Sanshan Wuyuan is the general name of the royal palace garden in the western suburbs of Beijing, which was built from the Kangxi Dynasty to the Qianlong Dynasty. Regarding the specific reference of the three mountains and five gardens, the currently recognized saying is Xiangshan, Wanshou Mountain, and Yuquan Mountain. On the three hills, there are Jingyi Garden, Qingyi Garden (Summer Palace), Jingming Garden, and the nearby Changchun Garden and Yuanmingyuan, collectively known as the Five Gardens.
Tsinghua Garden was called "Li Garden" by the people of the time and was known as the "First Garden of Beijing Division". The owner of the garden, Li Wei, was the father of Empress Li, the biological mother of the Wanli Emperor Zhu Yijun, and the official Marquis of Wuqing was a hot official. Therefore, his Tsinghua Garden was built on a grand scale and grand and rich, which was very consistent with his identity. Kangxi toured the south twice in the 23rd year (1684) and 28th year (1689), and was very fond of the beauty of jiangnan landscapes, so he wanted to move the jiangnan scenery to the capital. When he saw that the area around the ruins of Qinghuayuan was flat and the scenery was beautiful, "Woye Ping domain, Chengbo Yuanxiu, Qihe embroidery mistake, gai Shengao victory area also", he ordered Wu Ren Ye Tao to build the first royal "royal garden" on the site of Qinghua Garden as a place to "avoid noise and listen to government". In the 29th year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1690), the whole garden was completed and officially named "Changchun Garden", which means "spring at four o'clock", "eight winds to come to the dynasty", and "six qi to reach".
In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), the Yongzheng Emperor upgraded the Yuanmingyuan to a palace and began a large-scale expansion, expanding its area from 300 mu to about 3,000 mu, and naming it "Twenty-Eight Views of the Yuanmingyuan". After the Qianlong Emperor ascended the throne, he began large-scale garden construction. He first expanded the twenty-eight views of the Yuanmingyuan to forty in the second year of Qianlong (1737), and then built the Changchun Garden on its eastern side in the tenth year of Qianlong (1745). In the same year, Jingyi Garden was built in Xiangshan and twenty-eight scenes were built. In 1749 (the fourteenth year of Qianlong), in order to wish his mother a happy birthday, Qingyi Garden was built on Ongshan (renamed Wanshou Mountain), which was completed in 1764. During the same period, the Changchun Garden where the Empress Dowager lived was overhauled, and a West Garden was added to its western part to make it a place for the crown prince to study and live. In 1750 (the fifteenth year of Qianlong), the Jingming Garden of Yuquan Mountain (renamed from Chengxin Garden in 1692) was expanded, and all the Yuquan Mountain was occupied, and sixteen views of Jingmingyuan were built, which was completed in 1759. In 1760, the western-style building scenic spot in the north of Changchun Garden was completed. In 1769, a number of princes and princesses in the southeast of the Yuanmingyuan were reclaimed and turned into Qichun Garden. So far, the "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" project has been basically completed.
With the decline of the Qing Dynasty, the addition and repair of the buildings in the garden was gradually abandoned, and by the Daoguang years, changchun garden had become dilapidated, forcing the Daoguang Emperor to take Empress Gongci (Empress Xiaoherui) to live in the Yuanmingyuan Qichun Garden. In the second year of Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty (1822), Xichun Garden was divided into two gardens, east and west, the western part of the Gongzi Hall was called Jinchun Garden, and the east was called Qinghua Garden, and the Qinghua Garden gave the five princes Yizong, and the four princes of the Near Spring Garden gave Yixuan, commonly known as the "Four Masters Garden". After Xianfeng ascended the throne, he renamed the Xichun Garden in the east to "Qinghua Garden". The existing Qinghua Garden door plaque was given by the Xianfeng Emperor of the Qing Dynasty.
The plaque behind the "Tsinghua Garden" IZI HALL is inscribed with the words "Mizuki Qinghua", and there is a couplet on both sides: The light of the mountain outside the threshold has changed in spring, summer, autumn and winter; the cloud shadows in the window are in the east, west, south, and north (dàn) and the tang is the immortal residence. This "Mizuki Qinghua" four dictionaries out of Jin Xie Shuyuan's "You Xi Chi" poem, "Jingfang Songbird Collection, Mizuki Zhan qinghua." This "Cham" is meant to clarify. Because there is a pond behind the IZI Hall, there is a Xie poem entitled "Mizuki Qinghua".
In the Xianfeng Decade (1860), the Anglo-French army invaded Beijing and burned the Yuanmingyuan, and the Jinchun Garden was spared. During the Tongzhi Dynasty, it was planned to rebuild the Yuanmingyuan, but because the funds were not enough to pay for the freight of transporting materials from Xinjiang, it was decided to demolish the Jinchun Garden and use the stone for the repair of the Yuanmingyuan. However, after the demolition of the Near Spring Garden, due to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the national strength of the Qing Dynasty declined, and the plan to rebuild the Yuanmingyuan was shelved, and since then the Near Spring Garden has been reduced to a "desert island" for more than 100 years. In 1913, the Near Spring Garden was merged into the campus of Tsinghua University, collectively known as Tsinghua Garden.
In the summer of 1927, Mr. Zhu Ziqing, who lived nearby, strolled through the northwest corner of lotus pond and wrote the article "Lotus Pond Moonlight". Now there is a "Lotus Pond Moon Color Pavilion" built on the island to commemorate it, and there are handwritten works of Mr. Zhu Ziqing in the pavilion. However, many people often mistake the lotus pond at "Shuimu Qinghua" for the lotus pond in "Lotus Pond Moonlight", which is also one of the "Four Monsters of Tsinghua": "Two lotus ponds compete for moon color".
In 1900, the Eight-Power Alliance invaded China, and the Qing government signed the Treaty of Xinugu with eleven countries, paying 450 million taels of silver. Of these, the United States received more than 32 million taels. The US government decided to refund part of the money it had received because "the reparations received were too much", Xu Shichang advocated using this money to develop the northeast, Yuan Shikai advocated using it for industry, and Liang Dunyan, who was then the right attendant of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Qing government, urged the opening of the school. Mr. Leung's claims coincide with the U.S. government's plans. In 1904, after negotiations, the U.S. government decided to "return" a portion of the reparations to China on a monthly basis from 1909 to 1940, designated for cultural and educational undertakings.
In 1908, Liang Dunyan signed a contract with the United States on behalf of the Qing government, and China sent 100 international students to study in the United States every year from 1909 until 1940. According to the Sino-US agreement, the Qing government set up a "Tourism and Aesthetic Affairs Office", and Liang Dunyan also recommended Tang Guoan, who was also one of the first batch of young children to study in the United States, to preside over the study in the United States. In 1909, the Qing government established the Tourism and Aesthetic Affairs Office, which was responsible for directly selecting students to tour the United States, and at the same time began to prepare for the establishment of the Tourism And aesthetic industry hall. Tang Guoan participated in the specific organizational work of "Geng's money to stay in the United States", served as the meeting office of the "Tourism aesthetic affairs office" jointly affiliated with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Faculty of Education, and then became the deputy supervisor and supervisor of Tsinghua Xuetang and the first president of Tsinghua School.
In November 1910, the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Faculty of Foreign Affairs proposed a plan to reform the Museum of Tourism and Beauty. Tang Guoan chose tsinghua garden for the tourism and aesthetics department's business hall, so he petitioned to change the name of the museum to "Tsinghua Xuetang". In December, the Qing Government Academy approved the reform. Later, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Na Tong, the minister of military aircraft who was also in charge of the Faculty and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, wrote the name of the school for the Tsinghua Xuetang in the year of Xuantong Xinhai (1911). Outside the gate of the Tsinghua Xuetang building that we see today, the four words "Tsinghua Xuetang" on the front are the Tong Handbook. On April 26, 1911, Tsinghua Xuetang was officially established, and all school methods were implemented according to the American Academy.
After the Xinhai Revolution, Tsinghua Xuetang was renamed Tsinghua School. In 1925, the University Department was established and began to admit four-year undergraduates. In 1928, the Kuomintang government took over Tsinghua University and changed the name of the school to "National Tsinghua University". The following year, the old system was completed, and the transition from preparatory school for studying in the United States to university was completed.