Mention the local administrative system of the Qing Dynasty, the head of the vertical and horizontal is how old, it is too difficult to explain, both temporary and varied, it is really difficult for me to die, in order to answer this question, I read several master's and doctoral papers, the result is not good, after reading, the head is bigger.
To be sure, the dojo is an official position that is definitely larger than the prefect.
Simplifying complexity is an art, and in this article, we will briefly talk about the "Tao" and "Daotai" during the Qing Dynasty.
Normally, the local administrative organs during the Qing Dynasty were divided according to the three levels of "province-prefecture-county", and officials were also established by "governor-prefect-county", but there was also a special local administrative body in these local administrative organs, that is, Tao.
Although many historians have added the Tao to the local institutions as a four-level institution of "province-province-province-prefecture-county", this is inaccurate, because the tao is not an intermediate level organization set up between the province and the province, but a dispatch agency of the provincial administrative organ, which is a supplement to the authority of the provincial administrative organ, and the Tao is not only a local road, but also a specific affairs.
That is to say, the Daotai (道員) is an official position under the governor and the inspector, but higher than the prefect. During the Qing Dynasty, the rank was not fixed, usually it was a Zhengsipin official, but during the Qianlong and Jiaqing years, Daoists were allowed to secretly play the imperial court, which strengthened the status of Daotai, and in fact, the official rank of Daotai could reach three or even two pins.
In terms of duties, Daoists are "divided into guards and patrols, and rivers, grain, salt, and tea, or water conservancy, yichuan, or customs affairs, and tuntian; and they are also officials of the domain and the department, the officials of the nucleus, the sangs of the class, the xingxian, the customs of the encouraged, the simple army, the solidity of the army, the firm keeping, and the honesty of their politics by the subordinates of the marshals."
That is to say, during the Qing Dynasty, there were two kinds of Taoism, one was the Tao that was in charge of the locality, and the other was the Tao that was in charge of specific affairs.
To be in charge of local roads is to divide and keep the roads, named after the area under its jurisdiction, and is actually the administrative or inspection agency of the provincial administrative agency stationed in the locality. The most famous of these is probably Taiwan Province, which belongs to the chief executive of Taiwan in Fujian Province, and in 1887 Taiwan Province was upgraded to Taiwan Province.
In charge of specific affairs is the professional road, in fact, it is an official position set up to deal with local special things, for example, this province has river transportation, so it is set up a river, specifically responsible for river work, in addition to the river there are grain roads, customs roads, tea and salt roads and so on. The more representative is the customs road of the Qing Dynasty, and historian Lu Simian believes that the Qing government once set up a customs road at the opening of commercial ports, and the customs road is a special official responsible for customs affairs.
The reason why the Dao-level administrative organ is so complicated is that it is a multi-level management of a compound, flexibility is its biggest feature, and it is necessary to set it according to needs, there were a total of 199 Dao in the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, and there were about a hundred Dao left in the Guangxu Period.
It can be seen that there are great temporary changes in the institutional structure at the provincial level.
The Qing Dynasty set up the Tao in fact to balance the local and the professional, thus linking the local administration with specific and professional things.
Of course, the Tao during the Qing Dynasty was also constantly evolving, just like other administrative systems in the Qing Dynasty, which were completely different in different periods, and the vertical and horizontal also explained a rough idea, if there is a mistake, everyone is welcome to correct it.