Ming Shi: Taizu Kai Tianxing Dao Zhao Ji Li Great Saint Zhi Shen Ren Wen Yi Wu Junde Chenggong Gao Emperor, Zhen Yuanzhang, Zi Guorui, surname Zhu. First Shi Jia Pei, migrate to Jurong, and then migrate to Sizhou. Father Shi Zhen, the bell of haozhou departed. He had four sons, Taizu Qijiya. Mother Chen, Fang Jiao, Dream God gives a pill, there is light in the palm of the hand, swallow it, it is fragrant. And the birth, the red light fills the room. Since there was light in the night, the neighbors saw it, thought it was a fire, and ran to the rescue, but there was nothing. Longer than long, majestic, odd bones through the top. Ambition is unfathomable.
Emperor Gao will ascend to the throne, and before the hundred officials of the previous year are persuaded to enter, he will go to the Imperial New Palace and pay homage to the heavens. Its outline: However, since the end of the Song Dynasty, the emperor has ordered the true people to enter China in the desert as the lord of the world, and for more than a hundred years, this luck is also over. It is in the land of the people under the world, and Haojie is divided into disputes. However, Emperor Chen gave Yingxian Li Shanchang and Xu Da as the assistants of his subjects, and he fixed the crowd and rested the people in the fields. All the subordinates know: Fearing the people and having no master, they will be respected by the customs, and the subjects will not dare to resign. It is to use the fourth day of the first month of next year, in the sun of Zhongshan, to set up an altar to prepare ceremonies and declare the Emperor of God. If the subject can be democratic, on the day of the sacrifice, the emperor will come, the sky is clear, the wind is gentle and smooth; if the subject is not allowed, the day will be a fierce wind and a strange scene, so that the subject will know it.
It is cloudy, and it will be sunny on New Year's Day next year. On the solstice, the sun is bright and clean, and the heavens and the earth are sacrificed, and the upper is located in the southern suburbs. According to the word first, I told God, so that I did not dare to ascend to the supreme being, and asked the fierce wind to show that I could not. It is to take the world as the justice, not to taste the charm of the fate, to paint the eyes and ears of the world, and to truly cooperate with Yao Shun Tang Wu as the heart. Super ancient and eternal, Yi Ya!
January 19, 1368, was the last day of Wu Yuan's year. There is no record left in the "Records of Taizu", which records Zhu Yuanzhang's important daily work and life.
Because what should have been done has already been done, the name of the country that should be set has also been set, the internal enemies who should be dealt with have also counter-rebelled, the last Fang Guozhen, who can be called an enemy, has also apologized and prepared to come to Nanjing to live, and all the festival issues such as the sacrifice to the heavens have also been prepared.
The rest of the time is rehearsal and the final reading of the manuscript. Therefore, he had nothing to do.
On the first day of Hongwu's first year, the "Shilu" was fine; the next day, the "Shilu" was fine. Zhu Yuanzhang has nothing to pay attention to except for his inner excitement and calmness on the surface, mainly for the third day! On the third day: Daming moved!
The edict is divided into two versions: official and popular
On the fourth day of the first lunar month in the spring of 1368, that is, on January 23, 1368 in the Gregorian calendar, he went to the southern suburbs, that is, the emperor's throne, and issued the first important document of the Tianzi , the Edict of Sacrifice to Heaven.
Through this edict, Zhu Yuanzhang declared himself the one who had re-returned the Han world, and that he was the orthodox emperor who had overthrown the orthodox Yuan Dynasty! After that, he sacrificed heaven and earth to his father and ancestor Zeng Gao four generations of emperors and empresses, and finally crowned Li Shanchang and Xu Da as the left and right ministers and other meritorious heroes. On this day, Zhu Yuanzhang finally jumped the dragon gate.
The edict is divided into two kinds, the Lord's and the common people's, the former has a higher number of words, and the latter is slightly closer to the people. But there is a very distinctive feature: that is, they all respect the orthodox status of the Yuan Dynasty. It is believed that it is the order of heaven that the real people have ruled China for more than a hundred years, and now the descendants of the real people have exhausted the "luck" of ruling China!
In addition, later, Zhu Yuanzhang only sacrificed five founding emperors (one of whom was not a founding country) unified emperor (Han Gaozu, Han Guangwu, Tang Taizong, Song Taizu, yuan shizu), Zhu Yuanzhang's recognition of the status of the Yuan Dynasty, and many governance policies are from the perspective of direct succession of the Yuan Dynasty, which is already conclusive.
Official edict
From this, we can look at two edicts. The full text of the edict is as follows:
But I Chinese the king of the people, and it has ended since the Song Dynasty. Emperor Zhenren (Yuan Shizu) entered China in the desert as the lord of the world, and his father and grandson and grandson had more than 100 years, and their fortunes were over. The people of the land under the world, haojie divide and conquer, only the subjects! Emperor Yingxian was given the aid of his subjects, so he ordered the quarrying of Shuizhai Barbarian Hague, Fangshan Luzhai Chen Yexian, Yuanzhou Oupuxiang, Jiangzhou Chen Youyi, Tanzhou Wang Zhongxin, Xingan Deng Keming, Longquan Peng Shizhong, Jingzhou Jiang Jue, Haozhou Sun Deya, Luzhou Zuo Junbi, Anfeng Liu Futong, Ganzhou Xiong Tianrui, Yongxin Zhou'an, Pingxiang Yihua, Pingjiang Wang Shiming, Yuanzhou Li Sheng, Suzhou Zhang Shicheng, Qingyuan Fang Guozhen, Yizhou Wang Xuan, Yidu Laobao, etc., and the soldiers rested in the fields. Now that the land is more than 20,000 miles old, all the courtiers know: 'The people have no masters, and they will want to honor the emperor.' 'The subject did not dare to resign, but it was used to set up an altar in the sun of Zhongshan on the fourth day of the first month of this year, to declare that the God Emperor was only known as 'Daming', Jianyuan 'Hongwu', And Jane was in the imperial heart, and he still enjoyed it.
The following content is actually an official article.
Folk edicts
On the fifth day of the second day, the edict issued to the common people was much simpler:
The king of China has been the king since the Song Dynasty. The True Man of Heaven originated from the desert and entered China as the lord of the world. It has been passed down to future generations for more than a hundred years, and this luck is also over. The territory of the sea is divided into great divisions, and the right people of Huai, the heavenly care, and the spirit of the ancestors take advantage of the autumn of chasing deer, and the heroes and sages are left and right. All the barbarians of lianghuai, two zhejiang, jiangdong, jiangxi, huxiang, han, fujian, guangzhou, shandong, and southwestern provinces have been ordered by the great generals and generals to strive to rise to strength, and they have all been determined, and the people have settled in tianli.
Now the Minister of Literature and Military Affairs, The Hundred Divisions, and the Zhongshu agreed to persuade him to advance, and honored him as emperor, with the lord Qianli. On the fourth day of the first month of the second year of Wu's second year, Mian Yu told the heavens and the earth to be sacrificed to the sun of Zhongshan, that is, the emperor's throne; in the southern suburbs, there was a name for the world, known as Daming.
Statue of Emperor Yuanshun
Why Zhu Yuanzhang recognized the Yuan Dynasty as orthodox: The historical view is not necessarily correct
The Mongol Empire and the subsequent Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Western Xia and Jin states, occupied Dali, and unified the Southern Song Dynasty, causing great slaughter. At the same time, the cultural level of the Mongol Empire was low, however, since the entry of the Han Chinese in Yelü Chucai, Western Xia and JinGuo, the Mongol Empire gradually absorbed Chinese culture. From this, there will be a Mongol Chinese emperor like Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, who attaches great importance to Chinese culture. The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty itself was a complete split of the Mongol Empire, the native region of Mongolia, the Yuan Dynasty, and the four khanates. Six ruling areas are actually re-ruled by six or even a dozen cultures.
Zhu Yuanzhang also believed that the king of China perished after the fall of the Song Dynasty, which was evident in the edict. That is, in the eyes of the ancient Han people, the Han people were China.
This concept is certainly wrong in modern times, China is not a single nation-state at all, this concept is a kind of "ethnic discrimination" psychological bia. If there are still people who talk about history and evaluate ethnic relations from a historical point of view, it is completely ulterior motives.
Zhu Yuanzhang hated the Yuan Dynasty very much, when he was seventeen years old, he wanted to be able to marry and have children, and then live a happy life, even if the children born continued to herd cattle for the landlord's family, but he did not want to, this year's drought, let Zhu Yuanzhang's family die of ruin, the first six fathers starved to death in the beginning of April, the ninth eldest brother starved to death, the eldest brother starved to death on the twelfth day, the mother starved to death on the twenty-second day, and in just sixteen days, zhu Yuanzhang only had one relative left around him, and little Zhu Yuanzhang recorded all these hatreds on the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty.
However, when Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and became the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, he recognized the orthodox status of the Yuan Dynasty, and Zhu Yuanzhang, who hated the Yuan Dynasty so much, why did he recognize the orthodox status of the Yuan Dynasty?
The first point: Zhu Yuanzhang's ambition
Zhu Yuanzhang said in the "Edict of Dengji":
"But the king of China has ended since the End of the Song Dynasty, and the True Man of Heaven (according to the Yuan Dynasty) entered China as the Lord of the World in the desert. It has been passed down to future generations for more than a hundred years, and this luck is also over. ”
Zhu Yuanzhang recognized the status of the Yuan Dynasty, in fact, for his own ascension to the throne, Zhu Yuanzhang was initially under the command of the Han and Song imperial courts, they did not recognize the status of the Yuan Dynasty, but the Xiaoming king Han Lin'er was drowned by Zhu Yuanzhang's subordinates, and it is reasonable to say that he should be supporting the Han family, but Zhu Yuanzhang announced his ascension to the throne two years later, which is obviously to abandon the Han and Song imperial courts, then since Zhu Yuanzhang wants to choose to be emperor, he must recognize the orthodoxy of the Yuan Dynasty, and thus not recognize the Han and Song dynasties.
Another point is that Zhu Yuanzhang recognized the status of the Yuan Dynasty, in fact, he also wanted to take over the Yuan Dynasty, after all, the land area of the Yuan Dynasty far exceeded the area of the Song Dynasty, and at this point, if the Ming Dynasty wanted to rule the north, Dali and other places, it must recognize the status of the unified Yuan Dynasty, so as to seize the land of the Yuan Dynasty in a bright and upright manner.
Zhu Yuanzhang's ambition was to claim the title of emperor and inherit the territory of the Yuan Dynasty.
The second point: national stability
The national unity before the Yuan Dynasty was still the Tang Dynasty, but the history of the unification of the Yuan Dynasty was more than three hundred years, and the great chaos in the Central Plains during this period and the difference between the rulers of the north and the south made the differences between the nationalities in the north and the south grow.
Under the rule of the Liao and Jin states, the living habits, customs, clothing, etc. of the northerners tended to be ethnic minorities, and the policy implemented by the ethnic minorities was also "ruled by customs", which made the northerners more advocating force; while the southern people still maintained the tradition of "poetry and reading" of the Han people under the rule of the Song Dynasty.
The difference between the rulers of the north and the south, after hundreds of years of time, the northerners have long forgotten the idea that the north and the south are one, while the southerners are different, they always believe that the Liaojin is a foreign invasion, which caused the division of the north and the south, until the emergence of the Yuan Dynasty, once again the unification of the north and the south, to achieve the unity of the nation, If Zhu Yuanzhang does not recognize the Yuan Dynasty at this time, it is easy to cause the rupture of the ethnic relations between the north and the south.
After all, Zhu Yuanzhang was the only one who led the Southern Han to unify the country, and only by recognizing the orthodox position of the Yuan Dynasty could it be conducive to his own rule.
The third point: stabilize people's hearts
"Edict of zhongyuan": Since the ancient emperor came to the throne of the world, all of Them china lived inside to control Yidi, Yidi lived outside to serve China, and it was not heard that Yidi lived in China and ruled the world. Since the Song Zuo moved, Di north of the Yuan Dynasty entered China, within the four seas, and did not surrender, this manpower is indeed a divine gift. At that time, the emperor was bright and good, enough to maintain the world, and the people of Randa still had the sigh of the crown and the upside down.
This is a text issued by Zhu Yuanzhang during the Northern Expedition, Zhu Yuanzhang admitted that the Yuan Dynasty was commissioned by heaven to enter the Central Plains, but he believed that the Yuan Dynasty had exhausted its strength and lost its qualification to rule China.
When Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, the Northern Expeditionary Army was still on the road, and at this time, the country was still using the Zhizhengnian (Yuanshun Emperor's era name), not Zhu Yuanzhang's Hongwu nian number, Zhu Yuanzhang also had to compete with the Yuan Dynasty for the world, Zhu Yuanzhang used the Yuan Dynasty to recognize the orthodoxy of the Yuan Dynasty, but also showed that the Yuan Dynasty had exhausted, making many ordinary people think that Zhu Yuanzhang was also mandated by heaven to unify China.
In doing so, Zhu Yuanzhang not only stabilized the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty who had returned to the yuan dynasty, but also stabilized the hearts and minds of the people throughout the country, and many people did not resist Zhu Yuanzhang's troops, providing favorable conditions for Zhu Yuanzhang to pacify Chen Youding, He Zhen, and the Ming Xia regime.
That's right
"Those who win the hearts and minds of the people win the world"
。
In general, although Zhu Yuanzhang hated the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty, he had to recognize the orthodoxy of the Yuan Dynasty, and as a ruler, he also knew how to maximize his own interests.
Finally, let's look at the problem of avoidance in the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming people all believe that the reason why the early years of the Ming Dynasty avoided the word "Yuan" was because Zhu Yuanzhang hated the Yuan Dynasty and thought that there was a deep hatred with the Yuan Dynasty, so "hate the house and Wu" even did not like the word "Yuan".
This statement seems reasonable, but this view has a fatal flaw, the word "Yuan" is not only related to the Yuan Dynasty but also to Zhu Yuanzhang himself, because his name "Zhu Yuanzhang" also contains the word "Yuan", and the general principle of avoidance in ancient China is "for His Holiness, for relatives, for the sages", and the "for His Holiness" includes avoiding the emperor. Therefore, the "Yuan" in the early years of the Ming Dynasty was changed to "Yuan",
It is not so much because of the Yuan Dynasty as it is because of the need to avoid Zhu Yuanzhang's secrets
In addition to the above list, there is another thing that can also be seen in Zhu Yuanzhang's attitude toward the Yuan Dynasty, during Zhu Yuanzhang's reign, he built the temple of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty, which initially enshrined seventeen emperors, namely the Three Emperors, the Five Emperors, The Yu Tang, the Wen King, the Wu King, the Han Gaozu, the Guangwu, the Tang Gaozu, the Taizong, the Song Taizu, and the Yuan Shizu.
That is to say, in Zhu Yuanzhang's view, Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, can be compared with those famous emperors of the Han or Central Plains Dynasties in history, and even when Hongwu was adjusting the imperial personnel in the twenty-first year (1388 AD), Zhu Yuanzhang did not remove the Yuan Shizu, but on the contrary, he removed the Sui Wen Emperor. In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang also specially built the Yuan Shizu Temple in Beiping to enshrine the Yuan Shizu.
Kublai Khan
IV. Conclusion
In short, through the above analysis, we can find that Zhu Yuanzhang's attitude towards the Yuan Dynasty is not a disgust that people take for granted, on the contrary, he actively recognizes the orthodox status of the Yuan Dynasty, and even when Zhu Yuanzhang discusses with the courtiers how he obtained the world, he does not recognize that he is the world of the Yuan Dynasty, but claims that his world was obtained in the struggle with the masses everywhere, and at that time the Yuan Dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and the World, thus avoiding the crime of "killing the King's father".
References: Records of Ming Taizu, History of Ming, QuanMing, Biography of ram, etc