The Heilongjiang and Ussuri River basins have been Chinese territory since ancient times, and since the Qin and Han dynasties, all dynasties and generations have submitted to the jurisdiction of officials here, and after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, they continued to exercise jurisdiction over this area.
In order to strengthen the unification of this region, the Qing Dynasty set up generals Shengjing, Ningguta and Heilongjiang in this area, and developed local water and land transportation, further strengthening the political, economic and cultural ties between the border areas and the interior.
One
At the beginning of the 16th century, Tsarist Russia was still a feudal serfdom principality in Europe, and during the Qing Dynasty, Tsarist Russia expanded into Siberia and continued to invade the Heilongjiang River Valley in China, but was defeated several times by the Qing forces guarding the local area. However, due to the sparse population of the Heilongjiang River Basin, the Qing army could not be stationed permanently, so the Russians often committed crimes in the area.
In 1650, Khabarov led an "expedition" of hundreds of armed Russian vagrants from Yakutsk south across the Waixing'an Mountains to Yaksa on the northern shore of the upper reaches of the Heilongjiang River.
The Chinese commander of the Battle of Yaksa, Sabso
"Yaksa" is a Transliteration of the Manchu language, meaning "Hewanzi", which was originally the residence of a Daur albajin, whether from the direction of Baikal or from the direction of the Waixing'an Mountains, to enter the middle and lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River through Yaksa, so it is the throat of the Heilongjiang River.
After the Russian "expedition" led by Khabarov invaded the city of Yaksa, the castle was built here, under the name of Albajin. The Russians used this as a base and continued to expand and invade the middle and lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River. They burned and plundered, and they did no evil, and the local residents called them "Luosha", which means "demon".
Qing Kangxi Emperor
Two
The Qing government repeatedly demanded that the Russian invaders withdraw from Chinese territory, but the Tsarist government ignored it and remained entrenched in Yaksa and other places, and in order to ensure the tranquility of the northeastern border, the Kangxi Emperor decided to expel these invading Russians by force.
In September 1683, the Qing general Sabusu defeated the plundering Russians and burned all the strongholds they had established in the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River, making Kesa an isolated city. But the Russians, relying on the fortification of the castle and the advanced firearms, remained stubborn.
In the early Qing Dynasty, Chinese soldiers and civilians resisted the Russian invasion of the Heilongjiang River Basin
In the spring of 1685, the Kangxi Emperor ordered the governor Peng Chun and the deputy governor Lang Tan to lead hundreds of Rattan troops to Huanhui with the "red cannons" used for siege, to meet with the army of the Heilongjiang general and take charge of retaking Yaksa.
At the end of May, more than 3,000 Qing troops, under the command of Peng Chun, carried 13 of the most advanced "red-clad cannons" and more than 200 arquebusiers at that time, marched by land and water, straight to the city of Yaksa, and immediately issued an ultimatum to the Russian leader in the city, Tolbuzin. But the Russians, believing themselves to be strong, with nearly 500 soldiers and 3 cannons, ignored Peng Chun's ultimatum.
Clear red cannon
The battle began with a mutual artillery battle between the two armies, and the cannons under the city of Yaksa rumbled and shook the earth. Many of the Russian watchtowers were blown to powder, and the earthen walls were blasted open in several places. The Qing army launched a massive siege of the city with the support of artillery and arquebusiers, and engaged in fierce hand-to-hand combat with the Russians, but was repelled by the stubborn resistance of the Russians.
Three
After this battle, the Qing army no longer launched a strong attack, but only bombarded with heavy artillery all day, and the Russians shrank in the city under the powerful artillery bombardment of the Qing army, completely lost the ability to fight back, and were in the dilemma of being passively beaten.
After the Qing army besieged Yaksa with "red cannons" for 3 days, the Russians in the city could not support it, and seeing that the situation was precarious, the desperate Russian leader Tolbuzin had to send people to the Qing army camp to beg for surrender, to ensure that "no more attacks" would be made.
Oil painting of the Battle of Yaksa
Peng Chun adopted a policy of leniency toward the Surrendered Russians, allowing them to leave Yaksa with their personal belongings and providing them with the necessary horses and food to be sent to the mouth of the Ergun River and back to Nebuchu. After Peng Chun commanded the Qing army to burn down The Castle of Yaksa, he also retreated to the city of Slow Swing.
After the Russian invaders were forced to evacuate Yaksa, they still did not die and continued to piece together their forces in an attempt to see each other again. In the autumn of 1685, the Tsar sent 600 men to reinforce Nebuchu. When it was learned that the Qing army had withdrawn, Tolbuzin led the Sand Invasion Route Army to make a comeback, sneaked to Yaksa again, and rebuilt artillery and foot fortifications in the city, and the whole map was long-term in viksa city.
After receiving the report, Lian Xi said: "If you do not create a soldier, you will know the low exhibition." So he ordered the general Sabsu to lead an army to drive out the Russian invaders again.
In the summer of 1686, the Heilongjiang general Sabusu led more than 2,000 Qing troops into the city of Yaksa, and on the fourth day of the siege, an artillery shell killed the Russian chiefTain Tolbuzin, and the Russian army was replaced by the command of Cupun and continued to resist. Since the Qing army's attack was blocked by the fortified Yaksa Castle, it turned to the long siege of Yaksa Castle.
The Qing army dug trenches on three sides of the city of Yaksa to prevent the Russians from escaping, and sent warships to patrol the Heilongjiang River west of the city to cut off foreign aid from the defending enemy. The Qing army besieged The castle of Yaksa for 10 months, and the city was shelled every day. The Russian invaders besieged in the city of Yaksa had to hide in the dark and damp crypt in order to avoid the Fire of the Qing Army. Due to lack of water and food, the epidemic of disease, most people have lost their combat effectiveness, and the team of more than 800 people is finally less than a hundred people.
In view of the plight of the Russian army at the city of Yaksa, Peter the Great sent envoys to negotiate peace with the Qing government in Nebuchu and demarcate the border between the two countries. The Qing government acceded to the Tsar's request, and the remnants of the Russian army in the city of Yaksa were scattered to Nebuchu.
The historical significance of the Battle of Yaksa
The Battle of Yaksa was a victory won by the Qing government in the northeast border to defend the border defense, it thwarted the Russian attempt to cross the Waixing'an Mountains, and enabled The northeast border of China to be basically at peace for the next century and a half. After the Battle of Yaksa, representatives of China and Russia negotiated in Nebuchadnezzar. After consultations on an equal footing, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nebuchu, which legally affirmed that the vast areas of the Heilongjiang and Ussuri River basins, including Sakhalin Island, were Chinese territory.
Reference: History of Modern Warfare
《World History》
"World Classic Battle" and so on