 8 to 10 sections of fruit, and about 150 to 200 fruits. The fruit body is curved, slightly shallow bow-shaped, the young fruit is upward, upright, and gradually tends to be flattened after ripening, 12 to 30 cm long, 3.4 to 3.8 cm in diameter, the fruit edge is obvious, there are 4 to 5 edges, the apex is gradually narrowed, not significantly reduced, the fruit stalk is short, the peel is blue-green, ripening at high temperatures, the peel is green and yellow, ripening at low temperatures, the peel changes from green to yellow, and raw hemp black dots (that is, "plum blossom points"), the flesh is soft, yellow-white, sweet, seedless, and the fragrance is particularly strong.
The pseudostem of the sword head bud (i.e. Cigu bud or bamboo shoot bud) is about 50 cm tall, the base is thick, fleshy red, the upper part is small, purple-red with gray-green, the black spots are large and prominent, the leaves are narrow and uplifted, and the back of the leaf is covered with a thick layer of white powder.
Growing environment
Bananas prefer a humid and hot climate and thrive in deep, loose and well-drained soils. Irrigation cultivation has also been successful in semi-arid areas similar to southern Jamaica. Wild bananas are seeded, and artificial bananas can be cultivated in separate plants with sucking roots and false bulbs; the first harvest takes 10 to 15 months, and then almost continuous harvesting.
The banana root group is delicate, the choice of soil is stricter, and the clay heavy soil with poor aeration structure or poor drainage is extremely unfavorable to the development of the root system, and the sandy loam soil with a clay content of <40% and a groundwater level below 1 meter is particularly suitable for alluvial loam or humus loam. Practice has proved that if the physical properties of the soil are not good, even if the fertilizer water supply is very sufficient, it is difficult to promote the normal growth of bananas. Soil pH 4. 5 to 7.5 are suitable, 6.0 is the best, because fusarium multiply rapidly in soil below 5.5 and wither is easy to attack. Although bananas are not very sensitive in saline environments, they are not suitable when the soil contains exchangeable sodium ions exceeding 300 mg/L. Rainfall is most suitable for an average of 100 mm per month, below 50 mm is the dry season, and bananas have a prolonged budding period due to lack of water, short fruit fingers, and low yields. If the banana garden is flooded or flooded, the light leaves are yellow, easy to induce leaf epilepsy, and the yield is greatly reduced, and the roots of the heavy are suffocated and rotted so that the plant dies.
The distribution area is more than 21 °C for many years, a few are about 20 °C, bananas require high temperature and humidity, the growth temperature is 20 ~ 35 ° C, the most suitable is 24 ~ 32 ° C, the lowest should not be lower than 15.5 ° C. Bananas are afraid of low temperatures, avoid frost and snow, and are less hardy than plantains and powdered bananas.
The critical temperature of growth inhibition is 10 °C, and when it drops to 5 °C, the leaves turn yellow due to cold damage, and the leaves die at 1 to 2 °C. The fruit is cold damaged at 12 °C, and the skin is gray and yellow after ripening, which affects the value of the commodity.
Distribution range
China is one of the ancient countries in the world that cultivate bananas, and most of the world's main banana varieties are passed down from China. Bananas are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions within 30° latitude of the eastern, western and southern hemispheres. There are 130 banana-growing countries in the world, with Central America producing the most, followed by Asia. Chinese bananas are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Yunnan and Hainan, and are also cultivated in small quantities in Guizhou, Sichuan and Chongqing.
Guangxi is mainly produced in Lingshan, Pubei, Yulin, Nanning and Qinzhou;
Guangdong is mainly produced in Zhanjiang, Maoming, Zhongshan, Dongguan, Guangzhou and Chaozhou;
Taiwan's bananas are mainly planted in Kaohsiung and Pingtung, followed by Taichung and Taitung;
Fujian is mainly concentrated in Zhangpu, Pinghe, Nanjing, Changtai, Zhao'an, Hua'an, Yunxiao, Longhai, Xiamen, Nan'an, Putian, Zhangzhou (Tianbao) and Xianyou counties (cities, districts);
Bananas in Hainan are mainly distributed in Danzhou, Chengmai, Sanya, Dongfang and other places, of which the largest output is in the east.
The world's major production bases are Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, the Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Jamaica and Martinique in Central America and the West Indies, Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador in South America, the Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Cameroon, Guinea and Nigeria in Africa, and tropical countries such as India, Thailand and the Philippines in Asia. China's Taiwan Island, Hainan Island, southern Fujian, Gaozhou Caojiang.
Classification of varieties
Tails
Qiwei is a high-dry type fragrant tooth banana, mainly distributed in Gaozhou City, Guangdong Province, and is an excellent variety in Gaozhou City. Plant pseudo-stem height 300 ~ 360 cm, stem circumference 65 ~ 80 cm, stem up and down more uniform, skin color pale green; leaves are more upright upward elongation, narrow and long leaves, petiole is more slender, leaf sheath spacing is sparse, leaf dense bunching is especially obvious before and after budding, so the name qi tail; positive fruit panicle is longer and larger, in general, the number of fruit spike combs and fruit numbers are similar to high-footed mines. The average number of fruit spike combs is 8 to 10 combs, the length of the fruit finger is 18 to 22 cm, the weight of the single fruit is 130 to 140 grams, the soluble solids are 19% to 20%, and the quality is medium and high; under normal circumstances, the yield per plant can reach 25 to 30 kg, up to 50 kg. This variety has a high yield and a long fruit finger, and is one of the varieties suitable for export and north transportation, but it has poor wind resistance, cold resistance and disease resistance, and requires higher water and fertilizer conditions. The species has two strains, high-footed and short-legged- and short-legged-
Immortal banana
Xianren banana is a high-dry type of fragrant tooth banana, which was selected from the mutation of the northern banana in Taiwan Province.
Its comprehensive shape is very similar to that of the northern banana, which is the main cultivar in Taiwan Province. The plant is thin and tall, the false stem is 270 to 320 cm high, the leaves are slightly longer and wider than the northern plantain, the color is lighter and greener, the fruit has high sugar content but the quality is slightly worse than that of the northern plantain, and the causal skin is thicker. The fruit is more resistant to storage and transportation; the plant yield is better than that of the northern banana; the resistance to the bunch top disease is strong, and it is suitable for extensive cultivation in the leaner mountains, but the growth period is 15 to 30 days longer than that of the northern banana, and the wind resistance is also poor. In addition, oil plantains, Yunnan tall bananas, Guangxi high bananas, Boyo (also known as Taiwan green skin), Brazilian bananas, etc. are all high-dry fragrant bananas.
Williams
It is a medium-dry plantain introduced from Australia. The plant is false in height 250 to 280 cm, circumference 47 to 58 cm; the leaves are longer up to 175 to 193 cm, the leaves grow slightly upright; the fruit spikes are 65 to 80 cm long, the comb shape is better, the fruit fingers are tightly arranged, the fruit fingers are straight, and the number of combs is more than 8 to 10 combs. The number of fruits is slightly less; the fruit finger is longer. The fruit finger is 19 to 23 cm, and the quality is medium. This variety has good fruit-shaped commercial traits, but has poor wind resistance and is more susceptible to leaf spot disease. The performance of traits in Different Production Areas in China is different, and the reflection is also different.
Large species of tall handles
The large-scale high-grade banana is a high-dry type fragrant tooth banana, also known as the green tall handle, high-handed fragrant tooth banana, Fujian called the high-seed Tianbao banana, which is an excellent variety in Dongguan City, Guangdong Province. The plant is tall and robust, the false stem is 260 to 360 cm high, the pseudostem stem circumference is 85 to 95 cm; the leaves are grown, the leaf sheath spacing is sparse, and the main vein of the leaf back is covered with white powder; the fruit panicle is 75 to 85 cm long, the number of fruit combs is 9 to 11 combs, and the length of the fruit finger is 19.5 to 20 cm; the flesh is smooth, sweet and fragrant, and the soluble solids are 20% to 30%; in general, the yield of a single plant is 20 to 25 kg, up to 60 kg. This variety has high yields, good quality, drought and cold tolerance. It recovers quickly after being affected by cold, but is susceptible to wind damage.
High-footed dunes
Gaozudun mine is a high-dry type fragrant tooth banana, which is one of the excellent varieties of Gaozhou City, Guangdong Province. Plants most
Tall, false stem height 300 ~ 400 cm, circumference 70 ~ 80 cm, false stem under the thickness of the fine obvious; narrow and long leaves, slender petiole, leaf color pale yellowish green, leaf sheath spacing; fruit spikes are medium and long, fruit comb and fruit index are small but single fruit long and heavy; fruit finger length 20 ~ 24 cm, single fruit weight of more than 150 grams, soluble solids of 20% to 22%, medium quality; under general cultivation conditions, the yield of each plant is 25 to 30 kg, and the yield of high yield can reach 70 kg.
This variety has a long fruit shape, high yield and good quality, but it has higher requirements for fertilizer, water and temperature, and its economic performance in the Pearl River Delta is not ideal, its wind resistance is extremely poor, its recovery ability after frost is low, and it is also susceptible to banana bunch top disease.
Low-footed dune mines
The short-legged Dun mine is a medium-dry fragrant tooth banana, which is one of the main cultivars in Gaozhou City, Guangdong Province.
The plant's false stems are 250 to 280 cm tall, with thick growth, long leaves, short petioles, long fruit spikes, and dense comb spacing. There are many small fruits and large, the fruit finger length is 18 to 22 cm, the soluble solids are 20% to 22%, the quality and flavor are better than the high-footed mines and tails, and the quality is medium and high; the general yield per plant is 20 to 28 kg, and the individual can reach 50 kg. This variety has stable yield, strong adaptability, medium wind resistance, strong cold tolerance, and faster recovery after frost.
Guangdong Banana No. 1
Formerly known as 74-1, it is a dwarf to medium-dry type of fragrant banana, which was selected and bred by the Institute of Pomology of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1974 from the dwarf banana of Gaozhou City, Gaozhou City. The plant's false stem is 200 to 240 cm tall, and the false stem is thick. The leaf length is 200 cm, the petiole length is 36 cm, the leaves are short and broad; the fruit panicle is medium and long, the panicle length is 68 to 76.3 cm, the number of fruit combs is 10 to 11 combs, the number of fruit combs is more than 190 to 208, the length of the fruit finger is 17 to 22 cm, the weight of the single fruit is 100 to 130 grams, the whole sugar content is 19.4%; the general yield per plant is 18 to 27 kg, and the wind resistance, cold resistance, leaf spot resistance is strong, and the storage tolerance is medium. This variety has abundant yield, stable yield, strong stress resistance, and fast recovery after being cold, and is a new variety that is very suitable for cultivation in South China, especially in coastal typhoon areas. However, in cultivation, the soil and fertilizer water conditions are higher, and attention should be paid to loosening the soil and proper drainage and irrigation. In addition, Guangdong large-scale dwarf, Dongguan medium-sized, Zhongshan tooth banana, Taiwan's north banana, Yunnan estua mouth handle, Guangxi Longzhou middle handle and other varieties are medium-dry type fragrant tooth banana.
Guangdong Banana No. 2
Formerly known as 63-1, it is a medium-dry type of fragrant tooth banana, which was selected and bred by the Institute of Pomology of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences from the introduction of Vietnamese bananas. The false stem of the plant is 200-265 cm high, the leaf length is 203-213 cm, the petiole length is 38 cm, the leaves are slightly shorter and broader, the fruit panicle is longer and larger than 70-85 cm, and the number of fruit spike combs and fruit index are more, which are 10-11 combs, respectively. 165 ~ 210, the fruit finger is slightly slender to 18 ~ 23 cm, the single fruit weight is 125 ~ 145 grams, the whole sugar content is 19.8%, the quality is medium and high; the general yield per plant is 22 ~ 32 kg, the wind resistance is stronger than that of dwarf dried bananas, the cold resistance is medium, the storage resistance is medium, and the recovery after freezing is faster. This variety has abundant yield, good fruit type, good quality, strong adaptability, and is suitable for planting everywhere, but has higher requirements for water and soil.
Plantains
The plantain belongs to the dragon's tooth banana type, also known as the dragon's tooth banana or the mountain banana, and is the main cultivar in Fujian Province. The plant's false stems are 340 to 400 cm tall, yellow-green with a few brown spots, narrow and long leaves, deep petiole grooves, and short and slightly curved fruit-shaped stripes. The fruit finger is 13.0 to 16.5 cm long, full, both ends of the wonton, the skin is very thin, the skin color is bright yellow and beautiful after ripening, no spots; the flesh is milky white, the flesh tissue is firm, the flesh is silky and sweet, the soluble solids are 23% to 26%; the yield per plant is generally 15 to 20 kg, hardy. The yield of this variety is average, but it is of good quality, strong adaptability, weak wind resistance, and susceptible to Panamanian blight. In addition, Yunnan Bengal, which was introduced from Jinghong in Yunnan in 1984 to the Institute of Pomology of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, is also a dragon tooth banana type.
Saigon banana
Saigon banana is a type of powder banana, also known as powder sand plantain, rice plantain, glutinous rice plantain, egg plantain, introduced from Vietnam about 1932, is the main cultivar in Nanning, Guangxi, Longzhou area, all production areas have introduced species. The plant's false stems are 400 to 500 cm tall, the petiole is up to 70 cm long, and the leaves are pale and red. The back of the leaf is densely covered with wax powder; the number of fruit residue combs is as high as 14 to 18 combs, the fruit index is many, the fruit shape is similar to the dragon's tooth banana but larger, the two ends are gradually pointed and full, the fruit finger is 11 to 13.5 cm long, the skin is thin, the skin is gray-green, it is pale yellow and easy to turn black when ripe; the flesh is milky white, the flesh is tender and sweet, the soluble solids are 24%, up to 28%, the aroma is slightly lighter; in general, the yield of a single plant is 15 to 20 kg, and the wind resistance, cold and drought tolerance are strong. This variety has medium yield, excellent quality, strong stress resistance but thin skin, easy to crack, is not resistant to storage and transportation, and is susceptible to Panamanian blight. [2] In addition, the Bengali banana and Zhongshan large powder banana of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences were introduced from Bangladesh in 1982.
Tempo plantain
Tianbao banana is a dwarf dry type fragrant tooth banana, also known as short-legged banana, local banana, degree banana, native to Fujian Province, Tianbao region, is now one of the main cultivars in southern Fujian. The prosthesis is 160 to 180 cm tall, the leaves are oblong and oval, the base of the leaves is oval, the apex is flat, the petiole is thick and short, and the flesh is light yellowish white. The meat is silky and sweet, the aroma is strong, and the quality is very good; the yield per plant is generally 10 to 15 kg, and the wind resistance is strong. This variety has good quality, suitable for dense planting, suitable for planting in coastal areas, and is one of the best varieties for north transportation and export, but the cold tolerance is poor, the disease resistance is weak, and the variety has degradation, which should be paid attention to in cultivation.
Plantains
The plantain is a large banana type and is one of the local varieties of Xinhui in Guangdong. According to Xu Linbing and other reports: the false stem of the plantain plant is 350 to 400 cm high, and the stem circumference is 85 to 99 cm. The upper and lower sizes are the same, the fruit comb and fruit index are many, the fruit finger length is 11 to 13.5 cm, the soluble solids are 24% to 25%, the quality is the same as other plantains, and the yield per plant is generally 15 to 27 kg, with good wind resistance but a long growth period. In addition, the Shunde medium banana in Shunde City, Guangdong Province, the Horn Banana in Guangxi, the Chai Banana in Fujian, the Plate Banana in Sichuan, and the Rice Banana in Yunnan are all of the plantain type.
High state dwarf banana
Gaozhou dwarf banana is a dwarf dry type of fragrant tooth banana, which is one of the local varieties of Gaozhou City. The false stem of the plant is short and stout, the false stem is 150 to 170 cm high, the leaf is wide, the petiole is short, the leaf sheath is dense, the fruit groove is short, the fruit comb spacing is dense, the fruit index is more, the fruit type is slightly smaller, the fruit finger length is 16 to 20 cm, and the fruit quality is relatively good; under general cultivation, the yield of a single plant is 13 to 18 kg. Up to 28 kg; strong wind resistance, cold resistance, fast recovery after cold damage, but also more resistant to lean and barren soil, suitable for dwarf dense planting cultivation but low yield, small fruit shape, weak resistance to bundle top disease.
Guangxi dwarf banana
Guangxi dwarf banana is a dwarf dried tooth banana, also known as Pubei dwarf, Baishi water banana, Guping banana, etc., which is the main banana variety planted in Guangxi. According to Liu Rongguang, the false stem of Guangxi dwarf banana plants is 150 to 175 cm high, the circumference is 46 to 55 cm, the leaf length is 140 to 161 cm, the leaf width is 65 to 78 cm, and the leaf width is 275 to 310 cm; the fruit panicle is 50 to 56 cm long, the fruit comb is 9 to 12 combs, the fruit index is 135 to 183, and the fruit finger length is 16.2 to 19.2 cm, which is of high quality; the yield of a single plant is generally 11 to 20 kg, and the wind resistance and disease resistance are strong but the fruit finger is small. In addition, Nalong bananas in Guangxi, Honghe dwarf bananas in Yunnan, and Mexican bananas imported from Mexico are all dwarf bananas.
Estuary high put bananas
Hekou gaozhi banana is a high-dry type fragrant tooth banana, which is the main cultivar cultivated in Hekou County, Yunnan. Tall plants,
The false stem is 260 to 300 cm high, the comb shape is neat, the fruit index is more, usually there are 10 combs of fruit per fruit spike, more than 200 fruit fingers, and the fruit finger length is 15 to 21 cm; the fruit quality is smooth and sweet. Good quality; under general cultivation conditions, the yield of each plant is 20 to 40 kg, and the individual high yield per plant reaches 50 kg. This variety has high yield and good quality, which is very suitable for planting in areas with high temperature and humidity and sufficient fertilizer and water.
Appropriate and contraindicated
Suitable for people
Bananas are long-lasting, suitable for all ages, and are the first choice for dieters. It is suitable for fever, dry mouth and thirst, laryngeal cancer, dry stool, hemorrhoids, fissures, blood in the stool, cancer patients and radiotherapy, chemotherapy to eat; suitable for upper peptic ulcer, tuberculosis, stubborn dry cough people to eat; suitable for excessive drinking and unsolved alcohol consumption; suitable for hypertension, coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis people to eat; at the same time, for constipation, indigestion and other symptoms, has a good effect; suitable for fatty diarrhea and toxic dyspepsia people to eat.
People who are uncomfortable
1: People with weak constitution
Banana cold constitution is the best to avoid the auspicious, such as stomach cold, cold, nephritis also do not eat bananas, the above several patients if you eat bananas is not conducive to the health of the body. There are also patients with swollen feet during pregnancy, and it is best not to eat bananas.
2: People with an empty stomach
Bananas can promote gastrointestinal peristalsis, if eaten on an empty stomach will cause the stomach to work in advance, long-term fasting to eat bananas is not conducive to good health. Why can't I eat bananas on an empty stomach? Because there is almost no food in the stomach that can provide digestion on an empty stomach, eating bananas on an empty stomach will speed up the movement of the stomach and intestines, promote blood circulation, enhance the load of the heart, and easily lead to myocardial infarction.
3: Patients with arthritis and diabetes
The sugar content of bananas is relatively high, which will slow down blood circulation and accumulate metabolites. People with arthritis and diabetes should not eat bananas, otherwise it will aggravate the condition.
4: Patients with nephritis
Nephritis patients can not eat bananas, because bananas contain a lot of potassium, magnesium, nephritis patients with poor filtration function, bananas will make the blood calcium, potassium, magnesium ratio imbalance, and then promote the aggravation of kidney disease, so kidney disease patients are best not to eat bananas.