Xie Lingyun's theory

Shi Chen: The spirit of the people's heavens and the earth, containing the virtues of the five constants [1], rigid and soft, and joyful and emotional[2]. When fu zhi moves in the middle, the song is issued outside[3], the six righteous causes, the four beginnings are related to the system[4], the praises of lifting and descending, and the cloaks of the people[5]. Although before Yu and Xia, the remains were not seen, and the spirit was full of spirit, and there was no reason or difference. However, the song is sung, and it is advisable to start from the birth of the people.

The circumference is in decline, and the wind is flowing. Qu Ping and Song Yu daoqing originated from the front, and Jia Yi and Xiang Ru Zhenfangchen were in the back[6]. Ying Ci Run Jin Shi [7], Gao Yi Thin Cloud Sky. Since the beginning of time, the more extensive the sentiment [8]. The disciples of Wang Bao, Liu Xiang, Yang, Ban, Cui, and Cai[9], they ran together and handed over to the master.[10] Although the words are beautiful, the time is full of chapters, and the sound of the wu is tired[11], and it is also solid. [14] Ruofu Pingzi had beautiful hair,[12] and wen changed in emotion,[13] and never sang a high trace, and there was no heir for a long time. As for Jian'an, Cao Jiming[15], King Chen of the Three Patriarchs, and Xian Chu Shengzao[16]. Fu nai is written in love, and is questioned by text.[17] From the Han Dynasty to the Wei Dynasty for more than 400 years, he resigned from his talents and changed his style three times: xiang rugong was similar to the words [18], the second class was long in the reasonable way [19], Zi Jian and Zhongxuan took temperament as the body [20], and the standard was good at beauty, reflecting the time alone. It is a man of one lifetime, each admiring each other. From its soaring currents[21], Mo Didizu's "Wind" and "Riot"; in vain, he deliberately made a trick to reward the strangers.[22]

Descending to Yuankang[23], Pan and Lu Texiu[24], Lu Yiban, Jia, Body Transformation Cao, Wang, Zhen Zhi Xing Thick, Red Wen Qihe[25], Yi Xiang of the Platform[26], Gao Yun of Cai Nan Pi [27]. The legacy of the wind is fierce, and the matter is extremely right [28]. In Jin Zhongxing, Xuan Feng [29] was a solo fan, exhausted by the pillar for learning,[30], and the naturalist stopped at seven chapters[31], and the Chi Qiwen Ci and Yi Yi [32] were here. Zi Jianwu and Hu Yixi [33], Li Zai General Bai, although Bi Xiang Lianci, Bo Zhiyun Committee[34], Mo Bu sent words to Shangde[35], Tuoyi Xuanzhu [36]; Zhongwen Shige Sun and Xu Zhifeng[38], Shuyuan Great Change Taiyuan Qi [39]. Capture song, Yan and Xie Tengsheng[40]. The Xingxing of The Spirit Fortune[41], the genre of Yannian Mingmi,[42] and the square track[43] Qianxiu,[44] and the later Kun of the Vertical Model.[44]

Ruofu Shiki [45], Discussion Offinan algae[46], the number of clumsy work, if any. Fu Wu Hu Xiang Xuan, Eight Tones Xie Chang [47], by The Xuan Huang Lu Lu, each suitable for the object[48], in order to make the Palace Feather phase change, low Ang Gang Festival[49], if there is a floating sound in front, then the back must be cut [50]. Within one sentence, the rhyme is completely different; in the two sentences, the weight is different[51]. To achieve this purpose, it can be said. As for the Xianshi Mao system, the satire gao li reward [52], the work of Zi Jianhan Jing[53], the chapter of Zhongxuan Ba'an [54], the chapter of Zijing Zero Rain [55], the sentence of Zhengchang Shuofeng [56], and the straight chest feelings, non-poetic history, is rhythmic rhyme, taking the high front style [57]. Since Lingjun, there have been many years, although the style is slightly refined, and this secret has not been seen. As for the high-pitched and wonderful sentences, the rhyme is natural, all dark and reasonable, and the bandits are from the thoughts. Zhang, Cai, Cao, and Wang[58] had no premonitions; Pan, Lu, Yan, and Xie went far away. The voice of the world has gained it, and this is not a fallacy. If not, please stay here.

Selected Writings of the Six Ministers, photocopied by Zhonghua Bookstore of the Four Series

【About the Author】

Shen Yue (441–513), also spelled Xiuwen, was a native of Wuxing Wukang (present-day Wukang, Zhejiang). The three dynasties of Song, Qi and Liang have written a wealth of works, except for the 100 volumes of the Book of Song and 9 volumes of anthologies, all of which have died. Shen Yue was a leading figure in the Literary Circle of Qi Liang, and co-created the "Yongming Body" with Wang Rong, Xie Shuo, etc., and explored the problem of poetic sound rhythm, which had a great influence.

【Solution】

The "Records of History" are the scribes, including the "Biography of Qu Yuan Jia ShengLie" and the "Biography of Sima XiangruLie". Since then, the Book of Han and the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms have all been established as special or combined biographies for literary scholars. Fan Ye's Book of the Later Han Dynasty also created the Wenyuan Biography, which included authors with low political status but who were well-known for their writing. All of this reflects the increasing importance of literary writing. The Book of Song, written in the Qi Dynasty, does not have a Biography of Wenyuan or a Biography of Literature, but important writers such as Xie Lingyun and Yan Yanzhi have biographies. After the Biography of Xie Lingyun, there is a monograph that publishes views on literature, summarizes the history of the development of literature from the pre-Qin to the Liu Song Dynasty, and discusses the problem of sound rhythm, which is an important document in the history of Chinese literary criticism.

【Notes】

[1] The Five Constants: The Five Elements, Metal, Wood, Water, Fire, and Earth. The ancients also matched it with benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, and faith in the moral category.

[2] Rigid and soft overlapping, joy and affection: "Yi Shuo Gua": "Divide the yin and the yang, and use the soft rigidity, so the yi six become a chapter." "Yi Zhi Zhi Shang": "The words are clear and fierce, and the rigidity and softness are pushed together to produce changes." "It is said that the rigid and soft yin and yang alternate phase changes, and the seven emotions of people correspond to the replacement of yin and yang.

[3] When Fu Zhi moves in the middle, then the song is sung: "Mao's Poetry Preface": "Emotion is in the middle and shape is in words, words are insufficient, so sighs are insufficient, so eternal songs, eternal songs are insufficient, I don't know the dance of hands, and I don't know the dance of my hands and the footsteps of my feet." ”

[4] The Cause of the Six Righteousnesses, the Four Beginnings of the Lineage: Preface to Mao's Poems: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is the wind, the second is the endowment, the third is the ratio, the fourth is xing, the fifth is ya, and the sixth is ode." And: "It is the business of one country, the foundation of one man, and it is called the wind." Speaking of the things of the world, the wind of the four directions, is called elegant. Ya, Masaya, the place where the king's government is abolished. Politics has a size, so there is a small yayan and a big yayan. The Ode, the description of The Virtue of Merlot, with its success, sues the gods also. It is said to be the four beginnings, the end of the poem. ”

[5] Diversity: Describe prosperity. Windshi: Refers to the Psalms.

[6] Qu Ping and Song Yu's two sentences: a brief overview of the development of Chu Ci Han Fu from the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty. Zhi Yu "Article Flow Theory": "Jia Yi's work, then Qu Yuan Li also." ”

[7] Gold stone: The text is engraved on a stone stele or cast on a bell. [8] The wider the emotions: the more emotions are united, and the richer the expression of emotions.

[9] Yang, Ban, Cui, Cai: Yang Xiong, Bangu, Cui Xiao, Cai Yong.

[10] Shizu: Imitate.

[11] Wu Yin: Wu Yin.J. Tiredness: Refers to the sound of reading is not smooth.

[12] Pingzi: Character of Zhang Heng of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Bright hair: refers to the radiance of the literary glow.

[13] Literature is based on emotion: it is equivalent to "creating a text for the sake of love", and the literary style is dominated by emotions.

[14] No singing, no sound for a long time: Zhang Heng's poems have the characteristics of beautiful lyricism, which is extremely rare in the period when scripture is shrouded.

[15] As for Jian'an, Cao's basic order: Jian'an, the year number of emperor Xian of Han. Cao Cao "blackmailed the Son of Heaven to order the princes" and took control of the regime.

[16] Salty algae: Beautiful words are stored in the chest.

[17] Fu is written in love, and is questioned in text: 甫, beginning. Latitude, longitude and latitude, refers to intertwining. Quality, refers to the content of emotions and thoughts. It refers to the harmonious unity of literary style and thought and emotion.

[18] Similar to the word of the work: Sima Xiang is like the Han Dynasty, good body, so the cloud "work is the word of the shape." ”

[19] The second class leader said that Ban Biao and Ban Gu both had the characteristics of governing the situation with reason.

[20] Zi Jian and Zhongxuan are based on temperament: Zi Jian, Cao Zhizi. Zhongxuan, Wang Yuezi. Temperament refers to the inner state of life formed by the writer's innate endowment and acquired cultivation. The Jian'an period was an era of ren qi, and Cao Pi advocated that "literature is mainly based on qi", and personality can be fully displayed.

[21] Rush: Refers to the trend of literary genres.

[22] Meaning: Refers to the meaning of the text. System: Refers to stylistic style. Reciprocal: Opposites.

[23] Yuan Kang: Emperor Hui of Jin.'

[24] Pan and Lu Texiu: Pan Yue and Lu Ji are particularly prominent.

[25] Thick stars, red tape: refers to the flowery rhetoric as dense as the stars, and the beautiful text is as colorful as silk. Zhong Rong's "Poetry" quotes Xie Chaoyun: "Pan's poems are like Shu Jin, and there is no place for bad." Lu Wen is like a sand and gold, often see treasure. Liu Xun's "Wenxin Carved Dragon Cailuo" said that Lu Ji "can think into cleverness without making complexity."

[26] Platform: The Hanshu Wensanwang Biography says that Liang Xiaowang "built the Eastern Garden, Fang 300 Li, Guangsuiyang City Seventy Li, Dazhi Palace Room, for the Fu Dao, Zi Gong Lian belonged to the platform for more than 30 miles", Zou Yang and other poets should write for the feast.

[27] Nanpi: Cao Pi's "Book of Wu Quality": "Every time you remember the journey of Nanpi in the past, you must not forget it." It refers to Cao Pi traveling to Nanpi with Wu Zhi, Ruan Zhi and others.

[28] Jiang Right: Refers to the Western Jin Dynasty.

[29] Xuanfeng: Refers to the trend of metaphysic thought. At that time, Lao Zhuang's learning was booming, and Confucian classics were also influenced by metaphysics.

[30] Under the Pillar: Refers to Lao Tzu, who was once the history of the Zhou Pillar.

[31] Seven: Zhuangzi Inner Chapter consists of seven chapters, which are generally considered to be different from the outer and miscellaneous chapters of Zhuangzi.

[32] 殚: Exhaustion.

[33] Jianwu: Emperor Jinyuan's era name. Yixi: Emperor An of Jin.

[34] Embellished with joint words, the Bo genus cloud committee: endless, extremely endless.

[35] Shangde: Refers to laozi philosophy. Chapter 38 of Lao Tzu: "Virtue is not virtuous, but virtue is virtue." ”

[36] Xuanzhu: Refers to the study of Zhuang. "Zhuangzi Tiandi": "The Yellow Emperor traveled to the north of chishui, climbed the hill of Kunlun and looked south, returned, and left his Xuanzhu behind." ”

[37] Shu Li: 遒, Jianju. Beautiful, gorgeous and harmonious.

[38] Zhongwen: Yin Zhongwen, poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, whose poems often have sentences of Fan Shui. Sun and Xu: Sun Qi, Zi Xinggong, Taiyuan Zhongdu people. The two were Xu Qing, the character Xuandu, a native of Gaoyang (present-day Hebei). Both were occult poets.

[39] Shuyuan: Xie Chaozi, a native of Yangxia, Chen County (present-day Huainan, Henan). Taiyuan: Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty. Taiyuan Qi: Refers to the Xuanyan poetic style represented by Sun and Xu.

[40] Yan and Xie Tengsheng: Yan Yanzhi and Xie Lingyun were famous.

[41] The Spirit Fortune Celebration: It is said that Xie Lingyun possesses the Junyi Qi.

[42] The genre of Yannian is mingmi: Tang Huixiu called Yan shiru "wrongly mined gold".

[43] Square track: Side by side.

[44] Exemplary Houkun: An example to follow for future generations.

[45] On the Heart of Chu Ci (Chu Ci Shu Shu): "Kneeling to put on a kneeling speech." "It's a knee-jerk conversation.

[46] Shangyu Qianzao: Tasting the works of predecessors.

[47] Fu five-color phase xuan, eight tones of harmony: Lu Ji "Wen Fu": "The iteration of the sound of the sound, if the five colors of the phase of the declaration." ”

[48] From The Law of Xuanhuang, each suitable for things: see "Lü Lan , Twelve Ages "Li Ji , Moon Order" and so on, in each season, the rhythm, color, etc. are certain, so that each side is suitable for things, and heaven and man are one.

[49] Miyayu: The name of the five tones, here referring to the four tones. Low Angjing: Refers to the high and low interchange changes of the syllables of the text.

[50] If there is a floating sound in front, the rear must be cut: the floating sound refers to the clear tone. The cut is the opposite of the floating sound, which means to mean dull sound. Floating and clear, and comparable to light and heavy meaning.

[51] Four sentences within one sentence: one verse, one line, referring to five verses. Light and heavy, righteousness is nearly clear. The Nanshi Lu Jie Biography says that Shen Yue entered a four-tone rhyme with a flat head, an upper tail, a bee waist, and a crane knee; among the five characters, the rhymes are different, and within two sentences, the horns are different."

[52] The Sage Mao System, Satire Of The High Calendar Award: It is said that the masterpiece of the predecessors, the satire of the high and wonderful, has always been appreciated by the world.

[53] Zi Jian's work of Hanjing: refers to Cao Zhi's "Poems of Gifting Ding Yi Wang Yue", the first sentence of which reads: "Cross the Han Valley from the army and drive the horses through Xijing." ”

[54] Zhongxuan Ba'an's chapter refers to Wang Cang's Seven Lamentations, two of which read: "Nan DengBa Ling'an, look back at Chang'an." ”

[55] Zijing Zero Rain Chapter: Refers to Sun Chu's "Poems Sent by the Officials of Zhengxi to the Marquis of Zhiyang", the first sentence of which reads: "The morning wind drifts the wrong way, and the zero rain is autumn grass." ”

[56] The first sentence of Wang Zhan's "Miscellaneous Poems" is: "Shuo Wind Moves Autumn Grass, and the Side Horse Has a Heart." ”

[57] He also held up four sentences of chest affection: poetic history, other people's verses or historical allusions. The first two sentences are the precursor to Zhong Rong's "direct search". The last two sentences say that this generation wins, only in the "rhythm and rhyme".

[58] Zhang, Cai, Cao, and Wang: Refers to Zhang Heng, Cai Yong, Cao Zhi, and Wang Yue.

【Lecture】

"The Theory of Xie Lingyun", which is a passage added by Shen Yue after the "Book of Song and The Biography of Xie Lingyun" to illustrate the literary views of the initiators, has had a great impact on the literature of later generations in both creation and theory, and the main contents are as follows:

First, with "literature changing with emotion" as the main line, it reviews the changes in literary style in literary history and reflects its literary aesthetic of "heavy feelings". In Shen Yue's view, the history of the development of poetry is the history of human emotional changes. From Qu Yuan, Song Yu, Jia Yi, Sima Xiangru to Zhang Heng, it was the first time that "wen changed with emotions". Jian'an Sancao "salty storage of sheng algae", "with the love of the text, with the text of the quality", the literary lyricism is strengthened, is the second major change. The Western Jin Dynasty Pan Yue and Lu Ji "thick stars and red tape"; the Eastern Jin Dynasty Xuanfeng fan alone, unheard of "The Words of The Li Li", to Yin Zhongwen and Sun Xinggong began to change the xuanyan poetic style; to Liu Song, "Yan, Xie Tengsheng", "Square Track Qianxiu, Qiu Fan Hou Kun". This is the third big change. To display the history of literary development with literary ontology, Shen Yu was the first to create.

The second is to advocate an easy style of writing. Shen Yue listed the good sentences of Cao Zhi, Wang Yue and others, pointing out that they "directly raised their chest feelings, not the history of poetry", which had a good impact on the formation of a clear and clear literary style for later generations.

The third is to evaluate poetry with sound rhythm standards. The theory of sound law is the most important content of the "Biography" and shen Yue's contribution to poetry theory. Shen Yue stressed that the sound of the words used in the work must be changed, and the different sounds contrast and set off each other, forming a distinct and sonorous, harmonious and smooth rhyme beauty. Shen Yue proposed that "the palace feather phase change, the low ang sheng knot, if there is a floating sound in front, then the back must be cut." Within one sentence, the phonology is as special as possible; among the two sentences, the weight is different", which has obviously raised the grasp of the phonology of the language and words to the conscious pursuit of musical beauty, which theoretically affirms the status of phonology in the creation of poetry.

【Keyword Interpretation】

Yongming body

A poetic style formed during the reign of Emperor Wu of Qiwu in the Southern Dynasty (483-493). The "Nanshi Lu Jie Biography" records: "Shi Shengwei was an article, Wu Xing Shen Yue, Chen Jun's Xie Shuo, and LangYa Wang Rong, pushing the hub with qi. Ru Nan Zhou Is good at knowing the rhyme. About and other texts use the palace business, the flat up into four sounds, in order to make rhymes, there are flat head, upper tail, bee waist, crane knee. Among the five characters, the sound rhyme is different, and within two sentences, the horns are different, cannot be added or subtracted, and the world is called the eternal body. "Yongming style" as a poetic style is characterized by: flat and harmonious, sonorous rhyme, neat and tidy, short genre, which is the beginning of the production of Chinese gelatin poetry, which has a direct impact on the formation of Tang Dynasty near-body poetry, reflecting the evolution trend of poetry from the pursuit of natural rhyme to consciously paying attention to the rhythm. However, the poetry of the Yongming writers is narrow in subject matter, delicate in mood, flashy in style, and excessively vocal disease, which is criticized by future generations.

【Related Knowledge Links】

As a literary leader, Shen Yue had an enlightening influence on Liang and later literature (especially poetry) in both creation and theory. "Yongming Sound Rhythm Theory" arranges the four voices of Chinese characters in poetry, changes the hazy grasp of the sound law of the predecessors into a conscious harmony, finds out its laws, and makes the poetic language have the phonological beauty of depression and frustration. Shen Yue and other Yongming poets attached great importance to sound rhythm, which is an important motive for the transformation of Wuyan ancient style poetry into Gelug poetry, and in this sense, its contribution is indispensable. However, excessive pursuit of the sound rhythm of poetry, so as to hinder the expression of temperament, hurts the true beauty of poetry. In this regard, Zhong Rong's "Poetry" criticized: "Wenduo is taboo, hurting its true beauty", and the Tang Dynasty Jiaoran's "Poetic Style" criticized: "Shen Xiuwen cool cut eight diseases, broken with four sounds." The elegance of the old style is gone. This theory hits the nail on the head of the vocal law school. However, to erase the great contribution of Shen Yue and other vocal poets in the history of literature is overcorrected and not fair.

【Further reading】

This article is devoted to "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest". Although the works of the Seven Sages are not discussed, they all discuss the wind gods, talents, dispositions, and social environment in which they live. In addition to the high praise of Ruan Yuan and Ji Kang, it also gives a general summary of the seven sages' disposition: the seven sages are only sustenance. On the basis of a deep understanding of his life, Shen Yue's evaluation of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest" is relatively fair. As a writer's theory, this article is very valuable for understanding the criticism of the Southern Dynasty literary circles against the Zhengshi literati.

The Seven Sages

Ji Sheng is a wise man, worthy of the day of innocence, god is highly talented, so he is intolerable to the world. The wind is very special, and the shade reflects the world; the words and reasons cannot be participated in for a while. Belonging to the Ma clan ruling the country, he wants to use his wisdom to pour out the emperor, and to defeat himself by saying [illustration] that he is victorious. Xuan Bo was a disciple of the primeval, and out of the stream of life, Xian had already been killed. At this time, it is not a self-defeating luck. If you ascend to the throne and reflect the time, you will suffer too quickly and spiral too much; it is useless to be self-sufficient. Therefore, it began to bait huangjing, and finally pretended to be cast.

Nguyen Gongcai is vast and not a decaying world. But the appearance of the wind god, not as good as the uncle night, to avoid the difficulties of the world, such as for the paint. If you lead its constant instrument, the same thing to pitch, Mai Qun alone, it will not be safe for the two horses. Therefore destroy the deeds of the rites, in order to defile their virtues, rugged people, and only then complete.

Zhongrong Nian teeth, no teeth and no hanging, the wind is rough, Mu Liwen (suspected as ji father) fashion, scenery and practice.

Pi Ji and Ruan Ersheng, determined to protect themselves. It is advisable to slow down its shape, and the tool of slow shape is not wine. Therefore, the introduction is full of days, and the pottery is exhausted. For the purpose of wine, it is not allowed to drink alone, it should be used by the couple, and then it is a pleasure. Liu Ling's wine is both deep, and the son is also a drinker; the second duke of the mountain king, who comes with the wind, is compatible with Mo Reverse. Put your arms high in the forest, in vain to swim, so in Nozawa, the cup is raised to the bottle, the world is interesting, and it is not seen.

Outside of Ji Ji and Ruan, the mountain to the five people, is only the degree of the wind flow, not to be frightened by the world's craftsmen. And people are inherently affectionate, emotional nature should be trusted, comfort the year of cain (sentence has blackmail), Xiao Scattered embrace, not the five people and, who and Ya!

Wang Shaoyao's "Art and Literature Cluster", Zhonghua Bookstore, 1965 edition

This article is selected from the "Reading Of Ancient Chinese Literature" Dang Shengyuan Xia Jing