□ Zhou Weiqiang
Before the Yuan Dynasty, the academy was mainly a private school, which was basically a private school. After entering the Yuan Dynasty, the academy shifted from learning in the private sector to learning in the official government. In the Yuan Dynasty, the head of the academy, "Mountain Chief", was appointed by the government and was a scholar. Teachers in Confucianism and academies are called scholar officials. Since they are "scholarly officials," "officials must have Lu and cultivate honesty." ...... Inside and the courtiers Baisi, outside the road prefecture county, wei and fu Shi Xu official, there is no Lu. This passage is quoted from the "Yuan Shi, Food And Goods Zhi · Feng Rank". So, in the Yuan Dynasty after the official government, how many local scholars in the Yuan Dynasty, including the head of the academy, were there?
In the Yuan Dynasty, the scholar officials at all levels were different due to different administrative levels, and there was a difference in rank. Yuan Dynasty scholar officials were also set up according to the differences in administrative ranks.
Local governments at all levels in the Yuan Dynasty, from top to bottom, were provinces, roads, scattered provinces, prefectures, and counties.
The "province" of the Yuan Dynasty, that is, the central organ Zhongshu Province or Shangshu Province, can be regarded as the central government's dispatch agency at the local level, classified by modern political districts, and should be a first-level political district.
From the province down, it is divided into four levels: road, province, prefecture and county. "Generally, it is the road leading the prefecture or county (the 'pro-collar county' of the road), the prefecture leading the county; the prefecture is either subordinate to the road, or directly subordinate to the province, and the lower prefecture or county is directly subordinate to the county; the prefecture belongs to the road and the prefecture, some directly subordinate to the province, and some are not subordinate to the county." (See Bai Shouyi," General History of China, vol. VIII.)
States and counties are the basic administrative units at the local level. Based on the size of the population as the basic standard, states and counties are divided into upper, middle and lower three. The Yuan Shi Electoral History School says: "Whoever is ordained by the Confucian to the imperial court, the professor, the Lufu Shangzhongzhou is placed." Those who were ordained by the Ministry of Rites and the Provinces and the Department of Consolation, the Xuezheng, the Chieftain, the Scholar, the Teachings, and the Luzhou County and the Academy were placed there. There is a professor, a scholar, and a scholar in the road, a professor in the upper and middle states of the scattered provinces, a member of the xuezheng in the lower prefecture, a member of the county teachings, and a member of the mountain chief in the academy. That is, according to the administrative level from high to low, there are five levels of academic officials: Professor Lu, Professor Shangzhongzhou of The Scattered Province, Xuezheng and Mountain Chief, Teaching, Record, and Zhixue. Professor Lu is from The Eight Pins, The Scattered Provinces shangzhongzhou Professor Zheng Jiu Pin, Xue Zheng, Mountain Chief, Xuelu, Teachings, etc. have no grade.
The official Feng Lu of the Yuan Dynasty began in the first year of the reign of Kublai Khan (1260), the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, and gradually established a formal system. By the seventeenth year of Kublai Khan 's reign ( 1280 ) , the official system of Feng Lu was basically perfected. About 5 years later, the system was again revised on a larger scale. As for the establishment of the scholar officials at all levels, it was about 7 years later. The Yuan Shi Food Commodity Zhi Feng Rank says: "Twenty-nine years ago, the Confucian professors in various places were appointed, the same as Mongolian and medical schools. "To the twenty-ninth year of the A.D., that is, 1292 A.D." Same as Mongolian medicine", which means that the Confucian professors of Feng Lu and the Mongolian characters and medicine officials are paid for by the official treasury.
What is the specific amount of the local scholar's official's rank in this rank determined by the 29th century of the 29th century?
The number of students and officials at various administrative levels in Lufu Prefecture and County varies. Take the professor as an example, for example, Professor Lu's monthly salary is 12 taels of silver per person; the professors of Sanfu and Shangzhou are 11 taels of silver per person per month; and Professor Zhongzhou's monthly fenglu is 10 taels of silver per person. The difference between these monthly salaries is about 1 or 2 silver.
In the 29th century of the 29th century, the professors of various places were taught outside jiangnan, excluding "Jianghuai and other places". Because before this, by the twenty-fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1287 AD), the central government had already made regulations for the feng lu of the scholar officials at all levels in Jianghuai and other places: professors should study 5 stones of grain and 5 taels of money per month; Xuezheng would have 3 stones of grain per month, 3 taels of banknotes; 2 stones of grain per month of xuelu and 2 taels of money; and 1 stone and 5 buckets of grain per month of teachings, and 125 yuan of money per month. The dean of the academy, "Mountain Chief", and Xuezheng belong to the same rank, and Feng Lu is also exactly the same, that is, 3 stones of grain per month and 3 taels of money.
So, what was the actual "monetary value" or "gold content" of the Yuan Dynasty scholar's official Feng Lu? Mr. Xu Zi, a scholar of education history, once used the "red sticker grain" during the Dade period of the Yuan Dynasty as a reference frame to make a basic estimate of the "purchasing power" of the Yuan Dynasty scholar Feng Lu. According to the "Yuan Shi, Food and Goods Chronicle IV Relief", during the Yuan Dade period, the "red grain" system of social assistance to the poor people in the Liangjing area was implemented to provide a better guarantee for the livelihood of the poor in the two capitals. Three buckets in large mouths, half in small mouths. "That is, adults have three buckets of food per month, and children are half of adults. According to the Yuan system, 1 stone combined with 2 Hu, 1 Hu combined with 5 buckets, then compared with the "red sticker grain" system recorded in the "History of the Yuan", the above-mentioned scholar's Feng Lu should be able to feed the whole family. In the fourth year of Yuan Dade (1300), the Zhejiang Donghai Right Province's Su Zheng Lian Visiting Department said in an official document to Shaoxing Road that "Confucians were first promoted from teachings to zheng, lu, and mountain chiefs, and from the mountain chiefs to professors, they were given the thickest and had a very good birth..." Therefore, Mr. Xu Zi concluded that the Yuan Dynasty scholar officials' feng lu was not low, that is, in the case of the head of the academy, the income of the scholar officials at all levels was in the middle and upper, "in the whole society, it can also be called the middle class." Of course, this may also be mainly the income of the guide Fang Xueguan, Mr. Chen Gaohua said in the article "Local Officials in the Yuan Dynasty": The treatment of academic officials in the north and south is not equal, and the monthly income of the northern scholar officials is much worse than that of their counterparts in the south.
However, whether in the south or the north, the academic achievements of the Yuan Dynasty Academy were much worse than those of the previous generation. Whether in the south or the north, the educational or academic achievements of the Yuan Dynasty Academy are lackluster in the history of Chinese academies. Why? The government's strict control of the college is probably a major reason.
In the Song Dynasty, the academy was a school that taught and discussed the Tao, and exchanged academic knowledge. Nor has the scholarship of the theorist Zhu Xi been identified as official orthodoxy. Zhu Xi himself was probably not willing to be enshrined as supreme. He ran the White Deer Cave Academy and invited lu Jiuyuan, an argumentant who had different opinions from him, to give a lecture. Zhu Xi and his students listened to Lu Jiuyuan's lectures together and praised Lu Jiuyuan's lectures on "invention and smoothness", "earnest to understand", and "all have the disease of being hidden and deeply impoverished by scholars in the middle of the point". Lu Jiuyuan also said that when he gave a speech at the White Deer Cave, he "spoke so hard that there were people with runny noses." The obscure man was deeply moved, the weather was slightly cold and sweaty. "Obscure, that is, Zhu Xi." By the Yuan Dynasty, after kublai Khan came to the Yuan Dynasty, the government began to strictly control the academy, and the academy was completely controlled by the government from the approval of running the school to the teaching content. Zhu Xizhi's learning was determined to be official orthodoxy, and it was no longer possible to discuss scholarship freely. Academician Zou Chenglu, a biologist, once gave an interview to a reporter, and the reporter asked Academician Zou why during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, southwest united masters and students had a cramped life and insufficient teaching and scientific research conditions, so why could they still cultivate outstanding students and make first-class results? Academician Zou replied: Two words: freedom. The life of professors and officials such as professors and officials is a necessary material guarantee for scholarship, but this alone is not enough. The history of the Yuan Dynasty Academy can also provide an illustration.
Inflation in the Yuan Dynasty was severe, so the amount of local scholars also changed before and after. Xu Zi's "Study of the Yuan Dynasty Academy" quotes a source from the Zhishun Zhenjiang Zhi, written in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty: At that time, the xueguan's leprosy had already been adjusted: the professor's monthly salary was 25 guan and Lu Mi 5 stones, xuezheng's monthly money was 15 guan and Lu mi 3 stones, and the xuelu and teaching instructions were 10 yuan and lu mi 2 stones per month. The mountain chiefs of the three academies in Huaihai, Lianxi and Maoshan are paid 15 yuan and 3 stones of Lu rice per month.
Yuan Dynasty scholar officials "give the most generous". So, in the Yuan Dynasty, how many places were there for academic officials? The Mongolian historian Xiao Qiqing made an estimate of the number of academic officials in local schools and academies throughout the Yuan Dynasty in accordance with the quota of scholar officials at all levels stipulated in the "Temple Study Ceremony" in the 21st year of the Yuan Dynasty (1284), and then added the number of scholars in the "Yuan Shi Electoral Chronicle", and made an estimate of the number of academic officials in local schools and academies throughout the country in the Yuan Dynasty: a total of 278 professors, a total of 484 xuezheng, a total of 185 academic records, a total of 407 mountain chiefs, a total of 1127 teachings, and a total of 2111 direct students. All of the above adds up to a total of 4592 people. The population of the Yuan Dynasty, according to the "Yuan History and Geographical Records", even in the statistics of the 27th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1290), for example, the total population of the country 58834711 people, that is, nearly 59 million people (According to the analysis in the eighth volume of the General History of China edited by Bai Shouyi, the actual population is far more than this). According to the population calculation from the "History of the Yuan" to the 27th century, the proportion of the number of scholars in the total population of the Yuan Dynasty was less than one-tenth of that of the yuan dynasty, Professor Xiao Qiqing said: "The number of Confucian teachers in the country is only about 4,600 people. The use of the word "but" probably shows that Mr. Xiao believes that this quota is also on the small side. Or more specifically, the amount of the head of the academy mountain is even lower, less than one hundred thousandth of the total population of the Yuan Dynasty. Is this also indicative of the fact that in the Yuan Dynasty, about every average of 100,000 people could not build a college?
First draft on November 20, 2021, revised on January 17, 2022, Xixi Residence, Hangzhou
About author:Weiqiang Zhou, Editor.jpg. He is the author of "Jimen Dusk: Essays on the History of Yuan", "Shulin Artistic Conception", "Master of Snow Sweeping: Qian Xuan's Simultaneous Biography", "Taibai Wind: Chen Wangdao's Biography", "The Back Of The Unlearned Back: Celebrities of Education and Culture and Hangzhou", "Shi Si and Wenxin", "Thoughtful", "Old News of Xuelin", "The Most Memorable is Hangzhou", "Nineteen Commentaries on Ancient Poems", "Pen Cloud Smoke: Mr. Shen Yinmo's Inscription on the Past" and so on.
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