As the capital of many dynasties in ancient China, Shaanxi Province is home to a large number of ancient imperial tombs. Therefore, there is a local proverb: "The talented son of Jiangnan will be buried in the north, and the loess of Shaanxi will be buried in the emperor." "So, in shaanxi territory, how many emperors are buried?" How many ancient imperial tombs can you see?
Shen Weilong: "Shaanxi Wenbo Brother" after the 90s
Shaanxi is an important birthplace of the Chinese nation and a long-term political center in ancient China. From the legendary era to the historical period, many far-reaching emperors have emerged here, including the Yellow Emperor, the Yan Emperor, the Zhou Wen King, the Zhou Wu King, the Qin Shi Huang Emperor, the Han Wu Emperor, the Sui Wen Emperor, the Tang Taizong and so on.
From the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the fall of the Tang Dynasty, fourteen dynasties established capitals in Shaanxi, including Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Xin, Eastern Han (Xiandi), Western Jin (Emperor Huan), Former Zhao, Former Qin, Later Qin, Great Xia, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, and Tang. In ancient times, according to the law of "moving with the capital", most of the imperial tombs were built next to the capital. Therefore, the emperors of these fourteen dynasties are basically buried in Shaanxi Province.
At present, after field archaeological investigation, many imperial tombs have been identified. However, there are still some imperial tombs that have not been determined, and after many aspects of research, they should be located in Shaanxi Province. In addition, there are some special mausoleums such as "legendary tombs" and "tombs for mausoleums", which have different statistical results due to different judgment criteria. Therefore, I think it is necessary for me to sort out -
1. Legendary Imperial Tomb
Tracing the history of Chinese civilization for 5,000 years, it is generally talked about from the legendary period of "Three Emperors and Five Emperors". However, the figures referred to by the "Three Emperors" and the "Five Emperors" here are different and inconclusive. According to the Shang Shu Biography, the three emperors were The Three Emperors were The Lingren, Fuxi, and Shennong; according to the Book of The Great Dai Li, the Five Emperors were the Yellow Emperor, the Emperor, the Emperor, the Yao, and the Shun.
The Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum is located on Qiaoshan Mountain on the north side of Huangling County, Yan'an City, and consists of a mausoleum, a Hanwu Emperor's Terrace, a Yellow Emperor Temple, and a Group of Ancient Cypresses; the Yandi Mausoleum is located on Changyang Mountain in Shennong Town, Weibin District, Baoji City, and the Emperor's Mausoleum is located on the bank of the Yellow River on the west side of Xinye Village, Qiachuan Town, Heyang County, Weinan City. Therefore, during the legendary period, there were 3 imperial tombs in Shaanxi.
2. Tombs of the Western Zhou Kings
In the 11th century BC, after King Wu destroyed the Shang, he established the Zhou Dynasty, with its capital at Hojing, known in history as "Western Zhou". In 770 BC, King Ping moved east to Luoyi, ending the Western Zhou Dynasty. There were 13 kings in Western Zhou, namely King Wen, King Wu, King Cheng, King Kang, King Zhao, King Mu, King Gong, King Yi, King Xiao, King Yi, King Li, King Xuan, and King You.
In ancient texts, it is recorded that the tombs of the Kings of the Zhou Dynasty were not sealed or trees, and no markers could be seen on the ground. After the death of King Wen of Zhou, King Wu of Zhou, and Duke of Zhou, they were all buried in a place called "Bi". Later, the Western Zhou Dynasty Tianzi should also be buried here. At present, there are three theories about the location of "Bi": Xianyang Beiyuan, Baoji Zhouyuan and Xi'an Fenghao ruins southeast, all located in Shaanxi Province, all have commemorative mausoleums.
In order to commemorate the ancestors of the Zhou people, people built the Tomb of Gongliu, the Tomb of King Tai of Zhou and the Tomb of King Ji of Zhou. Gongliu Tomb is located between the valleys on the south side of Tuling Village in Longgao Township, Binzhou City, the Tomb of King Tai of Zhou is located on the north side of Qiyang Village, Zhujiazhuang Town, Qishan County, Baoji City, and the Tomb of King Ji of Zhou is located on the west side of Pitou Village, Yucia Town, Enyi District, Xi'an City. Therefore, during the Western Zhou Dynasty, Shaanxi should have 16 imperial tombs.
3. Tomb of the Duke of Qin
In 770 BC, Qin Xianggong sent troops to escort king Ping of Zhou to move east, and was sealed in the Qishan area of the birthplace of the Zhou people, and the State of Qin officially became a princely state of the Zhou Dynasty. In 714 BC, Duke Xian of Qin moved the capital from the "Meeting of Huanwei" to Pingyang, and the ruling power of the Qin people officially entered the Guanzhong Plain. From now on, successive Qin dukes should be buried in Shaanxi Province, including Pingyang, Yongcheng, Liyang, Xianyang, Zhiyang and other mausoleums.
Pingyang Mausoleum District is the Taigongmiao Village of Chencang District, Baoji City, where Xian Gong, Chuzi and Wugong are buried; Yongcheng Mausoleum District is located in the southern suburbs of Fengxiang County, Baoji City, burying Qin Degong, Qin Xuangong, Qin Chenggong, Qin Mugong, Qin Kanggong, Qin Gonggong, Qin HuanGong, Qin Jinggong, Qin Aigong, Qin Yigong, Qin Huigong, Qin Mourning Gong, Qin Li Gonggong, Qin Mangong, Qin Huaigong, Qin Linggong, Qin Jian Gong, Qin Huigong; Liyang Ling District is located in Wutun Town, Yanliang District, Xi'an City, burying Qin Xiangong and Qin Xiaogong; Xianyang Ling District is located in Zhouling Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Buried king Huiwen and king Wu of Mourning, ZhiyangLing District is located in the western foothills of Lishan Mountain, Hanyu Township, Lintong District, Xi'an City, also known as "Qin Dongling". Here are buried The Kings of Zhaoxiang, Xiaowen and Zhuangxiang. Therefore, in the history of the Qin State, Shaanxi should have 28 tombs of the Qin Princes.
4. Tombs of the Qin Dynasty Emperors
In 221 BC, King Ying of Qin destroyed the Six Kingdoms and established the first unified, multi-ethnic, centralized empire in Chinese history, becoming the first emperor in Chinese history, calling himself the "First Emperor". In 210 BC, Qin Shi Huang died of illness and was succeeded by Qin II. In 207 BC, Qin II was killed and the Qin Dynasty collapsed.
Located at the northern foot of Lishan Mountain, about 5 kilometers east of Lintong District, Xi'an, the mausoleum is centered on the sealed soil, including two inner and outer city walls, as well as a large number of burial pits. In December 1987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit were approved by UNESCO to be inscribed on the World Heritage List; according to legend, the Mausoleum of Emperor Qin II is located on the south side of the Qujiangchi Ruins in Yanta District, Xi'an City. Therefore, during the reign of the Qin Dynasty, there were 2 imperial tombs in Shaanxi.
5. Tombs of the Emperors of the Han Dynasty
In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty. Subsequently, the capital was Chang'an, known in history as the "Western Han Dynasty". In 8 AD, Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty and established a new dynasty, ending the Western Han Dynasty. There were 14 emperors in the Western Han Dynasty, namely Liu Zhijia the Taishang Emperor, Liu Bang of Gaozu, Liu Ying of the Hui Emperor, Liu Gong of the Former Shao Emperor, Liu Hong of the Later Shao Emperor, Liu Heng of the Wen Emperor, Liu Qi of the Jing Emperor, Liu Che of the Emperor Wu, Liu Fuling of the Zhao Emperor, Liu Yuan of the Yuan Emperor, Liu Xiao of the Cheng Emperor, Liu Xin of the Emperor of Sorrow, and Liu Yan of the Ping Emperor. Among them, the former Shao Emperor was killed by Lü Hou, and the Later Shao Emperor was killed by the chancellor, and the burial place is unknown, and there is no mausoleum. In addition, the other 12 emperors were buried on the mounds around the Han Chang'an City.
The Tomb of Emperor Wannian of Hantai is located on the south side of Yao Village, Ducun Town, Fuping County, Weinan City, Han GaoZu Chang Mausoleum is located on the north side of Sanyi Village, Yaodian Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Han Hui Emperor An Mausoleum is located on the south side of Baimiao Village, Zhengyang Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Han Wen Emperor's Mausoleum is located on the east side of Banjiang Village, Dizhai Street, Baqiao District, Xi'an City, Hanjing Emperor Yang Mausoleum is located on the north side of Zhangjiawan Village, Zhengyang Town, Xianyang City, Han Wu emperor Mao Mausoleum is located on the south side of Ce Village, South Town, Xingping City, and Han Zhao Emperor Ping Mausoleum is located on the south side of Bandawang Village, Shuangzhao Street, Qindu District, Xianyang City. The Tomb of Emperor Xuan of Han is located on the south side of Sanzhao Town, Yanta District, Xi'an City, the Wei Mausoleum of Emperor Hanyuan is located on the south side of Xinzhuang Village, Zhouling Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, the Yanling Tomb of Emperor Hancheng is located on the northwest side of Yanjiagou Village, Zhouling Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, the Yi mausoleum of emperor of Han Dynasty is located on the southeast side of Nanhe Village, Zhouling Town, Xianyang City, and the Hanping Emperor Kang Mausoleum is located on the east side of Dazhai Village, Zhouling Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City. Therefore, during the reign of the Western Han Dynasty, there were 12 imperial tombs in Shaanxi.
6. The Sixteen Kingdoms to the Northern Dynasty Imperial Tombs
After the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, ethnic minorities established political power in the north, known in history as the "Sixteen Kingdoms". Among them, former Zhao, Former Qin, and Later Qin Ding capitals Chang'an City, and Great Xia Ding capital Tong Wancheng, all located in Shaanxi Province. After the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, and Northern Zhou successively ruled the north, known in history as the "Northern Dynasty". Among them, Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei fled to Chang'an, and the capital of Western Wei and Northern Zhou was Chang'an.
In 319, Liu Yao moved the capital to Chang'an and changed the name of the country to Zhao, which was known in history as "Former Zhao". The Yongyuan Mausoleum, which he built for his adoptive father Liu Yuan, was located in Zhao Jiayao Village, Lingao Town, Baishui County, Weinan City; in 351, Jian Jian occupied Chang'an and established the Great Qin Empire, known in history as "Former Qin". After jian Jian died, he was buried in the original mausoleum, which should be in Xi'an City, and the specific location is unknown. In 385, Jian Jian was killed and Former Qin perished. The tomb of Jian Jian is located in Jiutian Village, Shuikou Town, Binzhou City, commonly known as the "Long Horn Tomb"; in 386, Yao Cang was proclaimed emperor in Chang'an, and the founding name was Great Qin, and the history was called "Later Qin". After Yao Cang's death, he was buried in Yuanling, located in The village of Ashduipo, Tongyuan Town, Gaoling County, Xi'an City; in 416, after Yao Xing's death, he was buried in The Village of Maizhang, Yaohui Township, Gaoling County, Xi'an City; in 407, Helian Bobo established Bactria and later set the capital at Tongwancheng. In 425, Helian Bobo died of illness and was buried in Jiaping Mausoleum, located in Guli Village, Shaodaohe Township, Yan'an City. Therefore, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, there were 6 imperial tombs in Shaanxi.
In 534, under the pressure of the powerful minister Gao Huan, Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei fled to Chang'an. In 535, he was killed by Yuwen Tai and buried in Yunling. It is said that Yunling was located in Fuping County, Weinan City; later, Yuan Baoju was proclaimed emperor and the capital was Chang'an, known in history as "Western Wei". In 551, Yuan Baoju died and was buried in Yongling, located in The Village of Dazhong in Liugu Town, Fuping County, Weinan City; in 556, Yuwen Tai died of illness and was buried in Chengling, located in the GongliGong Primary School in Fuping County, Weinan City. Subsequently, Yuwen Jue was called emperor, the country name was Zhou, the history was called "Northern Zhou", and Yuwen Tai was posthumously honored as Emperor Wen. It is said that the Jing Tomb of Emperor Xiaomin Yuwen Jue, the Zhao Tomb of Emperor Yuwen Yu of the Ming Dynasty, and the Dingling Tomb of Emperor Xuan of Yuwen Yun were all located in Fuping County, Weinan City. In 1994, on the southeast side of Chen Ma Village in Dizhang Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, archaeologists excavated the xiaoling tomb of Emperor Wu Yuwen Yong. According to legend, the Gong Mausoleum of Emperor Yuwen of Jing is located on the south side of ShangzhaoYao Village in Dizhang Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City. Therefore, during the Northern Dynasty, there were 8 imperial tombs in Shaanxi.
7. Sui Dynasty Emperor Mausoleum
In 581, Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty gave way to Yang Jian, and Emperor Wen of Yang firmly established the capital Chang'an City, founding the country under the title of Sui, and created the rule of the emperor. In 604, Emperor Yang Guang succeeded to the throne and built the Eastern Capital and built a canal. In 617, Li Yuan invaded Chang'an and proclaimed Yang You as Emperor Gong. In 618, JiangDu mutinied, and Emperor Jue was killed. Subsequently, Emperor Gong gave way to Li Yuan, the Tang Dynasty was established, and the Sui Dynasty collapsed.
The Sui Wen Emperor Tai Mausoleum is located on the northeast side of Wang Shang Village, Wuquan Town, Yangling District, Xianyang City, and consists of a mausoleum wall, a sealed earth, and a shrine of Emperor Wen; after the death of the Sui Emperor, he was buried in Yangzhou, and the yiguan tomb was located in the southwest of Zhangluo Village, Wugong Town, Wugong County, Xianyang City; according to legend, the Sui Gong Emperor Mausoleum was located on the south side of Rutai Village, Yanghong Township, Qianxian County, Xianyang City. Therefore, during the Sui Dynasty, there were 3 imperial tombs in Shaanxi.
8. Imperial Tombs of the Tang Dynasty
In 618, Li Yuan declared himself emperor, established the Tang Dynasty, and made the capital Chang'an. In 907, Zhu Wen usurped Tang and established Later Liang, and the Tang Dynasty fell. There were 21 emperors of the Tang Dynasty, and 19 were buried in Shaanxi Province, namely Gaozu Li Yuan, Taizong Li Shimin, Gaozong Li Zhi and empress Wu Zetian, Zhongzong Li Xian, Ruizong Li Dan, Xuanzong Li Longji, Suzong Li Heng, Daizong Li Yu, Dezong Li Shi, Shunzong Li Shu, Xianzong Li Chun, Muzong Li Heng, Jingzong Li Zhan, Wenzong Li Ang, Wuzong Li Yan, Xuanzong Li Chen, Yizong Li Yi, and Li Yizong. In addition, Li Hu was posthumously honored as Emperor Taizujing, Li Xun was posthumously honored as Emperor Shizuyuan, and Li Xian was posthumously honored as Emperor Rang.
Li Hu Yongkang Mausoleum is located in the southwest of Houjiabao Village, Lingqian Township, Sanyuan County, Xianyang City, Li Xunxingning Mausoleum is located in Houpai Village, Zhengyang Township, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Gaozu Xianling is located in Yonghe Village, Xumu Township, Sanyuan County, Xianyang City, Taizong Zhaoling is located on Jiujia Mountain, Liquan County, Xianyang City, Gaozong and Wu Zetian Qianling are located on Liangshan Mountain in Qianxian County, Xianyang City, Zhongzong Dingling Tomb is located on Phoenix Mountain in Fuping County, Weinan City, Ruizong Bridge Mausoleum is located in Fengshan Mountain, Pucheng County, Weinan City, and Emperor Huiling is located in Sanhe Village, Sanhe Township, Pucheng County, Weinan City. Xuanzong Tai Mausoleum is located on Jinsu Mountain in Pucheng County, Weinan City, Suzong Jianling is located on Wujiang Mountain in Liquan County, Xianyang City, Daizong Yuanling is located on Tanshan Mountain in Fuping County, Weinan City, Dezong Chongling is located on Saga Mountain in Jingyang County, Xianyang City, Shunzong Fengling is located on Jin'an Mountain in Fuping County, Weinan City, Xianzong Jingling is located on Jinzhi Mountain in Pucheng County, Weinan City, Muzong Guangling Is located on Yaoshan Mountain in Pucheng County, Weinan City, Jingzong Zhuang Mausoleum is located in Chaijiayao Village, Lingqian Town, Sanyuan County, Xianyang City, and Wenzong Zhangling is located on Tianlu Mountain in Fuping County, Weinan City. Wuzong Duan Mausoleum is located in Taogou Village, Xumu Township, Sanyuan County, Xianyang City, Xuanzong Zhenling Tomb is located in Zhongshan, Jingyang County, Xianyang City, Yizong Jian Mausoleum is located on Hutou Mountain, Fuping County, Weinan City, and Jingling Tomb is located in Nanling Village, Yangyu Town, Qianxian County, Xianyang City. Therefore, during the reign of the Tang Dynasty, there were 21 imperial tombs in Shaanxi.
According to my own statistics, there should be 99 imperial tombs in Shaanxi Province, including 3 legendary imperial tombs, 16 Western Zhou royal tombs, 28 Qin Gong royal tombs, 2 Qin Dynasty imperial tombs, 12 Western Han Imperial Tombs, 6 Sixteen Kingdoms Imperial Tombs, 8 Northern Dynasty Imperial Tombs, 3 Sui Dynasty Imperial Tombs, and 21 Tang Dynasty Imperial Tombs. At present, in the whole country, Shaanxi Province has the largest number of imperial tombs...