Kublai Khan, the founding emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, was able to become the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, not all the way, experienced a lot of hardships, but Kublai Khan used a group of Han Chinese to make him successfully rise and become the emperor of the Central Plains.
Kublai Khan was the second son of Tuolei's wife, Lulu and Theni, and was a brother to Möngke. Born in 1216, he grew up on the steppe and practiced the art of riding and shooting. At the age of 8, he was liked by Genghis Khan for shooting rabbits and goats, and was given a finger of Genghis Khan. The so-called "swab finger" is a Mongolian custom in which children, on their first hunt, apply neizu grease to their thumbs to congratulate them on their success.
In 1232, after Tuolei's death, Kublai Khan and his brothers thrived under the tutelage of Tsuru and Theni. The death of Tore is somewhat strange, but under the strict teaching of their mother, the Tuolei family has escaped many power struggles and laid the foundation for the rise of the Tuolei family.
Exposure to Confucianism
When Wo Kuotai was the Great Khan, he divided the Han Dynasty, and the Tuolei family received the ZhendingFu, so the Tuolei family had an inseparable relationship with the Zhendingfu. In 1242, the Yanjing Zen master Haiyun monk was summoned to the Tuolei family to serve as Wulusi, and he also came with his apprentice Liu Bingzhong.
This Haiyun monk was not a simple monk, but a master who was proficient in Confucianism. Liu Bingzhong, on the other hand, was "omnipresent in the Book of Yi and The Book of the Classics of Shao, and was proficient in astronomy, geography, the calendar, and the genus of the Three Trials and Six Nobles." On the affairs of the world as if they were in the palm of your hand."
The arrival of the Haiyun monk changed Kublai Khan, during which Kublai Khan taught The Dharma to the Monk Haiyun, and the Monk Haiyun used the Dharma to teach Kublai Khan the way of Confucianism, according to Cheng Jufu's "Snow House Collection", the Haiyun monk once said to Kublai Khan: "It is advisable to judge the gains and losses of the ancients, to raise up the merits and take measures, and to respect the Lord and shelter the people." What is the essence of the Dharma? Kublai Khan also asked, "Is there a dharma in Buddhism that is safe for the world?" Haiyun took the opportunity to suggest to Kublai Khan: "Ask the great sages of the world to ask about the rise and fall of chaos in ancient and modern times." At this time, Liu Bingzhong, brought by the Haiyun monk, took the stage.
It was Liu Bingzhong who told Kublai Khan a lot of Confucian doctrines, which made Kublai Khan interested, after which Kublai Khan accepted Confucianism and immersed himself in learning Confucianism, which shows that he was the first Mongol to accept Confucianism. Because Confucianism was too deep for Kublai Khan, after the return of Haiyunnan, Liu Bingzhong stayed in the Tuolei Mansion and further deepened his influence on Kublai Khan, and Kublai Khan's Confucian achievements soared. After Liu Bingzhong's father died, Kublai Khan gave him one hundred and two pieces of gold and sent someone to send him back to his hometown for funerals, and after serving the funeral, he immediately let him enter the palace.
Liu Bingzhong began to propose his Confucian ideas for statecraft to Kublai Khan's system, involving ritual music, canon, dharma, and gangchang. It also pointed out Mongolia's existing problems and solutions.
Later, a Man named Zhao Bi was summoned to Mongolia because he knew Mongolian to teach Confucianism to Mongolian students, and this person was also valued by Kublai Khan and often summoned him to give lectures to Kublai Khan.
Through the indoctrination and influence of Liu Bingzhong and Zhao Bi, Kublai Khan had a preliminary understanding of the governing skills of the emperors of the Central Plains, and according to the "History of the Yuan", Kublai Khan "visited the deeds of the previous emperors, heard that when Emperor Wen of Tang was the king of Qin, he widely extended the literary scholars of the four directions, talked about governing the Tao, and finally led to peace, joy and admiration." From 1244 onwards, Kublai Khan began to "ask the old ministers of the Yan Dynasty and the scholars of the Four Directions to govern the Tao." At this time, Kublai Khan's dream of the emperor had been formed.
Liu Bingzhong and Zhao Bi also introduced and recommended many Central Plains talents to Kublai Khan. Kublai Khan was also interested in Central Plains affairs, and gathered and summoned many Central Plains Han talents. For example, in the last years of the Jin Dynasty, Wang Hu was summoned by Kublai Khan, and Kublai Khan respected him very much, "receiving him day and night, asking the right thing to be right", and Wang Hu "went to talk about the "Filial Piety Classic", "Book", "Yi", and the way of the Qi family to govern the country, the changes in ancient and modern things". Kublai Khan also had the idea of governing the country with Han law, and he said to Wang Hu, "Although I have not been able to fulfill my words, I know that I cannot do it on another day!" ”。
Reuse han Chinese
After Kublai Khan's idea of revering Confucianism and governing the country arose, he realized that he must gather more talents to gather around him in order to have the strength to win the throne like Li Shimin. After that, Zhang Dehui, a native of Jiaocheng, Jining, Zhang Wenqian, a Native of Shahe, Shunde, and Li Dehui, a Native of Tongzhou, were successively summoned to Kublai Khan's mansion, and Kublai Khan also obtained their strategies for governing the country. For example, he once asked Zhang Dehui: "Confucius has not been around for a long time, but now his sex is safe?" "Or Yun Liao died in the release of the Emperor, Jin died in confucianism, and there are all?" "The patriarchal law is there, but there are many people who do not have facilities, what will it be?" "If a peasant works, why should he not have enough food and clothing?" "Where is the food ceremony of Confucius Temple"? "What harm is the current pawn and the slaughterer?" A series of questions asked Zhang Dehui to give a solution. Zhang Dehui said to Kublai Khan: "Humble and straight, many enlightened." Therefore, Kublai Khan began to learn and receive apprentices at zhang dehui's request, and began to follow the etiquette of Confucianism.
Zhang Wenqian was "ordered to be a subordinate, ordered to be a royal court, and trusted by the day." Li Dehui was also left in the palace to teach the kings. In addition to explaining the Confucian way of governing the country to Kublai Khan, these people also recommended a large number of Confucian talents to Kublai Khan, such as Yuan Haowen, Li Ye, Bai Wenju, Zheng Xianzi, Gao Ming, Li Tao, and others who became Kublai Khan's staff at this time. At this time, Kublai Khan formed around him "the move of the bow, the pulun, the Qi Ru Shuode, the wizard, the Mao Ba Ru Lian, to the void of the moon." ”
In 1250, Zhao Bi recruited another capable person for Kublai Khan, that is, Yao Shu. This person was a native of Liucheng, Yingzhou, who later moved to Luoyang and served as a Yanjing Xingtai Langzhong. Dissatisfied with the governor of Xingtai, he resigned from the government and lived in seclusion in Huizhou, immersing himself in the study of Cheng Zhu Lixue. Yao Shu took Kublai Khan's subordinates, and he suggested that Kublai Khan "humble himself and accept words, but can do great things, but do his best to learn in his life, for the book of thousands of hundreds of words, the first with the two emperors and three kings as the basis of learning, for the rule of the narrative, and the great scripture of governing the country and the world, combined into eight eyes, that is: self-cultivation, mechanics, honor, affection, fear of heaven, love for the people, goodness, and far away." The second and the evil of salvation is Article 30. Kublai Khan was very happy when he proposed specific measures for his rule of the country, and every time he encountered something, he consulted Yao Shu for advice and let him serve as Shizi's teacher.
Before Möngke succeeded to the throne, Tuolei Uluth had already recruited a group of talented people, which also gave Kublai Khan a way to govern Han Later. Since then, the Idea of Relying on the Han Chinese to Govern the Central Plains has gradually taken shape.
Rule the land with Confucianism
After Möngke succeeded to the throne, Möngke asked Kublai Khan to govern the affairs of the military state in southern Mo, and Kublai Khan left the northern part of the desert and opened his capital in the Jinlian River, which is now the upper reaches of the Luan River in Inner Mongolia. Kublai Khan has since had a place to play, and he has used the Han method he learned and accumulated from Confucianism to apply to practice. Coupled with his loyal Confucian subjects, Kublai Khan established his own prestige between Mongolia and the Han Dynasty, winning the hearts and minds of the people. But more importantly, Kublai Khan stayed away from the desert north and avoided the power struggle within Mongolia.
When Kublai Khan was ruling the southern part of the country, he again recruited famous soldiers, including Zhao Liangbi, a jin dynasty soldier. In 1252, Zhang Dehui and Yuan Haoqian suggested that Kublai Khan be the grand master of Confucianism, and at this time Kublai Khan gathered a group of capable ministers. Coupled with the earliest Lian Xixian and others, Kublai Khan has laid a talent advantage for the future ascension to the top.
Kublai Khan achieved success in governing the south of the desert, and at this time Yao Shu suggested: "Today, the land under the land is vast, the people are yin, and the wealth is rich, and those who have The Land of The Han Dynasty are there? The military and the people have everything, what is the Son of Heaven? Between the courtiers at different times, they will repent and take it, but if they only hold the military power and provide for the needs of hundreds of millions of people, it will be natural and safe. Kublai Khan agreed.
After the destruction of the Jin, the management of the southern desert land was very chaotic, and the people were in exile. However, under Kublai Khan, Liu Bingzhong and Zhang Wenqian suggested that Liu Su and Li Jian govern, and soon the displaced people resumed their employment and their hukou increased significantly. Kublai Khan saw the ability of Confucianism and paid more attention to Confucianism. Later, Kublai Khan made great achievements in the administration of Henan and solved the need for Food for the Mongol army.
After that, Kublai Khan was ordered to march on Yunnan, followed by Liu Bingzhong, Yao Shu and others, and Kublai Khan once asked, "Ru said yesterday that Cao Bin would not kill, I can do it, I can do it." "Emulating the Song Taizu period, the general Cao Bin took the Southern Tang and did not kill people in vain. When Kublai Khan arrived at Dali City, Tao Shu split the veil as a banner, wrote the order to stop killing, and did not kill a single person in vain, so the household was preserved, which was inseparable from Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu's merits.
In 1253, Möngke asked Kublai Khan to choose a place between Beijing and Beijing, Shaanxi, and Kublai Khan accepted Yao Shu's suggestion and chose Guanzhong, and Kublai Khan sent various generals to garrison the Xingyuan Prefectures, and at the same time separated Hedong, Xiezhou, and Yanchi to supply military food. Kublai Khan also printed money to provide Kublai Khan with a steady stream of wealth. He also used Yao Shu as an envoy to persuade farmers and supervise farming, and Xu Heng as an envoy to study and set up education. At the same time, Kublai Khan also established Kaiping Province, which became an ideal city connecting the north and the south.
Suffer setbacks
Kublai Khan's use of Hanchen to govern Han China was effective, and Kublai Khan's strength and reputation were also increasing. At this time, however, Kublai Khan was thwarted by the conservative forces of the Mongol nobility.
After Möngke succeeded to the throne, his thinking and ability were inferior to Kublai Khan's, and he still governed Mongolia according to the traditional management method, relying on military conquest to expand the territory. At this time, the Mongols were constantly fighting against the contradictions, and Möngke did not realize it, and thought that he was the Great Khan, and as long as he was in the north of the desert, he could control the four sides.
When Kublai Khan's prestige increased, Möngke also realized the threat of this brother. Because Kublai Khan's Han rule limited the privileges of the Mongol nobility and the Semites, they were bound to suppress Kublai Khan. Therefore, some Mongol nobles told Möngke that Kublai Khan "won the heart of The Middle Earth in the royal palace" and that "the ministers of the royal palace, Xin, arbitrarily abused their power for treacherous deeds."
Möngke immediately relieved Kublai Khan of his military powers, and even when Möngke marched south to the Southern Song Dynasty, he did not let Kublai Khan accompany him. Möngke also sent his close associate AlanDar as a provincial caprice, and Liu Taiping led a group of people to Shaanxi and Henan to investigate wealth. These people had great privileges, and they could convict some people and even execute them without asking Möngke. At this time, in the two places ruled by Kublai Khan, there was a problem of mutual complaints, and some Han Chinese were executed.
The purpose of Alandar's investigation was to crack down on Kublai Khan's political forces and undermine his reform plans. In the face of repression, Kublai Khan chose to be patient, and even some Confucian courtiers were willing to be victims in order to ease the contradiction between Möngke and Kublai Khan. It was at this time that Lian Xixian and others were willing to die in order to save Kublai Khan. Yao Shu suggested that Kublai Khan meet with Möngke and dispel Möngke's suspicions. He said to Kublai Khan, "Emperor, Junye, brother, brother, Mo Ruo's royal concubines returned to themselves, and for the sake of long-term residence, they were suspected of releasing themselves. Yao Shu's approach is both risky and a good strategy. Kublai Khan agreed, and after Kublai Khan saw Möngke, he did indeed let Möngke dispel the mystery, and Möngke ordered the dismissal of the examination bureau. At this time, the Tachar Eastern Route Army was defeated, and Kublai Khan requested to lead the army to the south, which was allowed.
Eventually rise
In 1258, Kublai Khan raised an army from Kaiping and arrived in Xingzhou in 1259, where he took Yang Weizhong as an envoy to Huaijingxiang Lake and North and South, and Hao Jing as his deputy. In the use of troops, Kublai Khan also recruited Song Zizhen, Li Chang and others as advisers, and these two people set kublai Khan's strategy for conquering the Southern Song Dynasty and the way to use troops. This enabled Kublai Khan to successfully conquest and gain the hearts and minds of the people. When Kublai Khan attacked Ezhou, he received the news that Möngke had died in Hechuan, Sichuan, and he adopted Hao Jing's "Banshi Discussion", made peace with the Southern Song Dynasty, and then returned to compete for the Khan's throne.
Judging from Kublai Khan's rise to the throne and later his ascension to the throne as emperor, his success was mainly due to his confucian subjects, and it was the assistance of these people that gave Kublai Khan the conditions to compete for the throne.