After the partition of Sudan, its land area gave way to Algeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), ranking third in Africa
Republic of the Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية السودان; The Republic of the Sudan) is located in northeastern Africa, along the Red Sea coast, at the eastern tip of the Sahara Desert. With an area of 1886068 square kilometers, Sudan is the third largest country in Africa (sudan was about 2.5 million square kilometers before the partition) and the 15th largest country in the world. Khartoum, the capital, from the map, Sudan has an important geographical location and outstanding strategic advantages, across the Red Sea and the West Asian power Saudi Arabia, in the throat of the Suez Canal and the Horn of Africa, and is the transition zone of the Arab world and the Sahara steppe region (Black Africa) in North Africa, close to the world's hot spot - the Middle East. Therefore, in the country of Sudan, there is no shortage of geopolitical drama, and the Sudanese government is not a good !!!
Sudan's economy has a single structure, mainly agriculture and animal husbandry, backward industry, weak foundation, and strong dependence on nature and foreign aid. The Sudan is one of the world's least developed countries declared by the United Nations. It was named "the most unstable country in the world" by the list of failed countries index. When national governance has reached this step, there is no one left!!
If the Nile is the mother river of Egypt, it is also the mother river of Sudan
1. The formation and development of Sudan, from a historical point of view, because of the limitations of natural conditions, Egyptian and Arab Islamic civilization has always been an important driver of the shaping of Sudan.
The Nile originates from the Highlands of East Africa and flows into the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt from south to north, and the two tributaries of the Nile, the Blue Nile and the White Nile, meet near the capital of Sudan, the word "Sudan" is derived from the Arabic word meaning "land of the Negroes". It was originally the name given by medieval Arab geographers for the vast expanse of grasslands south of the Sahara Desert. The area north of the 11th parallel is inhabited by Arabized Sudanese, arabic-speaking and Muslim; The southern region is predominantly inhabited by the Chiluk, Dinka and Azandes, who speak their own language and believe in primitive religions or Christianity.
After Muhammad established the Arab Empire in the early 7th century AD, the Khalifas, the prophetic successors, set off an expansion campaign to consolidate their rule and meet the Arab demands for trade routes and land. In 639, the Arabs occupied Egypt. In 651, Egypt began to invade Sudan. Under 700 years of uninterrupted military conquest, in the 13th century, a large number of Arab tribes migrated to Sudan via Egypt and the Red Sea, and Islam and Arabic were also transmitted. By the 15th century, northern present-day Sudan had been Arabized.
The Arab Empire was a series of Islamic Muslim feudal dynasties created by the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle Ages. The Tang and Song dynasties called it "big food"
After the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, a governor was appointed to administer the Egyptian region. From 1824 to 1825, the commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Army in Sudan established the city of Khartoum at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers as the capital of Sudan. In 1874, Egypt destroyed the Sultanate of Fur and unified the entire Sudan.
The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersection of Eastern and Western civilizations, and mastered the land communication lines of Eastern and Western civilizations for 6 centuries, which promoted the third great spread of Islam in the world.
2. The colonial rule of modern European capitalism over Egypt and Sudan is an important reason for the future division of Sudan.
With the rise of Western capitalism, the opening of new shipping routes and colonial expansion, the upper reaches of the White Nile became navigable in the 1840s. European explorers, merchants, and missionaries flocked to the coast to rob slaves and loot ivory. In the 1960s, in order to continue to expand into southern Sudan and suppress the resistance of the people of the southwest, the Egyptian rulers forcibly occupied southern Sudan by force under the pretext of prohibiting the plundering and trading of slaves. In the 1970s, British colonists such as S.W. Baker and C.G. Gordon carried out barbaric conquests in Sudan and brutally suppressed the people's resistance movement.
Thus the Sultan broke out the famous Mahdi anti-British uprising. The Mahdi (the savior expected by The Muslims) rebel army began an armed uprising in the Sudanese people to overthrow British and Egyptian rule, raising slogans such as "overthrowing the infidels" and "not paying a penny tax". The rebels killed Gordon, the governor sent by the British government to dismantle the uprising, and established a national government centered on Ntuman. Brutally strangled by the British and French colonial powers, the uprising failed.
The invaders never had a good ending, and Gordon's other identity was that of the executioner who suppressed the Taiping Rebellion, and the American Wahl had formed a foreign gun team in Shanghai
After the conquest of Sudan, in order to better carry out colonial rule, Britain and Egypt signed an agreement stipulating that the two countries would jointly administer Sudan. The Governor-General of the Sudan must be "on the recommendation and consent of Her Majesty the Queen's Government" before the King of Egypt may appoint or dismiss him. But in fact, the nine governors of the condominium period were all British, and in 1924-1936, Egypt was completely excluded from the administration of Sudan. In order to control the Sultan for a long time, the British colonists carried out the old tactic of divide and rule, declaring the south a "closed zone", prohibiting southerners from leaving the country and northerners from entering, and promoting Christianity and English in the south, expanding the differences with the inhabitants of the north. This colonial policy laid the foundation for future North-South disputes. This colonial policy has provoked many contradictions between China and India (concocting the McMahon Line) and between India and Pakistan (forcibly dividing India and Pakistan into 2 dominions by sectarianism).
After the First World War, Sudanese national capitalism has developed greatly, democratic consciousness has grown, the liberation movement has gradually emerged, and in 1921, Ali Abd Latif, a young officer, established the Sudan unified tribal association to advocate national independence. Demands for the expulsion of britain and the reunification of the Nile were suppressed and Egyptian military and political personnel were expelled from Sudan. During and after the Second World War, the old imperialist colonial power was seriously weakened, and the national liberation movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America developed into important political forces. The establishment of the United Nations has greatly encouraged the determination of the peoples of the oppressed countries to become independent. The rise of the Third World has become an important force on the international political stage. Under the pressure of the National Liberation Movement, the British colonial authorities established the North Sudan Advisory Council in 1944 and the Legislative Council and the Executive Council in 1947, but the governor's power overrode the two, causing opposition from most political parties and groups in Sudan, and protests and demonstrations in some large cities demanding independence. However, the British took advantage of the contradictions between the two major political parties and sects in Sudan to once again hinder the independence movement. In July 1952, the Egyptian Revolution (Egyptian July Revolution) took place, and new changes took place in Egyptian-Soviet relations. The Revolutionary Government of Egypt declared its support for the sudan's self-determination. In February 1953, during the rising national liberation struggle of the Sudanese people, britain was forced to agree to Sudan's transition from self-government to independence. In January 1954, the Sudanese Autonomous Government was established, the Anglo-Egyptian army withdrew from Sudan in November 1955, and Sudan declared its independence on January 1, 1956.
The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 greatly contributed to the democratization of international relations
3. After independence, Sudan did not properly manage its differences in North-South relations and domestic economic, religious, legal and other issues, and eventually triggered civil war, which was the direct cause of the division of Sudan.
After independence in Sudan, there were two civil wars between the North and the South, in which as many as 2 million people were killed
As we mentioned earlier, Sudan has been forming 2 traditional regions within the country due to geographical, historical, religious, demographic and other reasons, namely the northern region and the southern region, the northern population composition is mainly Arabs, mostly believe in Islam, and the southern region is dominated by traditional blacks and believe in primitive religions. In the post-independence Sudan, in the relations between the North and the South, as well as the domestic economy, ethnicity, religion, legal system and other issues, the differences were not properly managed and eventually led to civil war, which lasted for more than 20 years, coupled with the legacy of imperialist colonization, and finally forced Sudan to split.
Independence of South Sudan in 2011, Sudanese President Bashir (right) and South Sudanese President Kiir (left)
Relations between North sudan and South Sudan remained unstable after the sudan's division, and there were frequent armed clashes in the border area of Abyei, which led to the displacement of large numbers of civilians, raising fears that war would resume in North and South Sudan.
Large amounts of oil have been found in the Abyei region, which is currently under the de facto control of North Sudan, but South Sudan claims sovereignty over the area
Post-independence South Sudan is also a region rich in resources and rich in oil. South Sudan lacks refining facilities and pipelines to send oil abroad, while the north, which controls the oil industry chain, has no oil, so the north and the south must jointly benefit from oil resources and work together to achieve a win-win situation.
The external environment around Sudan is also not optimistic, Sudan and neighboring Ethiopia often clashed over border issues, and when Eritrea was separated from Ethiopia in the 90s, Sudan did not make any moves behind it. South Sudan is independent, there is no less encouragement behind Ethiopia, the relationship between the two countries is really difficult to say, pressing the gourd to scoop up. In addition, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt, the three Nile River basin countries, because of the distribution of water resources, are also to the point of tension, and it may be possible that one day they will start fighting because of water resources. Even in the Darfur region of western Sudan, near neighbouring Chad, where overpopulation has led to a deterioration of the local living environment and frequent clashes between different tribes and villages over limited land and water resources, the Government of the Sudan has been unable to extend its efforts to request United Nations peacekeeping.
The harsh living environment in Darfur
The Joint United Nations and African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) honoured the tenth batch of Chinese peacekeeping forces in the Sudan (Darfur).
How chaotic the foreign country is, how good the motherland is! There is an inexplicable pride in living in a country of peace, self-motivation and a bright future.
Of course, I wish the Sultan better and better!