British Isles -
Two islands: The Isle of Britain, the Island of Ireland;
Four kingdoms: Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of Ireland, Prince of Wales.
During the reign of Edward I, England annexed Wales; during the reign of Queen Anne, England and Scotland merged.
The three kingdoms formed the Kingdom of Britain.
In 1714, the Hanover Dynasty was established, its third king, George III, was the great-grandson of the founding lord George I, the grandson of George II, from 1738 to 1820, lived for eighty-two years, full name George William Frederick, in 1760, at the age of twenty-two, succeeded to the throne of Britain, the King of Ireland,
On 1 January 1801, the Kingdom of Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland, forming the United Kingdom,
He reigned for sixty years until his death in 1820; George was also Elector of Hanover in Germany, reigning for forty-seven years from 1760 to 1807, deposed by Emperor Napoleon, promoted to King of Hanover after the Peace Conference in Vienna, and reigned for six years from 1814 to 1820. He was the first native English-speaking monarch of the Hanover Dynasty, when in fact George III remained in his English domain and never visited his German territory of the Kingdom of Hanover.
King George III
George III is an important monarch in the modern history of Britain, and the martial arts of Wenzhi are at their peak.
During his reign, Britain began the Industrial Revolution and defeated France in the Seven Years' War, capturing India and Canada; however, soon France retaliated by supporting the southern part of its North American territory, launching a war of independence, eventually breaking away from Britain and establishing the United States; and the independence of the United States prompted the outbreak of the French Revolution, after which Britain under George III joined another great anti-French ally in history against the Napoleonic Empire.
Napoleon was defeated in 1815, and Britain became the number one prince in Europe, replacing the previous Holy Roman Emperor and Emperor Napoleon, who ruled the european princes.
Before the Seven Years' War, the European powers were in the territory of North America, of which the yellow area was French North America
George III suffered from mental problems in his later years, which later developed into permanent mental disorders. After George III's last illness in 1810, his crown prince, George, Prince of Wales, became regent and ruled on his behalf. After george iii's death in 1820, he was succeeded by the Prince of Wales as George IV.
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George was born in Norfolk, London in 1738 to the son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, to Augusta, Duchy of Saxony-Gotha-Altenburg, and to King George II.
In 1751, the Prince of Wales died young, and Prince George became the legal heir to the throne, succeeding him as The Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh.
In the spring of 1756, as George's 18th birthday approached and he was about to become an adult, George II rewarded him with a stay at the grand St. James Palace.
In 1760, his grandfather George II died at the age of seventy-six, and George, at the age of twenty-two, succeeded his grandfather to the throne as George III.
Finding a suitable wife for George became an increasingly urgent priority.
In 1761, George III married Sophia Charlotte, Duchess of Mycklenburg-Strellitz, in the Royal Chapel of St. James's Palace.
The two met for the first time at a wedding, and two weeks later, they were crowned king and queen together at Westminster Abbey on 22 September 1761. Queen Charlotte was often considered ordinary-looking, but George had no mistress and loved his wife, which was very different from his two previous kings and his two sons who succeeded him, and the couple enjoyed a truly happy married life, with whom George had fifteen children, including nine sons and six daughters.
In 1762, George III purchased Buckingham House (now Buckingham Palace) as the residence and office of the members of the royal family.
In the process of governing the country, George III's increasing trust and trust in Tory officials made the Whig Party, which had always dominated the political world, very dissatisfied, and even condemned George III's actions as a dictator, similar to Charles I of the Stuart dynasty.
In 1763, after the victory of the Seven Years' War, britain seized India and Canada, while France lost all North American territory, and in retaliation, began to instigate and support the American independence movement.
Before and after the Seven Years' War, the North American continent changed
The Whig government issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which restricted the continuous westward expansion of whites in the southern territories of North America and forced them not to provoke the Indians, but this caused disputes between southern North America and the Whig government, which was one of the reasons for the subsequent War of Independence in southern North America. The Indians frequently launched uprisings because they were dissatisfied with the white invasion, originally, the southern part of the Americas only paid lower taxes to the government of the British Isles, but now, the British government had to deploy a large number of troops in the south of North America to suppress the Indian uprising, and to prevent the French from trying to make a comeback, which made the military expenditure burden in the southern part of British North America very heavy, and the British government felt quite difficult.
In order to increase revenue, the Glenville government passed the Stamp Act in 1765, which imposed stamp duty on every document in southern North America, and because even newspapers levied stamp duty at that time, the propaganda against taxation was widely spread in southern North America and deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
In 1770, the Tories came to power, and the new Tory Prime Minister, Lord North, and his government, in order to appease the territory of southern North America, revoked most of the taxes levied on southern North America, but left only one tax on tea, which George III said was "a tax that maintains the right to tax the southern part of North America".
In 1773, in order to oppose the tea tax, the American independence elements in Boston boarded a tea cargo ship moored in Boston Harbor and dumped the tea leaves into the sea as a demonstration, known in history as the "Boston Tea Dumping Incident".
The British government characterized the incident as a criminal case, which is "undoubtedly of a criminal nature". Lord North retaliated by enacting various measures in retaliation after the Tea Incident, including closing Boston Harbor and amending the Massachusetts Constitution so that the upper house of the local legislature was appointed by the King and no longer elected by the House of Commons. These measures have further provoked discontent.
The North American War of Independence broke out in April 1775 as an armed clash between the officers and men of the Kingdom of Britain and the militias of southern North America. After a year of fighting, southern North America declared independence from the King of Britain in July 1776, established the Union of North America, and promulgated the Declaration of Independence.
Numerous charges have been lodged against the King of Britain, the legislature and the entire national population. During the war, the British Army successfully captured New York City in 1776.
But the North American militia, with the strong support of France, became more and more courageous in the Vietnam War.
British Army Lieutenant General John Bergo was defeated and surrendered at the Battle of Saratoga, leading to a failed British counterattack from Canada in southern North America. By 1778, France had openly allied itself with the nascent United States, making the situation even more severe for Britain.
Insisting that the British army fight the American Revolutionary Army to the end, George III resolved to "never recognize American independence and punish their rebellion with a protracted war that never ends." George III planned to attack the United States with 30,000 British troops from Canada and Florida, and in order to punish the Americans, he planned to destroy their coastal trading ports, blow up their docks, loot and burn their coastal towns, and lift the control of the Indians and let them attack the Americans. George III believed that these measures could "continue to annoy, disturb and impoverish the rebels, and one day more naturally and inevitably transform dissatisfaction and disappointment into repentance and self-blame", thus begging him to regain his rule.
Without France's support, these plans could undoubtedly succeed, but France's public intervention put George III's plan to smithereens, and France and Spain planned to organize a combined fleet to attack the British Isles, thus putting London in danger.
In 1781, after the news of the surrender of Lord Kang Ulis at the Siege of Yorktown reached London in 1781, Lord North's support in Parliament plummeted, and he resigned as Prime Minister the following year. After being persuaded by Lord North, George III dismissed the idea of abdicating, accepted the defeat of Britain's southern tribes in North America, and decided to authorize peace talks.
The Treaty of Paris and the Treaty of Versailles were confirmed in 1783, marking the official end of the American Revolutionary War, with the Kingdom of Britain recognizing American independence.
In 1785, when John Adams of the United States became the first American minister to Britain, George III had submitted to the world situation and accepted the new relationship between Britain and the United States, and he said to Adams: "I am the last to agree to the separation of Britain and the United States, but I will be the first to welcome the friendship of the United States as an independent regime." ”。
After the collapse of Lord North's cabinet in 1782, in 1783 William Pitt II took over as Prime Minister, the second son of Lord Chathamu, Pete I.
For George III, the appointment of Pete II as Prime Minister was a victory, as it proved that he could choose prime ministers through his influence on public opinion and public opinion, rather than following the wishes of the House of Commons.
During Pitt's tenure as Prime Minister, George III supported his goals a lot, and for the first time, he could canonize many new nobles so that he could gain enough support in the House of Lords. During Pitt's tenure as Prime Minister and for some time afterwards, George III was so prestigious that the public generally supported his approved expedition to the Pacific, which led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Britain in Australia in 1788.
In 1793, George III sent the envoy Lord Macartney and the deputy envoy Sir Staunton to lead the mission to the Manchu Qing and meet qianlong, although the purpose of trade was not achieved, but the British saw through the weak nature of the Manchu Qing's poverty and backwardness, and made ideological preparations for launching the Opium War half a century later.
Domestically, George III was happy to use his private funds to fund academic institutions such as the Royal Academy of Arts, and science and industry in the Kingdom of Britain were greatly developed at that time. The British public, mostly appreciating their king's loyalty to his queen, contrasted greatly with his two previous monarchs.
Thereafter, George III developed physical condition and mental problems. In 1788, he was able to procrastinate congress on September 25, but his condition took a sharp turn for the worse, and by November he was sometimes talking to himself for hours.
Under the treatment of many doctors, there was no danger, George III was cured, the British cheered, and the support of George III and Prime Minister Pete continued to rise. In 1789, the French Revolution broke out and the French royal family was overthrown.
England and France are also princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and wars have occurred before, which is a war of nobility between princes, but France's overthrow of the royal family and the establishment of the republic are undoubtedly independent from the Holy Roman Empire, and the republic has become a revolutionary force independent of the empire, which is undoubtedly a great threat to the emperor and his princes.
Revolutionary France was fearless, and in 1793, when war was declared against Britain, George III ordered Prime Minister Pete to raise taxes, expand the army, and temporarily terminate the Habeas Corpus in wartime. Austria, where the emperor was located, together with Britain, Prussia, and Spain, formed another grand anti-French alliance in history, but the alliance soon disintegrated in 1795 because Prussia and Spain secretly made peace with France. Austria, Britain, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire formed the Second Grand Coalition in 1799, but were defeated in 1800, leaving only the Kingdom of Britain to continue its battle against Napoleon, the first ruler of the First French Republic.
Prior to his attempted religious assassination at the Trury Theatre on 15 May 1800, George had also been assassinated by fanatics twice in 1786 and 1790.
George III forgave these mad Assassins, and his generosity increased the support of the people.
Ireland had an uprising in 1798, and after the revolt was suppressed,
The Parliament of Britain and the Parliament of Ireland passed the Union Act of 1800, and on 1 January 1801, the Kingdom of Britain, the Kingdom of Ireland, was combined into the "United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland". George III also took the opportunity to relinquish the title of conjugated king of France, which was already a republic. Since Edward III, successive Kings of England have also been Kings of France, making France a long-term situation of two kings standing side by side.
Pitt planned to lift some of the legal restrictions on Roman Catholics in the country after the merger of Britain and Ireland, but George III alleged that the emancipation of the Catholic Church would violate his oath to defend Protestantism at the time of his coronation.
Finally, on 14 March 1801, Pitt ceased to be Prime Minister and was succeeded by Henry Addington, Speaker of the House of Commons. During His tenure, Addington opposed Catholic emancipation, created an annual accounting system, and began disarmament. In October 1801, he reconciled with France and signed the Treaty of Amiens in 1802.
George III himself did not believe that true peace could be maintained with Revolutionary France, and England continued to destroy the economy of Revolutionary France, so in 1803 the two countries resumed war and spilled resentment on the world. Public opinion was widely unconvinced that Prime Minister Addington would lead the country into battle, and public eyes were back on Pete. In 1804, Addington announced his resignation and pitt became prime minister again.
William Pitt II
After taking office, Pitt focused on the formation of the Third Grand Allied Army with Austria, Russia and Sweden, and in 1805, Napoleon won a great victory at the Battle of Austerlitz, Austria and Russia were defeated, and the alliance collapsed. Napoleon then took advantage of the victory and tried to lead an army to invade England, but this plan soon failed with France's defeat at the famous Battle of Trafalgar at the famous Battle of Pitt, The British Admiral Lord Nelson.
However, although the naval battle was won, the defeat of the european continent still disappointed Pitt to the extreme disappointment, and he died in 1806. In 1809, chancellor of the exchequer Spencer Possyval, as prime minister, led LinkedIn to continue the struggle against the Napoleonic Empire.
Napoleon in Austerlitz
In 1810, as the War of Napoleon progressed and Britain led the nations to continue the struggle against the Napoleonic Empire, George III's prestige reached an unprecedented peak, but in fact, he was nearly blind due to cataracts and plagued by rheumatism, which was induced by the death of his beloved young daughter Amelia in 1810. According to Amelia's nurses, when George III visited his beloved daughter, "every day was a scene of grief and crying, and it was indescribably depressing." George III went completely insane, and under the Regency Act of 1811, his eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, served as regent from 1811 until George III's death in 1820. By the end of 1811, George III had fallen into a permanent state of insanity and was placed in Windsor Castle to live in isolation until his death.
After George III was completely insane, Prime Minister Spencer Posival was assassinated in 1812.
Lord Liverpool then succeeded as Prime Minister, leading the LinkedIn nations to the final victory in the Napoleonic Wars, and the ensuing Congress of Vienna expanded Hanover's territory and upgraded it from electoral to kingdom.
George III did not know that he had been proclaimed King of Hanover or that his wife had died in 1818. Around Christmas day in 1819, he even talked to himself for 58 hours and lost the ability to walk in the weeks leading up to his death.
George III died in Windsor Castle in January 1820 at the age of eighty-two, ending a reign of sixty years. On his deathbed, his beloved second son, Frederick, Duke of York, was with him, and six days before the death of George III, his fourth son, Edward August, Duke of Kent, also died of illness. The body of George III was buried in St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle.
After George III' death, the throne was succeeded by his two sons, George IV and William IV. Since neither had any living legal children, the throne was inherited by their niece Victoria.
Victoria was the only legitimate child of the Duke of Kent, and she became the last monarch of the Hanoverian Dynasty.
In honor of George III and his son George IV, many British cities around the world have been named Georgetown.
George III was jokingly referred to by satirists as "George the Farmer" to ridicule his penchant for dealing with monotonous trivialities more than politics. But over time, this title was gradually used to describe his simple and frugal character.
George III himself was very fond of agriculture, and with his encouragement, the Agricultural Revolution in England reached its climax, and the rural population rose unprecedentedly, providing sufficient labor for the Industrial Revolution that followed.
The official title of George III is: "George III – To God Hongfu: King of Britain, France, Ireland, Defender of faith, etc.", meaning that there are many titles such as King, Defender of Faith, etc. In 1801, britain and Ireland merged, and George III took the opportunity to relinquish the title of concurrent king of France, which had been concurrently held by successive English kings, and omitted the word "etc." added to the back since Elizabeth I, meaning that only the titles of king and defender of the faith were retained. Thus, from 1801 onwards, its title was changed to "George III – To God Humphrey: King of the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith".
George III, one wife, nine sons and six daughters. England was a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire, so George III's children were married to other vassal states:
George IV
From 1762 to 1830, in 1795 he married Caroline of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and the two had a daughter and died prematurely
Frederick, Duke of York, married Frederick Charlotte of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1763 to 1827, and the two had no children
William IV
From 1765 to 1837, in 1818 he married Adelaide, Principality of Sachs-Manningen, with no legal children surviving
Charlotte, from 1766 to 1828, married King Friedrich of Württemberg in 1797, and the two had no children
Edward August, Duke of Kent, married Victoria of the Duchy of Saxony-Coburg-Saalfeld in 1767 to 1820, and the two had children, the famous Queen Victoria
Augusta Sophia, 1768-1840, never married
Elisabeth, from 1770 to 1840, married Friedrich, Count of Hesse-Humboldt, in 1818, and the two had no children
King Ernst August I of Hanover
From 1771 to 1851, 1815 he married Frederica, Principality of Myklenburg-Strellitz, and the two had children
Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, was married twice, between 1773 and 1843, but both marriages were with commoner women, in violation of the Royal Marriage Act of 1772 and were not recognized.
Adolfs, Duke of Cambridge, married Augusta, Duke of Cambridge, from 1774 to 1850, married Augusta, Principality of Hesse-Kassel, and the two had children, daughter Mary Adelaide, married to the Prince of the Kingdom of Württemberg, and gave birth to a daughter Mary, who married George V, and their granddaughter, now Queen Elizabeth II of England.
Mary, from 1776 to 1857, married Gloucester and William, Duke of Edinburgh, in 1816, both of whom had no children
Sophia, 1777 to 1848
Octavian, 1779 to 1783
Alfred, 1780 to 1782
Amelia, 1783 to 1810